Pub Date : 2017-01-30DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000165
A. Seidler, J. K. Wolff
Background: Previous studies point to a potential relationship between self-perceptions of aging (SPA) and cognitive performance. However, most of these studies are limited by their experimental design. Previous longitudinal studies looked solely at memory as an outcome variable without examining the directionality of effects. The present study examines the direction of effects between two domains of SPA (personal growth and physical losses) and processing speed (PS). Methods: The sample consists of 8,198 participants of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS), aged between 40 and 93 years. A cross-lagged path model was estimated to examine directions of relationships across 3 years via chi-squared difference tests for each domain of SPA. Results: In the unconstrained models, the effect of SPA domain personal growth in 2008 on PS in 2011 and vice versa were marginally significant. For SPA domain physical losses, the effect of SPA on PS was significant, whereas the other direction of the effect did not reach significance. However, the cross-lagged paths of both domains of SPA on PS and vice versa could be set equal without a significant loss of model fit. The resulting associations indicate a significant bidirectional relationship between both domains of SPA and PS. Discussion and conclusion: This study provides initial evidence that SPA can influence trajectories of cognitive decline and vice versa. The results emphasize the detrimental and beneficial effects that stereotypes can have on individuals and add further evidence to the theory of stereotype embodiment.
{"title":"Bidirectional Associations Between Self-Perceptions of Aging and Processing Speed Across 3 Years","authors":"A. Seidler, J. K. Wolff","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000165","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Previous studies point to a potential relationship between self-perceptions of aging (SPA) and cognitive performance. However, most of these studies are limited by their experimental design. Previous longitudinal studies looked solely at memory as an outcome variable without examining the directionality of effects. The present study examines the direction of effects between two domains of SPA (personal growth and physical losses) and processing speed (PS). Methods: The sample consists of 8,198 participants of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS), aged between 40 and 93 years. A cross-lagged path model was estimated to examine directions of relationships across 3 years via chi-squared difference tests for each domain of SPA. Results: In the unconstrained models, the effect of SPA domain personal growth in 2008 on PS in 2011 and vice versa were marginally significant. For SPA domain physical losses, the effect of SPA on PS was significant, whereas the other direction of the effect did not reach significance. However, the cross-lagged paths of both domains of SPA on PS and vice versa could be set equal without a significant loss of model fit. The resulting associations indicate a significant bidirectional relationship between both domains of SPA and PS. Discussion and conclusion: This study provides initial evidence that SPA can influence trajectories of cognitive decline and vice versa. The results emphasize the detrimental and beneficial effects that stereotypes can have on individuals and add further evidence to the theory of stereotype embodiment.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45149858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-30DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/A000158
Mona Neysari, G. Bodenmann, M. Mehl, K. Bernecker, Fridtjof W. Nussbeck, S. Backes, M. Zemp, Mike Martin, A. Horn
Abstract. Conflict communication represents a basic process for the quality of intimate relationships, which is fundamental to well-being over the lifespan. This study investigates the temporal unfolding of different relational perspectives during a conflict situation by monitoring pronoun use in young, middle-aged, and old couples within the theoretical framework of Gottman’s phases of conflict. Our results reveal different trajectories of “I”-, “you”-, and “we”-talk over a conflict conversation in both partners. These trajectories differ between females and males. Furthermore, “you”-talk and “we”-talk differed among the age groups over time. Understanding the temporal dynamics of marital communication as reflected by pronoun use seems promising for a better understanding of conflict related processes in couples over the lifespan.
