Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1353/soh.2024.a932581
Robert Colby
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>A Brief Moment in the Sun: Francis Cardozo and Reconstruction in South Carolina</em> by Neil Kinghan <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Robert Colby </li> </ul> <em>A Brief Moment in the Sun: Francis Cardozo and Reconstruction in South Carolina</em>. By Neil Kinghan. Southern Biography Series. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2023. Pp. xvi, 255. Paper, $30.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-8378-6; cloth, $45.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-7899-7.) <p><em>A Brief Moment in the Sun: Francis Cardozo and Reconstruction in South Carolina</em> aims, in author Neil Kinghan’s words, to “rewrite the history of Reconstruction from the perspective of a highly able and honorable African American political leader whose voice should be heard” (p. 6). Unquestionably, Francis L. Cardozo (the leader in question) merits the study that Kinghan has provided us. As an educator and political leader, Cardozo made remarkable strides to remake the South Carolina slave society into which he had been born and, in doing so, personally embodied the possibilities inherent in the postbellum order. In his political and personal lives, however, those changes proved all too fleeting. As such, he stands as an effective avatar of the promises fulfilled and unfulfilled in the Second American Revolution.</p> <p>Cardozo was born in Charleston in 1837 to a Jewish father and a mother neither fully enslaved nor fully free. She, Francis, and his siblings lived as if they possessed their liberty, though the legal codes governing people of color continuously menaced them. After being educated in the United Kingdom, Cardozo served briefly as a minister in Connecticut. After the Union victory in the Civil War, he returned to South Carolina to teach people emerging from slavery there. His educational work—perhaps by design—offered a springboard into public life, and Cardozo became a prominent Republican at the advent of Radical Reconstruction. In a variety of positions within South Carolina’s government, he advocated for educational and land reforms, and he effectively expanded African Americans’ access to both in the years between 1868 and 1876. He also earned plaudits, meanwhile, for his probity in overseeing the state’s finances.</p> <p>Cardozo’s work as a financial administrator proved pivotal in his career. His push for integrity and accountability sparked conflicts with his fellow Republicans (and made him a useful cudgel for their Democratic critics). It also spurred one of the more controversial political efforts of his career: his work, alongside gubernatorial candidate Daniel H. Chamberlain, to build a broader coalition by appealing to moderate white Democrats in South Carolina. Historians have widely criticized this action for undermining the Republican Party ahead of the critical election of 1876. Kinghan argues instead that it represented a log
以下是内容的简要摘录，以代替摘要：评论者 A Brief Moment in the Sun：Francis Cardozo and Reconstruction in South Carolina（《阳光下的短暂时光：弗朗西斯-卡多佐与南卡罗来纳州的重建》），作者尼尔-金汉-罗伯特-科尔比（Neil Kinghan Robert Colby）：弗朗西斯-卡多佐与南卡罗来纳州的重建。尼尔-金汉著。南方传记丛书。(巴吞鲁日：路易斯安那州立大学出版社，2023 年。第 xvi、255 页。纸质版，30.00 美元，ISBN 978-0-8071-8378-6；布质版，45.00 美元，ISBN 978-0-8071-7899-7）。A Brief Moment in the Sun：用作者尼尔-金汉（Neil Kinghan）的话来说，《阳光下的短暂时刻：弗朗西斯-卡多佐与南卡罗来纳州的重建》旨在 "从一位非常能干和可敬的非裔美国政治领袖的角度重写重建的历史，人们应该听到他的声音"（第 6 页）。毫无疑问，弗朗西斯-L-卡多佐（Francis L. Cardozo，这位领袖）值得金汉为我们提供的研究。作为一名教育家和政治领袖，卡多佐在改造他所出生的南卡罗来纳州奴隶制社会方面迈出了非凡的步伐，在此过程中，他个人体现了战后秩序所固有的可能性。然而，在他的政治生活和个人生活中，这些变化都被证明是昙花一现。因此，他是第二次美国革命中已实现和未实现承诺的有效化身。卡多佐于 1837 年出生在查尔斯顿，父亲是犹太人，母亲既不是完全的奴隶，也不是完全的自由人。她、弗朗西斯和他的兄弟姐妹们过着仿佛拥有自由的生活，尽管管理有色人种的法律条文一直在威胁着他们。在英国接受教育后，卡多佐曾在康涅狄格州短暂担任牧师。南北战争中联邦取得胜利后，他回到南卡罗来纳州，教导那里刚刚摆脱奴隶制的人们。他的教育工作--也许是有意为之--为他进入公共生活提供了跳板，在激进的重建时期，卡多佐成为了一名著名的共和党人。他在南卡罗来纳州政府中担任各种职务，倡导教育和土地改革，并在 1868 年至 1876 年间有效地扩大了非裔美国人获得教育和土地的机会。同时，他在监督州财政方面的廉洁也赢得了赞誉。卡多佐的财务管理工作在他的职业生涯中起到了关键作用。他对廉正和问责制的推动引发了他与共和党同僚之间的冲突（也使他成为民主党批评者的有力抨击对象）。这也引发了他职业生涯中更具争议性的政治努力：他与州长候选人丹尼尔-张伯伦（Daniel H. Chamberlain）一起，通过吸引南卡罗来纳州的温和派白人民主党人来建立更广泛的联盟。历史学家普遍批评这一行动在 1876 年关键选举之前破坏了共和党。金汉则认为，这代表了卡多佐对论证和说服力量的基本信念的逻辑延伸，即通过言行表明南卡罗来纳州的黑人和白人可以和谐相处，重建计划就会取得进展。这一计划，以及卡多佐的政治生涯，在韦德-汉普顿的红衫军的暴力谩骂下夭折了。在经历了一场出于政治动机的起诉和短暂的牢狱之灾后（具有讽刺意味的是，他之前曾因财务管理而受到两党的赞扬），卡多佐搬到了华盛顿特区，在那里他重新开始了教育工作，直到 1903 年去世。阳光下的短暂时光》在很大程度上遵循了其副标题，强调了卡多佐的政治生活。人们怀疑，这一侧重点在很大程度上是由金汉所掌握的资料来源决定的（尽管卡多佐声名显赫，但他留下的私人文件却寥寥无几）。因此，卡多佐的私人生活、内心世界和家庭在很大程度上仍然是不透明的；它们只在一定程度上与卡多佐的政治苦难有关，或受到政治苦难的影响。同样，这本传记在很大程度上依赖于卡多佐的公开言论以及当时党派媒体对他的讨论，因此金汉不得不从当代报纸的报道中推断出卡多佐的观点和目标--鉴于政治刊物的咄咄逼人和缺乏真实性，这是一项极具挑战性的任务。尽管如此，《阳光下的短暂时光》还是为日益增多的有关未被充分研究的重建时期人物的文献提供了有益的补充，这些研究为《阳光下的短暂时光》增添了所需的质感。
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Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1353/soh.2024.a932579
Boyd R. Harris
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Final Resting Places: Reflections on the Meaning of Civil War Graves</em> ed. by Brian Matthew Jordan and Jonathan W. White <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Boyd R. Harris </li> </ul> <em>Final Resting Places: Reflections on the Meaning of Civil War Graves</em>. Edited by Brian Matthew Jordan and Jonathan W. White. UnCivil Wars. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2023. Pp. xiv, 358. Paper, $34.95, ISBN 978-0-8203-6456-8; cloth, $114.95, ISBN 978-0-8203-6455-1.) <p>The subject of death is never far from any book about the Civil War, but a book about final resting places provides a clarity about death that resonates beyond the war. The scope of loss during the Civil War is still unparalleled in American history, with 2 percent of the population having died during those four years. COVID-19 has killed over one million Americans, but an event at the scale of the Civil War would have meant over six million dead by 2023. This analogy is perhaps as close as we can get to understanding the cataclysmic cost of the war for that generation of Americans. How they understood that loss and what it means to our present generation are the subjects of <em>Final</em> <strong>[End Page 624]</strong> <em>Resting Places: Reflections on the Meaning of Civil War Graves</em>, edited by Brian Matthew Jordan and Jonathan W. White. Containing academic scholarship alongside personal reminiscences from nearly thirty historians, <em>Final Resting Places</em> provides a wide-ranging depiction of gravesites, burial pits, and memorials from all around the United States and also in Brazil.</p> <p>Emphasizing the eclectic nature of death during the Civil War is the greatest strength of the book. Readers will learn not only about the resting places of Generals Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant but also about the recovery of sailors from the sunken U.S.S. <em>Monitor</em>, the grave of a Black porter and valet in the Abraham Lincoln White House, and the double tomb-stones on the grave of Albert D. J. Cashier in Illinois. It is commendable to the contributors that more than half the book focuses on the final resting places of common soldiers, Native Americans, enslaved people, and civilians. Enough ink has been spilled writing about the graves and memorials of generals and presidents. Focusing on the common individual is also in keeping with the overall commemoration and memorialization of the war in both the North and the South.</p> <p>Highlighting the common person’s death also conveys the gaping hole that loss creates among families and communities. Throughout the book, the recurring theme of closure emerges as the driving force for both the survivors of the war and the contributing historians themselves. Whether it is Colonel William C. Oates of Alabama spending decades looking for his brother’s body, lost at Gettysburg, or Dr.
{"title":"Final Resting Places: Reflections on the Meaning of Civil War Graves ed. by Brian Matthew Jordan and Jonathan W. White (review)","authors":"Boyd R. Harris","doi":"10.1353/soh.2024.a932579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2024.a932579","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Final Resting Places: Reflections on the Meaning of Civil War Graves</em> ed. by Brian Matthew Jordan and Jonathan W. White <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Boyd R. Harris </li> </ul> <em>Final Resting Places: Reflections on the Meaning of Civil War Graves</em>. Edited by Brian Matthew Jordan and Jonathan W. White. UnCivil Wars. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2023. Pp. xiv, 358. Paper, $34.95, ISBN 978-0-8203-6456-8; cloth, $114.95, ISBN 978-0-8203-6455-1.) <p>The subject of death is never far from any book about the Civil War, but a book about final resting places provides a clarity about death that resonates beyond the war. The scope of loss during the Civil War is still unparalleled in American history, with 2 percent of the population having died during those four years. COVID-19 has killed over one million Americans, but an event at the scale of the Civil War would have meant over six million dead by 2023. This analogy is perhaps as close as we can get to understanding the cataclysmic cost of the war for that generation of Americans. How they understood that loss and what it means to our present generation are the subjects of <em>Final</em> <strong>[End Page 624]</strong> <em>Resting Places: Reflections on the Meaning of Civil War Graves</em>, edited by Brian Matthew Jordan and Jonathan W. White. Containing academic scholarship alongside personal reminiscences from nearly thirty historians, <em>Final Resting Places</em> provides a wide-ranging depiction of gravesites, burial pits, and memorials from all around the United States and also in Brazil.</p> <p>Emphasizing the eclectic nature of death during the Civil War is the greatest strength of the book. Readers will learn not only about the resting places of Generals Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant but also about the recovery of sailors from the sunken U.S.S. <em>Monitor</em>, the grave of a Black porter and valet in the Abraham Lincoln White House, and the double tomb-stones on the grave of Albert D. J. Cashier in Illinois. It is commendable to the contributors that more than half the book focuses on the final resting places of common soldiers, Native Americans, enslaved people, and civilians. Enough ink has been spilled writing about the graves and memorials of generals and presidents. Focusing on the common individual is also in keeping with the overall commemoration and memorialization of the war in both the North and the South.</p> <p>Highlighting the common person’s death also conveys the gaping hole that loss creates among families and communities. Throughout the book, the recurring theme of closure emerges as the driving force for both the survivors of the war and the contributing historians themselves. Whether it is Colonel William C. Oates of Alabama spending decades looking for his brother’s body, lost at Gettysburg, or Dr.","PeriodicalId":45484,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1353/soh.2024.a932558
David J. Silverman
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Cutting-Off Way: Indigenous Warfare in Eastern North America, 1500–1800</em> by Wayne E. Lee <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> David J. Silverman </li> </ul> <em>The Cutting-Off Way: Indigenous Warfare in Eastern North America, 1500–1800</em>. By Wayne E. Lee. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. Pp. xii, 287. Paper, $29.95, ISBN 978-1-4696-7378-3; cloth, $99.00, ISBN 978-1-4696-7377-6.) <p>The title of Wayne E. Lee’s excellent <em>The Cutting-Off Way: Indigenous Warfare in Eastern North America, 1500–1800</em> comes from his argument that the primary goal of Indian warfare in colonial-era eastern North America was “to cut off” individuals, small bands, and even entire villages (p. 3). The attacking party would usually retreat if it lost the element of surprise or sustained too many casualties, or if defensive reinforcements arrived. Native people’s reasons for war were various. They included quests for captives and plunder, the negotiation of tributary relationships, fights for control of territory or trade routes, blood revenge, and more. Lee argues convincingly that understanding these patterns must begin with deep ethnography, addressing Indigenous forms of subsistence, social organization, labor, governance, and cultural beliefs about war. He contends that a combination of decentralized polities, economies that required men to hunt and that produced meager horticultural margins, and limited means of transportation and storage did not permit Indians to form large armies that could conquer and hold territory in concentrated campaigns. Instead, wars involved hounding the enemy with usually small-scale seasonal strikes, sometimes for years. War was endemic. Sometimes, but only rarely, was it catastrophic.</p> <p>This book is remarkable in its depth and breadth. Chronologically, it ranges from first contact through the Revolutionary era, addressing practically every significant intertribal and Indian-colonial conflict east of the Mississippi River on record. Lee has a firm command of every major published primary and secondary source on the subject. He also draws on archaeology, environmental history, gender history, geography, material culture, political theory, and demographic history. This is old-fashioned ethnohistory in the best sense of the phrase.</p> <p><em>The Cutting-Off Way</em> is written and designed for a wide audience. Lee’s prose is crystal clear and refreshingly jargon-free. The University of North Carolina Press deserves praise for the book’s numerous carefully designed and placed maps. Though Lee engages in several historiographical debates <strong>[End Page 598]</strong> (including with this reviewer), he is never too technical. One of Lee’s interventions is his criticism of the longtime standard in the field, Patrick M. Malone’s <em>The Skulking Way of War
以下是内容的简要摘录，以代替摘要：评论者 断头路：1500-1800 年北美东部的土著战争》，韦恩-E-李著，大卫-J-西尔弗曼译。作者：韦恩-E-李。(教堂山：北卡罗来纳大学出版社，2023 年。第 xii、287 页。纸质版，29.95 美元，ISBN 978-1-4696-7378-3；布质版，99.00 美元，ISBN 978-1-4696-7377-6）。韦恩-E-李（Wayne E. Lee）出色的《切断之路：1500-1800 年北美东部的土著战争》（The Cutting-Off Way: Indigenous Warfare in Eastern North America, 1500-1800 ）一书的标题来自于他的论点，即殖民时代北美东部印第安人战争的主要目标是 "切断 "个人、小部落甚至整个村庄（第 3 页）。如果失去了出其不意的因素或伤亡过大，或者防守援军到来，进攻方通常会撤退。土著人发动战争的原因多种多样。其中包括寻找俘虏和掠夺物、商谈部落关系、争夺领土控制权或贸易路线、血债血偿等等。Lee 令人信服地指出，要理解这些模式，必须从深入的人种学研究开始，研究土著人的生存形式、社会组织、劳动、治理以及关于战争的文化信仰。他认为，分散的政体、需要人类狩猎和生产微薄园艺产品的经济、有限的运输和储存手段，这些因素加在一起，不允许印第安人组建大规模军队，在集中的战役中征服并守住领土。相反，战争需要通过通常是小规模的季节性打击来追击敌人，有时甚至长达数年。战争是地方性的。战争有时是灾难性的，但很少发生。本书在深度和广度上都非常出色。从时间上看，本书从最初的接触一直写到大革命时期，几乎囊括了密西西比河以东所有重大的部落间冲突和印第安人与殖民地的冲突。李牢牢掌握了有关这一主题的所有主要已出版的原始和二手资料。他还借鉴了考古学、环境史、性别史、地理学、物质文化、政治理论和人口史等方面的知识。这是一部最经典的民族史学著作。切断之路》的写作和设计面向广大读者。李的散文清晰明了，没有专业术语，令人耳目一新。北卡罗来纳大学出版社为该书精心设计和放置了大量地图，值得称赞。虽然李参与了多场史学辩论 [第 598 页末]（包括与本评论员的辩论），但他从未过于技术化。李的干预之一是批评该领域的长期标准--帕特里克-马龙（Patrick M. Malone）的《潜行的战争方式：新英格兰印第安人的技术和战术》（Lanham, Md., 1991 年）--在与欧洲人接触之前和之后的土著战术之间提出了过于鲜明的过渡，并且淡化了土著战争的战略原因，转而强调复仇。相比之下，李认为古代印第安人的战争方式与殖民时代的印第安人的战争方式之间有很大的连续性。首先，在这两个时期，大规模的仪式化战争与 "割据战争方式 "并存（第 2 页）。其次，他引用了大量考古证据，证明与外界接触前的印第安人的战争非常致命，有时甚至是大规模的。最后，他强调政治和经济因素是土著冲突的驱动力。这些批判性的干预应有助于本书成为本科生和研究生课程大纲以及军事史爱好者阅读书单上的标准书目。专家们不仅会从李的令人信服的论点中获益，也会从他无数尖锐的见解中获益。例如，他认为，部落领地内按地理位置分布的村庄可以让印第安人在被围困时相互支援。同样，设置栅栏的目的与其说是为了无限期地阻挡进攻者，不如说是为了给增援部队的到来争取时间。随着钢斧、欧洲攻城炮和殖民军队长时间围攻的出现，这些栅栏的作用和使用频率都大大降低。在进攻时，原住民需要为战士提供食物，他们喜欢采用伏击战术，并以抓获俘虏为目标，这使得进攻集团在敌方领土上建立了大本营。猎人和小型伏击队会从那里出发，藏匿俘虏和...