{"title":"Monitoring Pronouns in Conflicts","authors":"Mona Neysari, G. Bodenmann, M. Mehl, K. Bernecker, Fridtjof W. Nussbeck, S. Backes, M. Zemp, Mike Martin, A. Horn","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/A000158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/A000158","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Conflict communication represents a basic process for the quality of intimate relationships, which is fundamental to well-being over the lifespan. This study investigates the temporal unfolding of different relational perspectives during a conflict situation by monitoring pronoun use in young, middle-aged, and old couples within the theoretical framework of Gottman’s phases of conflict. Our results reveal different trajectories of “I”-, “you”-, and “we”-talk over a conflict conversation in both partners. These trajectories differ between females and males. Furthermore, “you”-talk and “we”-talk differed among the age groups over time. Understanding the temporal dynamics of marital communication as reflected by pronoun use seems promising for a better understanding of conflict related processes in couples over the lifespan.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57227271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-30DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/A000159
Leonardo Angelini, F. Carrino, M. Caon, Frédéric Lemaréchal, N. Couture, Omar Abou Khaled, E. Mugellini
Abstract. Social relationships are crucial for older adults’ well-being. Past research demonstrated that video-communication technology could reduce social isolation. However, most commercial telecommunication systems have interfaces that are too complex to be operated by older adults without assistance. In this paper, we present a system that exploits the tangible affordances of a physical window to provide a natural interface for an always-on video-communication system. In addition, we present a case study focused on the system accessibility and user acceptance with 8 older adults living in a retirement home. We also describe the preliminary findings based on an observation study and on a semistructured interview. Finally, we discuss the possible improvements and impact this system might have on older adults’ life.
{"title":"Testing the Tangible Interactive Window with Older Adults","authors":"Leonardo Angelini, F. Carrino, M. Caon, Frédéric Lemaréchal, N. Couture, Omar Abou Khaled, E. Mugellini","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/A000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/A000159","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Social relationships are crucial for older adults’ well-being. Past research demonstrated that video-communication technology could reduce social isolation. However, most commercial telecommunication systems have interfaces that are too complex to be operated by older adults without assistance. In this paper, we present a system that exploits the tangible affordances of a physical window to provide a natural interface for an always-on video-communication system. In addition, we present a case study focused on the system accessibility and user acceptance with 8 older adults living in a retirement home. We also describe the preliminary findings based on an observation study and on a semistructured interview. Finally, we discuss the possible improvements and impact this system might have on older adults’ life.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57227283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-30DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/A000155
Georg Henning, M. Lindwall, B. Johansson
Abstract. We review recent longitudinal studies on change and continuity in well-being during the retirement transition. Our conclusion is that most retirees maintain their level of well-being over retirement. Some studies, however, provide evidence for a substantial heterogeneity and dynamic effects. A smaller subgroup experiences losses in resources and challenges which compromise their well-being. Various adaptive actions seem to help to cope with losses, but we still lack more detailed information about the role and effects of these coping strategies. Future longitudinal studies need to address the role of and interplay among these adaptive behaviors over the retirement transition to improve our understanding of continuity and change in postretirement well-being.
{"title":"Continuity in Well-Being in the Transition to Retirement","authors":"Georg Henning, M. Lindwall, B. Johansson","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/A000155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/A000155","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We review recent longitudinal studies on change and continuity in well-being during the retirement transition. Our conclusion is that most retirees maintain their level of well-being over retirement. Some studies, however, provide evidence for a substantial heterogeneity and dynamic effects. A smaller subgroup experiences losses in resources and challenges which compromise their well-being. Various adaptive actions seem to help to cope with losses, but we still lack more detailed information about the role and effects of these coping strategies. Future longitudinal studies need to address the role of and interplay among these adaptive behaviors over the retirement transition to improve our understanding of continuity and change in postretirement well-being.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57227260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-31DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/A000153
Isabelle Tournier, Oliver Jordan, D. Ferring
Abstract. The present study investigated the compensatory impact of motivation to learn on memory performance with age. Twenty-one university undergraduate young adults (M = 22.7, SD = 2.6) and 19 community-dwelling older adults (M = 72.7, SD = 6.6) performed an emotional story memory task with an immediate and delayed recall 7 days later. The emotional content and the age relevance of the stories were manipulated to increase the motivation of older adults to learn. As postulated, results showed no age differences on the recall of positive stories, whereas the recall of negative and neutral stories was lower for older than young adults. In conclusion, motivational aspects may lead to the equivalent memory performance of young and older adults.