{"title":"The Cutting-Off Way: Indigenous Warfare in Eastern North America, 1500–1800 by Wayne E. Lee (review)","authors":"David J. Silverman","doi":"10.1353/soh.2024.a932558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2024.a932558","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Cutting-Off Way: Indigenous Warfare in Eastern North America, 1500–1800</em> by Wayne E. Lee <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> David J. Silverman </li> </ul> <em>The Cutting-Off Way: Indigenous Warfare in Eastern North America, 1500–1800</em>. By Wayne E. Lee. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. Pp. xii, 287. Paper, $29.95, ISBN 978-1-4696-7378-3; cloth, $99.00, ISBN 978-1-4696-7377-6.) <p>The title of Wayne E. Lee’s excellent <em>The Cutting-Off Way: Indigenous Warfare in Eastern North America, 1500–1800</em> comes from his argument that the primary goal of Indian warfare in colonial-era eastern North America was “to cut off” individuals, small bands, and even entire villages (p. 3). The attacking party would usually retreat if it lost the element of surprise or sustained too many casualties, or if defensive reinforcements arrived. Native people’s reasons for war were various. They included quests for captives and plunder, the negotiation of tributary relationships, fights for control of territory or trade routes, blood revenge, and more. Lee argues convincingly that understanding these patterns must begin with deep ethnography, addressing Indigenous forms of subsistence, social organization, labor, governance, and cultural beliefs about war. He contends that a combination of decentralized polities, economies that required men to hunt and that produced meager horticultural margins, and limited means of transportation and storage did not permit Indians to form large armies that could conquer and hold territory in concentrated campaigns. Instead, wars involved hounding the enemy with usually small-scale seasonal strikes, sometimes for years. War was endemic. Sometimes, but only rarely, was it catastrophic.</p> <p>This book is remarkable in its depth and breadth. Chronologically, it ranges from first contact through the Revolutionary era, addressing practically every significant intertribal and Indian-colonial conflict east of the Mississippi River on record. Lee has a firm command of every major published primary and secondary source on the subject. He also draws on archaeology, environmental history, gender history, geography, material culture, political theory, and demographic history. This is old-fashioned ethnohistory in the best sense of the phrase.</p> <p><em>The Cutting-Off Way</em> is written and designed for a wide audience. Lee’s prose is crystal clear and refreshingly jargon-free. The University of North Carolina Press deserves praise for the book’s numerous carefully designed and placed maps. Though Lee engages in several historiographical debates <strong>[End Page 598]</strong> (including with this reviewer), he is never too technical. One of Lee’s interventions is his criticism of the longtime standard in the field, Patrick M. Malone’s <em>The Skulking Way of War","PeriodicalId":45484,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY","volume":"159 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1353/soh.2024.a932566
Kevin Kokomoor
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Early Imperial Republic: From the American Revolution to the U.S.-Mexican War</em> ed. by Michael A. Blaakman, Emily Conroy-Krutz and Noelani Arista <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Kevin Kokomoor </li> </ul> <em>The Early Imperial Republic: From the American Revolution to the U.S.-Mexican War</em>. Edited by Michael A. Blaakman, Emily Conroy-Krutz, and Noelani Arista. Early American Studies. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2023. Pp. vi, 339. $55.00, ISBN 978-0-8122-5278-1.) <p>There are several reasons, according to Michael A. Blaakman and Emily Conroy-Krutz, that when one thinks of “empire,” or “imperialism,” one does not necessarily think of the earliest years of the United States of America. The connection might be there by the late nineteenth century, but not the late eighteenth. There are several ideological and historiographical reasons for such scholarly hesitation, obfuscation, or downright exclusion, as the editors draw out in the very important introduction to <em>The Early Imperial Republic: From the American Revolution to the U.S.-Mexican War</em>. The early republic was a place of exceptionalism and triumphalism. It was also weak, and the idea of an empire did not mesh well with the idea of a republic. Lastly, each possible vector of American imperialism is usually pigeonholed in specific historical subfields that make rendering a larger narrative difficult. It is for these combined reasons that the early republic has escaped most recent debates on the nature of empire.</p> <p><em>The Early Imperial Republic</em> offers to connect the dots: to chart American imperial ambitions from the earliest years of the country’s history to better understand chapters in the Civil War era and to “reframe scholarly understandings of the new republic” (p. 13). To do so, this collection’s impressively varied essays are divided into three categories. The first is largely continental, and focuses on sovereignty. Here the contributors grapple with the ways the <strong>[End Page 608]</strong> federal government sought an orderly expansion of the nation’s borders, how interested local and Native groups either enabled or contested those efforts, and how both the problems and the solutions look a lot like “familiar imperial forms and practices” consistent with traditional European-style empires (p. 18). The second section expands in a noncontiguous way, to Mexico as well as to Hawaii and Africa, in an effort to highlight the global nature of American imperial ambitions. The third section transitions to a more intellectual look at how various American groups, from the Seminole Wars to the Mexican- American War, conceived of, reacted to, and even resisted the United States’ imperial ambitions, as the final three essays suggest.</p> <p>In the collection’s introduction, Blaakman and Conroy-K
以下是内容的简要摘录，以代替摘要：评论者： 早期帝国共和国：Michael A. Blaakman、Emily Conroy-Krutz 和 Noelani Arista Kevin Kokomoor 编著的《早期帝国共和国：从美国革命到美墨战争》：从美国革命到美墨战争。Michael A. Blaakman、Emily Conroy-Krutz 和 Noelani Arista 编辑。早期美国研究》。(费城：费城：宾夕法尼亚大学出版社，2023 年。第 vi 页，第 339 页。55.00美元，ISBN 978-0-8122-5278-1）。迈克尔-A-布莱克曼（Michael A. Blaakman）和艾米丽-康罗伊-克鲁兹（Emily Conroy-Krutz）认为，人们在想到 "帝国 "或 "帝国主义 "时，并不一定会想到美利坚合众国最早的年代，这有几个原因。到 19 世纪晚期可能会有这种联系，但到 18 世纪晚期就没有了。正如编者在《早期帝国共和国》一书非常重要的导言中所指出的那样，学术界的这种犹豫不决、含糊其辞或干脆排除在外有几个意识形态和历史学方面的原因：编者在《早期帝国共和国：从美国革命到美墨战争》非常重要的导言中指出了这一点。早期的共和国是一个充满特殊主义和胜利主义的地方。它也很弱小，帝国的理念与共和国的理念并不相符。最后，美帝国主义的每一个可能的矢量通常都被囚禁在特定的历史子领域中，难以进行更广泛的叙述。正是由于这些综合原因，早期共和政体躲过了近期关于帝国性质的大多数争论。早期帝国共和国》将这些问题联系起来：描绘美国历史上最早几年的帝国野心，以更好地理解南北战争时期的章节，并 "重构学术界对新共和国的理解"（第 13 页）。为此，这本文集中令人印象深刻的文章分为三类。第一类主要是大陆性的，侧重于主权问题。在这里，撰稿人探讨了联邦政府寻求有序扩张国家边界的方式，感兴趣的地方和土著团体是如何支持或反对这些努力的，以及问题和解决方案是如何与传统欧洲式帝国的 "熟悉的帝国形式和做法 "非常相似的（第 18 页）。第二部分以一种非连续的方式扩展到墨西哥、夏威夷和非洲，以突出美帝国主义野心的全球性质。正如最后三篇文章所暗示的，第三部分转而以更加理性的视角审视从塞米诺尔战争到美墨战争的各个美国群体如何构想、应对甚至抵制美国的帝国野心。布莱克曼和康罗伊-克鲁兹在文集的导言中强调，这本文集并不是由 "帝国 "这一特定概念所束缚。它没有提出范式转换、替代语言或新的统一定义。事实上，接下来的文章经常互换 "帝国"、"殖民 "和 "殖民定居者 "等术语。这些文章追踪了大西洋和太平洋地区的各种土著群体、商人、传教士、奴隶和废奴主义者，试图将各种不同的领域联系起来，并帮助证明了一个重要的入门观点，即这一领域的混乱、重叠和支离破碎的性质。虽然这种多样性确实是该书的一大优势，但各部分的内容并不一定相同。事实上，正如布拉克曼和康罗伊-克鲁兹在导言中承认的那样，如果说在共和国早期有一种最著名的帝国主义，那就是大陆的殖民主义--这在文集的第一部分中得到了最好的阐述。该部分共有六章，是篇幅最大的一部分，是第三部分的两倍。尽管该书试图建立一个庞大的框架，并对全球和知识视角给予同等关注，但从文章的数量来看，早期美帝国主义的足迹遍布许多地方，涉及许多人，但跨阿巴拉契亚西部才是它的故乡。虽然编者没有详细讨论帝国主义的定义，也没有按时间顺序讨论早期共和国的构成要素，但导言中建立的松散框架在其他方面效果良好。这使得《早期帝国共和国》能够随作者的喜好而发展，并朝着各种有趣甚至令人惊讶的方向发展。文章从...
{"title":"The Early Imperial Republic: From the American Revolution to the U.S.-Mexican War ed. by Michael A. Blaakman, Emily Conroy-Krutz and Noelani Arista (review)","authors":"Kevin Kokomoor","doi":"10.1353/soh.2024.a932566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2024.a932566","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Early Imperial Republic: From the American Revolution to the U.S.-Mexican War</em> ed. by Michael A. Blaakman, Emily Conroy-Krutz and Noelani Arista <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Kevin Kokomoor </li> </ul> <em>The Early Imperial Republic: From the American Revolution to the U.S.-Mexican War</em>. Edited by Michael A. Blaakman, Emily Conroy-Krutz, and Noelani Arista. Early American Studies. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2023. Pp. vi, 339. $55.00, ISBN 978-0-8122-5278-1.) <p>There are several reasons, according to Michael A. Blaakman and Emily Conroy-Krutz, that when one thinks of “empire,” or “imperialism,” one does not necessarily think of the earliest years of the United States of America. The connection might be there by the late nineteenth century, but not the late eighteenth. There are several ideological and historiographical reasons for such scholarly hesitation, obfuscation, or downright exclusion, as the editors draw out in the very important introduction to <em>The Early Imperial Republic: From the American Revolution to the U.S.-Mexican War</em>. The early republic was a place of exceptionalism and triumphalism. It was also weak, and the idea of an empire did not mesh well with the idea of a republic. Lastly, each possible vector of American imperialism is usually pigeonholed in specific historical subfields that make rendering a larger narrative difficult. It is for these combined reasons that the early republic has escaped most recent debates on the nature of empire.</p> <p><em>The Early Imperial Republic</em> offers to connect the dots: to chart American imperial ambitions from the earliest years of the country’s history to better understand chapters in the Civil War era and to “reframe scholarly understandings of the new republic” (p. 13). To do so, this collection’s impressively varied essays are divided into three categories. The first is largely continental, and focuses on sovereignty. Here the contributors grapple with the ways the <strong>[End Page 608]</strong> federal government sought an orderly expansion of the nation’s borders, how interested local and Native groups either enabled or contested those efforts, and how both the problems and the solutions look a lot like “familiar imperial forms and practices” consistent with traditional European-style empires (p. 18). The second section expands in a noncontiguous way, to Mexico as well as to Hawaii and Africa, in an effort to highlight the global nature of American imperial ambitions. The third section transitions to a more intellectual look at how various American groups, from the Seminole Wars to the Mexican- American War, conceived of, reacted to, and even resisted the United States’ imperial ambitions, as the final three essays suggest.</p> <p>In the collection’s introduction, Blaakman and Conroy-K","PeriodicalId":45484,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141722333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1353/soh.2024.a932595
Steven P. Garabedian
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Ain’t I an Anthropologist: Zora Neale Hurston Beyond the Literary Icon</em> by Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Steven P. Garabedian </li> </ul> <em>Ain’t I an Anthropologist: Zora Neale Hurston Beyond the Literary Icon</em>. By Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall. The New Black Studies Series. (Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 2023. Pp. xvi, 252. Paper, $27.95, ISBN 978-0-252-08710-3; cloth, $110.00, ISBN 978-0-252- 04496-0.) <p>Zora Neale Hurston was lost and then found in the U.S. literary canon. This valuable monograph by Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall, <em>Ain’t I an Anthropologist: Zora Neale Hurston Beyond the Literary Icon</em>, expands that process <strong>[End Page 645]</strong> of corrective finding to the realm of the social sciences. Freeman Marshall is an associate professor of English at Purdue University, with degrees and affiliations in women’s studies, anthropology, African American studies, and American studies. She brings the full range of her expertise to bear on this reframing of Hurston beyond the lauded, yet ultimately narrowing, status of literary icon and celebrity. Hurston’s intellect inspired inventive scholarship, not just accomplished fiction. Yet the same spirit and dynamism that was celebrated in a canonical work like <em>Their Eyes Were Watching God</em> (1937) occasioned marginalization when it came to major ethnographies from the same period, such as <em>Mules and Men</em> (1935) and <em>Tell My Horse</em> (1938). In the world of literature, Zora Neale Hurston is championed as authoritative, but in the world of anthropology (and its related field of folklore studies), Hurston has been dismissed as non-authoritative. Freeman Marshall highlights how Hurston, the novelist, is revered, and Hurston, the anthropologist, is relegated to novelty.</p> <p>Hurston was a sensation in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s. She was prolific, publishing fiction and nonfiction to wide critical and popular attention. Her achievement was rewarded with private patronage (such as by the white philanthropist Charlotte Osgood Mason) and formal academic support, degrees, and mentorship (Franz Boas at Columbia University). Nevertheless, Hurston remained her own person and took her own intellectual and creative counsel. Freeman Marshall opens with Hurston’s prophetic statement in “How It Feels to Be Colored Me” from 1928: “It is thrilling to think—to know that for any act of mine, I shall get twice as much praise or twice as much blame” (p. 1). Indeed, by the time of her death in 1960, Hurston was living in the South in public obscurity and dire financial straits.</p> <p>There are elements beyond strictly disciplinary conservatism that account for Hurston’s recovery in literature and sidelining in anthropology. Freeman Marshall ex
以下是内容的简要摘录，以代替摘要：评论者： 我是不是人类学家？Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall Steven P. Garabedian 著 Ain't I an Anthropologist：超越文学偶像的佐拉-尼尔-赫斯顿。作者：Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall。新黑人研究丛书。(Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield：伊利诺伊大学出版社，2023 年。第 xvi、252 页。纸质版，27.95 美元，ISBN 978-0-252-08710-3；布质版，110.00 美元，ISBN 978-0-252- 04496-0）。佐拉-尼尔-赫斯顿（Zora Neale Hurston）在美国文学史上迷失过，然后又被发现。詹妮弗-L-弗里曼-马歇尔（Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall）的这本珍贵的专著《我是不是人类学家》（Ain't I an Anthropologist：这本由詹妮弗-L. 弗里曼-马歇尔（Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall）撰写的珍贵专著《我是不是人类学家：超越文学偶像的佐拉-尼尔-赫斯顿》将这一纠正性发现过程 [完弗里曼-马歇尔是普渡大学英语系副教授，拥有妇女研究、人类学、非裔美国人研究和美国研究的学位和隶属关系。她运用自己的全部专业知识，对赫斯顿进行了重构，使其超越了文学偶像和名人这一备受赞誉、但最终却日益狭隘的地位。赫斯顿的智慧激发了创造性的学术研究，而不仅仅是成就斐然的小说。然而，在《他们的眼睛在注视着上帝》（1937 年）这样的经典作品中受到赞誉的精神和活力，在同一时期的主要民族志作品中却被边缘化了，如《骡子和人》（1935 年）和《告诉我的马儿》（1938 年）。在文学界，佐拉-尼尔-赫斯顿（Zora Neale Hurston）被奉为权威，但在人类学界（及其相关的民俗研究领域），赫斯顿却被视为非权威。弗里曼-马歇尔（Freeman Marshall）强调了小说家赫斯顿如何受到推崇，而人类学家赫斯顿如何被贬为新奇人物。赫斯顿在二十世纪二三十年代的哈莱姆文艺复兴时期引起轰动。她多产，出版小说和非小说类作品，受到评论界和大众的广泛关注。她的成就得到了私人赞助（如白人慈善家夏洛特-奥斯古德-梅森）和正式的学术支持、学位和导师（哥伦比亚大学的弗朗茨-博厄斯）的奖励。尽管如此，赫斯顿仍然坚持自己的个性，在智力和创作上坚持自己的意见。弗里曼-马歇尔以赫斯顿在 1928 年发表的《作为有色人种的我感觉如何》一文中的预言开篇："想到我的任何行为都会得到加倍的赞美或加倍的指责，这真是令人激动"（第 1 页）。事实上，1960 年赫斯顿去世时，她生活在南方，默默无闻，经济拮据。除了严格意义上的学科保守主义之外，还有一些因素导致了赫斯顿在文学领域的复苏和在人类学领域的边缘化。弗里曼-马歇尔（Freeman Marshall）阐释了这些双重时序，并强调了各种力量的相互作用，这些力量使赫斯顿在文学领域得到提升，而在社会科学领域却受到阻碍。这不仅仅是因为赫斯顿在 20 世纪 70 年代有幸遇到了爱丽丝-沃克（Alice Walker），促使她在文学领域重新崛起，而人类学领域却没有类似的影响力助推器。相反，这个故事超越了人们熟悉的英雄再发现叙事。弗里曼-马歇尔（Freeman Marshall）指出，随着时间的推移，学术界内外的众多个人和双重标准使得赫斯顿的学术研究无法得到公正的解读。种族、性别和阶级等社会意识形态、学术政治以及时尚、好恶等文化潮流过去是、现在也是关键所在。弗里曼-马歇尔的研究范围很广，从文学史到非裔美国人研究，从女权主义学术研究到民俗学和人类学，但她的研究方法很细致。每一章都对文本进行了细读，在某些情况下还对图像进行了细读。弗里曼-马歇尔精于史学研究，但她也将大众话语和接受纳入其中。专家们会发现这部思想史作品精辟而全面；没有任何同类研究能对有关赫斯顿的著作和赫斯顿的作品进行如此严谨的梳理。对于普通读者来说，这本书可能读起来比较晦涩难懂，但也不容忽视。从更广泛的意义上讲，《难道我不是人类学家》与当代许多艺术、文学和学术领域的重新评估产生了共鸣。[末页 646] 有许多被边缘化的人（女性、有色人种、独立学者、活动家），他们超越了他们那个时代的传统，即使他们很难......
{"title":"Ain't I an Anthropologist: Zora Neale Hurston Beyond the Literary Icon by Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall (review)","authors":"Steven P. Garabedian","doi":"10.1353/soh.2024.a932595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2024.a932595","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Ain’t I an Anthropologist: Zora Neale Hurston Beyond the Literary Icon</em> by Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Steven P. Garabedian </li> </ul> <em>Ain’t I an Anthropologist: Zora Neale Hurston Beyond the Literary Icon</em>. By Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall. The New Black Studies Series. (Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 2023. Pp. xvi, 252. Paper, $27.95, ISBN 978-0-252-08710-3; cloth, $110.00, ISBN 978-0-252- 04496-0.) <p>Zora Neale Hurston was lost and then found in the U.S. literary canon. This valuable monograph by Jennifer L. Freeman Marshall, <em>Ain’t I an Anthropologist: Zora Neale Hurston Beyond the Literary Icon</em>, expands that process <strong>[End Page 645]</strong> of corrective finding to the realm of the social sciences. Freeman Marshall is an associate professor of English at Purdue University, with degrees and affiliations in women’s studies, anthropology, African American studies, and American studies. She brings the full range of her expertise to bear on this reframing of Hurston beyond the lauded, yet ultimately narrowing, status of literary icon and celebrity. Hurston’s intellect inspired inventive scholarship, not just accomplished fiction. Yet the same spirit and dynamism that was celebrated in a canonical work like <em>Their Eyes Were Watching God</em> (1937) occasioned marginalization when it came to major ethnographies from the same period, such as <em>Mules and Men</em> (1935) and <em>Tell My Horse</em> (1938). In the world of literature, Zora Neale Hurston is championed as authoritative, but in the world of anthropology (and its related field of folklore studies), Hurston has been dismissed as non-authoritative. Freeman Marshall highlights how Hurston, the novelist, is revered, and Hurston, the anthropologist, is relegated to novelty.</p> <p>Hurston was a sensation in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s. She was prolific, publishing fiction and nonfiction to wide critical and popular attention. Her achievement was rewarded with private patronage (such as by the white philanthropist Charlotte Osgood Mason) and formal academic support, degrees, and mentorship (Franz Boas at Columbia University). Nevertheless, Hurston remained her own person and took her own intellectual and creative counsel. Freeman Marshall opens with Hurston’s prophetic statement in “How It Feels to Be Colored Me” from 1928: “It is thrilling to think—to know that for any act of mine, I shall get twice as much praise or twice as much blame” (p. 1). Indeed, by the time of her death in 1960, Hurston was living in the South in public obscurity and dire financial straits.</p> <p>There are elements beyond strictly disciplinary conservatism that account for Hurston’s recovery in literature and sidelining in anthropology. Freeman Marshall ex","PeriodicalId":45484,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1353/soh.2024.a932565
Oran Patrick Kennedy
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women’s Lethal Resistance</em> by Nikki M. Taylor <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Oran Patrick Kennedy </li> </ul> <em>Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women’s Lethal Resistance</em>. By Nikki M. Taylor. (New York and other cities: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Pp. [viii], 247. $24.95, ISBN 978-1-009-27684-9.) <p>In her latest monograph, Nikki M. Taylor delves into the history of enslaved women’s lethal resistance in the United States. Through an in-depth analysis of newspaper records, trial and court records, and other primary sources, Taylor demonstrates that countless enslaved women, in response to inhumane treatment, conspired to murder their enslavers. In doing so, they conceptualized an alternative framework for justice.</p> <p>Spanning from the colonial era to the antebellum period, the book follows a broadly chronological structure. Each chapter is oriented around a specific case study. Chapter 1, for instance, focuses on Philis and Phoebe, two enslaved women in Massachusetts who, in 1755, were convicted of poisoning their enslaver, Captain John Codman. Meanwhile, chapter 7 examines the case of Lucy, an enslaved woman in Galveston, Texas, who murdered her enslaver’s wife in 1858. Other chapters explore cases of lethal resistance in North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia. The chapters themselves vary in length, which, as Taylor notes, reflects “the fullness or scarcity of the archive across space and time” (p. 20). Nevertheless, Taylor’s analysis is undoubtedly impressive in scope.</p> <p>Across nine chapters, <em>Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women’s Lethal Resistance</em> vividly details how enslaved women planned and carried out the murder of their enslavers. Their methods included poisoning, drowning, arson, and physical assault. Each case study examines a method of lethal resistance. At the end of each chapter, Taylor discusses similar documented examples of lethal resistance that were recorded elsewhere. However, <em>Brooding over Bloody Revenge</em> is not an exhaustive study of enslaved women’s lethal resistance. Taylor acknowledges that “it is hard to know with certainty how many enslaved women murdered their enslavers in the United States before 1865” (p. 2). Regardless, the structure and organization of the book enable readers to become more invested in each case study.</p> <p>Taylor’s most compelling and original argument is that enslaved women constructed a “framework of a Black feminist practice of justice,” which, at its core, “boiled down to a sense of fairness, decency, justness, and humane treatment” (p. 9). They were motivated to kill their enslavers by an overriding sense of injustice, usually brought about by cruelty and inhumane treatment. In this sense, they did not set out to dismantle the instit
{"title":"Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women's Lethal Resistance by Nikki M. Taylor (review)","authors":"Oran Patrick Kennedy","doi":"10.1353/soh.2024.a932565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2024.a932565","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women’s Lethal Resistance</em> by Nikki M. Taylor <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Oran Patrick Kennedy </li> </ul> <em>Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women’s Lethal Resistance</em>. By Nikki M. Taylor. (New York and other cities: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Pp. [viii], 247. $24.95, ISBN 978-1-009-27684-9.) <p>In her latest monograph, Nikki M. Taylor delves into the history of enslaved women’s lethal resistance in the United States. Through an in-depth analysis of newspaper records, trial and court records, and other primary sources, Taylor demonstrates that countless enslaved women, in response to inhumane treatment, conspired to murder their enslavers. In doing so, they conceptualized an alternative framework for justice.</p> <p>Spanning from the colonial era to the antebellum period, the book follows a broadly chronological structure. Each chapter is oriented around a specific case study. Chapter 1, for instance, focuses on Philis and Phoebe, two enslaved women in Massachusetts who, in 1755, were convicted of poisoning their enslaver, Captain John Codman. Meanwhile, chapter 7 examines the case of Lucy, an enslaved woman in Galveston, Texas, who murdered her enslaver’s wife in 1858. Other chapters explore cases of lethal resistance in North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia. The chapters themselves vary in length, which, as Taylor notes, reflects “the fullness or scarcity of the archive across space and time” (p. 20). Nevertheless, Taylor’s analysis is undoubtedly impressive in scope.</p> <p>Across nine chapters, <em>Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women’s Lethal Resistance</em> vividly details how enslaved women planned and carried out the murder of their enslavers. Their methods included poisoning, drowning, arson, and physical assault. Each case study examines a method of lethal resistance. At the end of each chapter, Taylor discusses similar documented examples of lethal resistance that were recorded elsewhere. However, <em>Brooding over Bloody Revenge</em> is not an exhaustive study of enslaved women’s lethal resistance. Taylor acknowledges that “it is hard to know with certainty how many enslaved women murdered their enslavers in the United States before 1865” (p. 2). Regardless, the structure and organization of the book enable readers to become more invested in each case study.</p> <p>Taylor’s most compelling and original argument is that enslaved women constructed a “framework of a Black feminist practice of justice,” which, at its core, “boiled down to a sense of fairness, decency, justness, and humane treatment” (p. 9). They were motivated to kill their enslavers by an overriding sense of injustice, usually brought about by cruelty and inhumane treatment. In this sense, they did not set out to dismantle the instit","PeriodicalId":45484,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1353/soh.2024.a932573
Edward Valentin Jr.
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Without Concealment, Without Compromise: The Courageous Lives of Black Civil War Surgeons</em> by Jill L. Newmark <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Edward Valentin Jr. </li> </ul> <em>Without Concealment, Without Compromise: The Courageous Lives of Black Civil War Surgeons</em>. By Jill L. Newmark. Engaging the Civil War. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2023. Pp. xxiv, 283. Paper, $29.95, ISBN 978-0-8093-3904-4.) <p>In <em>Without Concealment, Without Compromise: The Courageous Lives of Black Civil War Surgeons</em>, Jill L. Newmark chronicles the lives of fourteen Black men known to have served as surgeons with the United States military during the American Civil War. Newmark’s argument that the “presence and accomplishments” of Black soldiers “contributed to the U.S. Army’s success, influenced change, and forged new pathways for African Americans in society” is a familiar theme across other studies of the Civil War era (p. 7). Newmark brings a fresh perspective to this argument by highlighting an understudied dimension of Black military experiences. <em>Without Concealment, Without Compromise</em> should be read alongside other scholarship that is more representative of the average wartime experiences of the 200,000 rank-and-file soldiers and sailors who served in the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy during the Civil War.</p> <p>From individual pension files and other military records to historical newspapers and manuscript collections from across the country, Newmark relies on a wide range of sources to craft an intimate portrait of each surgeon. Nine of the twelve chapters in this study function as biographies of individual surgeons, and the remaining three chapters address the barriers that Black physicians faced in obtaining their medical educations at Keokuk Medical College <strong>[End Page 617]</strong> in Iowa, Yale University, and other institutions. This structure allows Newmark to expand her scope of analysis beyond Black surgeons’ experiences during the immediate war years. The author provides insight into Black life in the northern United States and Canada during the antebellum era, the role of Black Americans in antislavery movements, Black students’ quests for higher educations at white collegiate institutions, Black membership in medical associations, the struggle of Black veterans to secure pensions in the post–Civil War era, and a host of other topics. In the classroom, educators could easily assign a chapter or two of Newmark’s book to students, offering some unique perspectives into what it meant to be a Black person in the United States during the nineteenth century.</p> <p>The strength of this biographical approach can also be a hindrance. While this deeply researched monograph contains rich details about the lives of each Black physician, the sheer volume of info
{"title":"Without Concealment, Without Compromise: The Courageous Lives of Black Civil War Surgeons by Jill L. Newmark (review)","authors":"Edward Valentin Jr.","doi":"10.1353/soh.2024.a932573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2024.a932573","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Without Concealment, Without Compromise: The Courageous Lives of Black Civil War Surgeons</em> by Jill L. Newmark <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Edward Valentin Jr. </li> </ul> <em>Without Concealment, Without Compromise: The Courageous Lives of Black Civil War Surgeons</em>. By Jill L. Newmark. Engaging the Civil War. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2023. Pp. xxiv, 283. Paper, $29.95, ISBN 978-0-8093-3904-4.) <p>In <em>Without Concealment, Without Compromise: The Courageous Lives of Black Civil War Surgeons</em>, Jill L. Newmark chronicles the lives of fourteen Black men known to have served as surgeons with the United States military during the American Civil War. Newmark’s argument that the “presence and accomplishments” of Black soldiers “contributed to the U.S. Army’s success, influenced change, and forged new pathways for African Americans in society” is a familiar theme across other studies of the Civil War era (p. 7). Newmark brings a fresh perspective to this argument by highlighting an understudied dimension of Black military experiences. <em>Without Concealment, Without Compromise</em> should be read alongside other scholarship that is more representative of the average wartime experiences of the 200,000 rank-and-file soldiers and sailors who served in the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy during the Civil War.</p> <p>From individual pension files and other military records to historical newspapers and manuscript collections from across the country, Newmark relies on a wide range of sources to craft an intimate portrait of each surgeon. Nine of the twelve chapters in this study function as biographies of individual surgeons, and the remaining three chapters address the barriers that Black physicians faced in obtaining their medical educations at Keokuk Medical College <strong>[End Page 617]</strong> in Iowa, Yale University, and other institutions. This structure allows Newmark to expand her scope of analysis beyond Black surgeons’ experiences during the immediate war years. The author provides insight into Black life in the northern United States and Canada during the antebellum era, the role of Black Americans in antislavery movements, Black students’ quests for higher educations at white collegiate institutions, Black membership in medical associations, the struggle of Black veterans to secure pensions in the post–Civil War era, and a host of other topics. In the classroom, educators could easily assign a chapter or two of Newmark’s book to students, offering some unique perspectives into what it meant to be a Black person in the United States during the nineteenth century.</p> <p>The strength of this biographical approach can also be a hindrance. While this deeply researched monograph contains rich details about the lives of each Black physician, the sheer volume of info","PeriodicalId":45484,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1353/soh.2024.a932585
Weston Twardowski
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Ruin and Resilience: Southern Literature and the Environment</em> by Daniel Spoth <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Weston Twardowski </li> </ul> <em>Ruin and Resilience: Southern Literature and the Environment</em>. By Daniel Spoth. Southern Literary Studies. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2023. Pp. xii, 202. $45.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-7936-9.) <p>It is to our detriment, Daniel Spoth persuasively argues, that the South remains something of a conceptual afterthought in environmental imaginations. Spoth’s contention is that directing our attention to the South challenges ecocriticism to think more broadly about the kind of spaces (and the people who inhabit those spaces) we imagine and theorize about in our study of the environment. By approaching the South as a landscape of natural and man-made ruins, Spoth challenges romantic notions of ruination and instead asks us to consider why and how this framing exists. Throughout <em>Ruin and Resilience: Southern Literature and the Environment</em>, Spoth reveals the ways that southerners resist ruination through strategies of resilience. In marrying ruin and resilience, Spoth pushes us to see the South not as a space of ruin, but as a living, ongoing place where resilient people continue to invent stories and means of survival.</p> <p>Across five chapters, Spoth moves through case studies from literature and film ranging across the nineteenth century to the present. In mixing authors and eras, the argument demonstrates patterns of ruination in southern culture with accompanying resilience narratives and how these ideas define our conception of southern environmentalism. The first chapter takes examples by John Muir, William Faulkner, and Natasha Trethewey to establish the larger concept of southern ruination. The subsequent chapters establish patterns of resilience across different places and times, in each case exploring both ruin and how groups resist the ruination through resilience. In the second chapter, highways and infrastructures that cut across the region are directly connected to urban sprawl and the collapse of traditional cultural lifeways, offering a much-needed addition to ecocritical understanding of southern environments and highlighting an attention to environmental justice that Spoth develops across the book. The third chapter powerfully critiques the romanticization of southern foodways, noting the deep relationship between class and poverty, race, and food culture.</p> <p>The fourth and fifth chapters investigate disasters and climate change, respectively. These chapters mark a change in the book, which moves to a more expansive and largely contemporary reading of environmental violence that points to the unequal distribution of harm left by disasters. The final chapter moves beyond the present and into the postapocalyptic
{"title":"Ruin and Resilience: Southern Literature and the Environment by Daniel Spoth (review)","authors":"Weston Twardowski","doi":"10.1353/soh.2024.a932585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2024.a932585","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Ruin and Resilience: Southern Literature and the Environment</em> by Daniel Spoth <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Weston Twardowski </li> </ul> <em>Ruin and Resilience: Southern Literature and the Environment</em>. By Daniel Spoth. Southern Literary Studies. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2023. Pp. xii, 202. $45.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-7936-9.) <p>It is to our detriment, Daniel Spoth persuasively argues, that the South remains something of a conceptual afterthought in environmental imaginations. Spoth’s contention is that directing our attention to the South challenges ecocriticism to think more broadly about the kind of spaces (and the people who inhabit those spaces) we imagine and theorize about in our study of the environment. By approaching the South as a landscape of natural and man-made ruins, Spoth challenges romantic notions of ruination and instead asks us to consider why and how this framing exists. Throughout <em>Ruin and Resilience: Southern Literature and the Environment</em>, Spoth reveals the ways that southerners resist ruination through strategies of resilience. In marrying ruin and resilience, Spoth pushes us to see the South not as a space of ruin, but as a living, ongoing place where resilient people continue to invent stories and means of survival.</p> <p>Across five chapters, Spoth moves through case studies from literature and film ranging across the nineteenth century to the present. In mixing authors and eras, the argument demonstrates patterns of ruination in southern culture with accompanying resilience narratives and how these ideas define our conception of southern environmentalism. The first chapter takes examples by John Muir, William Faulkner, and Natasha Trethewey to establish the larger concept of southern ruination. The subsequent chapters establish patterns of resilience across different places and times, in each case exploring both ruin and how groups resist the ruination through resilience. In the second chapter, highways and infrastructures that cut across the region are directly connected to urban sprawl and the collapse of traditional cultural lifeways, offering a much-needed addition to ecocritical understanding of southern environments and highlighting an attention to environmental justice that Spoth develops across the book. The third chapter powerfully critiques the romanticization of southern foodways, noting the deep relationship between class and poverty, race, and food culture.</p> <p>The fourth and fifth chapters investigate disasters and climate change, respectively. These chapters mark a change in the book, which moves to a more expansive and largely contemporary reading of environmental violence that points to the unequal distribution of harm left by disasters. The final chapter moves beyond the present and into the postapocalyptic","PeriodicalId":45484,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY","volume":"324 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1353/soh.2024.a932586
Tanya L. Shields
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>In the Shadows of the Big House: Twenty-First-Century Antebellum Slave Cabins and Heritage Tourism in Louisiana</em> by Stephen Small <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Tanya L. Shields </li> </ul> <em>In the Shadows of the Big House: Twenty-First-Century Antebellum Slave Cabins and Heritage Tourism in Louisiana</em>. By Stephen Small. Atlantic Migrations and the African Diaspora. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2023. Pp. xiv, 254. Paper, $30.00, ISBN 978-1-4968-4556-6; cloth, $99.00, ISBN 978-1-4968-4555-9.) <p>Stephen Small’s <em>In the Shadows of the Big House: Twenty-First-Century Antebellum Slave Cabins and Heritage Tourism in Louisiana</em> explores the lives of the enslaved by looking at the physical spaces they occupied: their cabins. Small focuses on “how power and access to resources lead to certain types of social remembering and social forgetting” in the remnants of slave cabins on three plantations in Natchitoches, Louisiana (p. 178).</p> <p>The core chapters showcase Small’s main claims about the discursive and ideological framing of tour narratives. Small asserts that integrating the enslaved quarters would undermine plantation sites’ “grand narrative,” which emphasizes elite white southerners’ gentility, romance, and paternalism, while leaning heavily on visitors’ expectations to maintain the status quo (p. vii). Countering this ubiquitous heritage tourism script, he argues that cabins were “places of community, shared experiences, and family . . . [and] places of relative independence, autonomy, and decision-making free from the wretched surveillance and unrestricted violence of white racism” (pp. 195–96). Alongside paying scrupulous attention to the materiality of the dwellings, he pieces together information on the people, known and unknown, who lived in them, on the respite cabins provided to their enslaved residents, and on their use in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. However, phrases like “no definitive proof,” “little documentary evidence,” and other mitigating language stifle Small’s claims, highlighting that the archive of documentary evidence about enslaved people relies on reading contextually (pp. 96, 131). Small suggests methods of historically grounded speculation as we await an ever- growing body of archaeological research. <strong>[End Page 633]</strong></p> <p>Small explains that heritage tourism in Natchitoches was framed by the commemorative work of white women in the postbellum period. Women of all races, ethnicities, and classes commemorated the dead, but “White women of all classes had primary responsibility for commemorating their dead husbands, brothers, and sons. Elite white women took the lead” (p. 47). He juxtaposes how competing interests reflect current concerns. Melrose plantation, originally called Yucca plantation and owned by Louis
以下是内容的简要摘录，以代替摘要：评论者： 在大房子的阴影下：路易斯安那州 21 世纪前奴隶小屋和遗产旅游》，作者：斯蒂芬-斯莫尔 Tanya L. Shields 在大屋的阴影下：路易斯安那州 21 世纪前奴隶小屋和遗产旅游。作者：斯蒂芬-斯莫尔大西洋移民和非洲移民社群》。(杰克逊：密西西比大学出版社，2023 年。第 xiv、254 页。纸质版，30.00 美元，ISBN 978-1-4968-4556-6；布质版，99.00 美元，ISBN 978-1-4968-4555-9）。斯蒂芬-斯莫尔（Stephen Small）的《在大宅的阴影中》（In the Shadows of the Big House：路易斯安那州 21 世纪前奴隶小木屋和遗产旅游》通过研究奴隶居住的物理空间--他们的小木屋，探讨了奴隶的生活。斯莫尔重点研究了路易斯安那州纳奇托什市三个种植园的奴隶小木屋遗迹中 "权力和资源获取如何导致特定类型的社会记忆和社会遗忘"（第 178 页）。核心章节展示了斯莫尔关于旅游叙事的话语和意识形态框架的主要主张。斯莫尔断言，整合奴隶区将破坏种植园遗址的 "宏大叙事"，这种叙事强调南方白人精英的绅士风度、浪漫和家长作风，同时严重依赖游客对维持现状的期望（第 vii 页）。针对这种无处不在的遗产旅游剧本，他认为小木屋是 "社区、共享经验和家庭的地方......。[和]相对独立、自主和决策的地方，不受白人种族主义的监视和无限制的暴力"（第 195-96 页）。除了严格关注这些住所的物质性之外，他还拼凑了有关居住在这些住所中的已知和未知人群、小木屋为其被奴役居民提供的休息场所以及这些住所在 20 世纪和 21 世纪的使用情况的信息。然而，"没有确切的证据"、"很少的文献证据 "等措辞以及其他缓和的语言扼杀了斯莫尔的主张，突出表明有关被奴役者的文献证据档案依赖于上下文阅读（第 96 页和第 131 页）。斯莫尔提出了一些以历史为基础的推测方法，我们正在等待越来越多的考古研究成果。[第 633 页末] 斯莫尔解释说，纳奇托什的遗产旅游是由白人妇女在战后时期的纪念活动所决定的。所有种族、民族和阶级的妇女都纪念死者，但 "所有阶级的白人妇女都对纪念她们死去的丈夫、兄弟和儿子负有主要责任。精英白人妇女起着主导作用"（第 47 页）。他并列了相互竞争的利益如何反映当前的关切。梅尔罗斯种植园原名 Yucca 种植园，由凯恩河克里奥尔有色人种路易斯-梅托耶所有，约瑟夫-亨利在 19 世纪末买下了该种植园。约瑟夫-亨利的儿子约翰-汉普顿-亨利和他的妻子卡梅莉特-"卡米"-亨利继承了该庄园，并在丈夫去世后由卡梅莉特-"卡米"-亨利管理庄园。正如斯莫尔所详细描述的那样，尽管种植园有着丰富的黑人历史，但二十一世纪的游览重点却放在了三位女性身上：梅托耶家族的黑人创始人玛丽-泰雷兹-科因-科因、创建了艺术家和作家聚居地的卡米-亨利以及著名的非裔美国民间艺术家克莱门汀-亨特。斯莫尔认为，这种关注代表了对在种植园生活和工作的大多数黑人的生活和经历的 "象征性湮灭叙事"（第 172 页）。对于斯莫尔的叙述来说，所有权是关键--谁拥有种植园仍然很重要。部分由于拥有更多的财力和人力资源，国家公园管理局拥有的另外两个种植园--奥克兰种植园和木兰种植园--通过以抽象的方式（尽管并不总是人性化的方式）讲述黑人的经历，实现了 "相对的融入"（第 184 页）。相比之下，梅尔罗斯的旅游业务是在精英纪念阶层的支持下形成的，它是一个非营利组织，资金和人员都很有限。在这些例子中，对生存的追求以及缺乏邀请使得黑人参与遗产旅游一直处于边缘地位。最终，斯莫尔的作品提醒我们，赛迪娅-哈特曼（Saidiya Hartman）所说的 "奴隶制的来世"（《失去你的母亲：Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route [New York, 2007], p.6）不仅与我们同在，而且还顽固地影响着我们的日常互动。斯莫尔关于种植园宏大叙事的主张以及他对空间和时间的挑战有时是重复的。
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Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1353/soh.2024.a932584
Jennifer E. Brooks
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Ybor City: Crucible of the Latina South</em> by By Sarah McNamara <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Jennifer E. Brooks </li> </ul> <em>Ybor City: Crucible of the Latina South</em>. By Sarah McNamara. Justice, Power, and Politics. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. Pp. xiv, 251. Paper, $24.95, ISBN 978-1-4696-6816-1; cloth, $99.00, ISBN 978-1-4696-6817-8.) <p>In <em>Ybor City</em>: <em>Crucible of the Latina South</em>, Sarah McNamara restores the history of cigar workers, their radical politics, and their dynamic community <strong>[End Page 630]</strong> to the history of Florida and the New South. McNamara neatly threads the needle of multiple historiographies, including southern history, immigration history, and labor history. Inspired by her family’s history in Ybor City and in Tampa, the author crafts a nuanced account of the Cubana/o cigar workers who fashioned a vibrant community along with their top-notch cigars, remaking Tampa and themselves in the process. The first generation arrived around the turn of the twentieth century and set to work crafting cigars, their community, and a radical progressive politics that “battled for just employment, supported Cuban independence, organized against fascism, and wrestled with Jim Crow” (p. 10). The accelerating collapse of the American cigar-making industry in the 1930s, followed by the expanded economic opportunities brought by war mobilization and the stifling anticommunism of the Cold War, prompted relocation away from Ybor City and the remaking of ethnic and political identities by later generations. Ultimately, U.S.-born Latinas/os birthed “a new ethnic, non-Black identity” to transform themselves from “foreign subversives to acceptable U.S. citizens” (p. 10).</p> <p>McNamara organizes this rather complicated narrative through a nicely straightforward structure of chapters, titled “Searching,” “Building,” “Resisting,” “Surviving,” “Remaking,” and “Finding.” The author also packs a lot into this concise monograph. In “Building,” for example, readers learn how Latina/o cigar workers built Ybor City and transformed Tampa into the industrial heart of Florida and an international hub of labor activism. As Tampa emerged as a New South “borderland” city, Ybor City’s Cuban cigar workers disrupted the stability of Jim Crow “because the economy of this one-industry town depended on their labor and their presence” (p. 21). Cuban cigar workers thus made Ybor City their own community, and Ybor City made Tampa more than it had been.</p> <p>McNamara finds, however, that de facto segregation still shaped Ybor City, with white Cubans living separately from Black Cubans who experienced lower wages, discrimination, and violence. Not being Black, nonetheless, did not protect white Cubans from Anglo violence directed against foreign-born residen
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