{"title":"Motivation and memory: Impact of emotional content and age relevance on recall","authors":"Isabelle Tournier, Oliver Jordan, D. Ferring","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/A000153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/A000153","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The present study investigated the compensatory impact of motivation to learn on memory performance with age. Twenty-one university undergraduate young adults (M = 22.7, SD = 2.6) and 19 community-dwelling older adults (M = 72.7, SD = 6.6) performed an emotional story memory task with an immediate and delayed recall 7 days later. The emotional content and the age relevance of the stories were manipulated to increase the motivation of older adults to learn. As postulated, results showed no age differences on the recall of positive stories, whereas the recall of negative and neutral stories was lower for older than young adults. In conclusion, motivational aspects may lead to the equivalent memory performance of young and older adults.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57227197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-31DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/A000149
B. Levy, S. Moffat, S. Resnick, M. Slade, L. Ferrucci
Abstract. Prolonged elevation of cortisol, the primary stress biomarker, is associated with impaired cognitive and physical health. Cortisol tends to increase in later life among most, but not all, older individuals. The current study considered whether this pattern could be explained by more-positive age stereotypes acting as a stress buffer. The 439 participants drawn from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging provided 1,789 cortisol measurements, from 24-h collections of urine, across 30 years. Among those aged 50 or greater, the cortisol of the more-negative age-stereotype group increased by 44%, whereas the more-positive age-stereotype group showed no increase. Also as expected, there was no association of age stereotypes and cortisol level among the younger participants, for whom the age stereotypes were self-irrelevant. The findings indicate the importance of considering the relationship between both positive and negative stereotypes and stress biomarkers over time.
{"title":"Buffer against Cumulative Stress Positive Age Self-Stereotypes Predict Lower Cortisol across 30 Years","authors":"B. Levy, S. Moffat, S. Resnick, M. Slade, L. Ferrucci","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/A000149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/A000149","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Prolonged elevation of cortisol, the primary stress biomarker, is associated with impaired cognitive and physical health. Cortisol tends to increase in later life among most, but not all, older individuals. The current study considered whether this pattern could be explained by more-positive age stereotypes acting as a stress buffer. The 439 participants drawn from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging provided 1,789 cortisol measurements, from 24-h collections of urine, across 30 years. Among those aged 50 or greater, the cortisol of the more-negative age-stereotype group increased by 44%, whereas the more-positive age-stereotype group showed no increase. Also as expected, there was no association of age stereotypes and cortisol level among the younger participants, for whom the age stereotypes were self-irrelevant. The findings indicate the importance of considering the relationship between both positive and negative stereotypes and stress biomarkers over time.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57227168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-09DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/A000142
Isabelle Albert, D. Ferring, F. Lang
Aging and migration have become key issues in many European societies today, as an unprecedented number of firstgeneration immigrants of the big immigration waves of the 1960s and 1970s are currently approaching retirement age.Originally, such migration to an economically prosperous country with better job opportunities was often associated with the expectation to return to the country of origin after some years of hard work – and after having accumulated enough wealth to restart a better life “back home.” While these expectations were often held equally by the receiving societies and by the migrants, they soon emerged as the so-called “myth of return” (see e.g., Bolognani, 2007). In fact, while only a small proportion of immigrants permanently returns to their countries of origin, even after longer periods abroad (see e.g., Baykara-Krumme, 2013, for a discussion of Turkish immigrants in several European countries), a large proportion of aging immigrants intend to stay in their receiving countries after retirement or to commute between the country of origin and the host country, a trend demonstrated for various immigrant groups in several European countries (see, e.g., Attias-Donfut, Tessier, and Wolff, 2005, aswell asDeCoulon&Wolff, 2005, for international immigrants in France; Bolzmann, Fibbi, & Viol, 2006, for Italian and Spanish immigrants in Switzerland).
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue on “Aging and Migration in Europe”","authors":"Isabelle Albert, D. Ferring, F. Lang","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/A000142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/A000142","url":null,"abstract":"Aging and migration have become key issues in many European societies today, as an unprecedented number of firstgeneration immigrants of the big immigration waves of the 1960s and 1970s are currently approaching retirement age.Originally, such migration to an economically prosperous country with better job opportunities was often associated with the expectation to return to the country of origin after some years of hard work – and after having accumulated enough wealth to restart a better life “back home.” While these expectations were often held equally by the receiving societies and by the migrants, they soon emerged as the so-called “myth of return” (see e.g., Bolognani, 2007). In fact, while only a small proportion of immigrants permanently returns to their countries of origin, even after longer periods abroad (see e.g., Baykara-Krumme, 2013, for a discussion of Turkish immigrants in several European countries), a large proportion of aging immigrants intend to stay in their receiving countries after retirement or to commute between the country of origin and the host country, a trend demonstrated for various immigrant groups in several European countries (see, e.g., Attias-Donfut, Tessier, and Wolff, 2005, aswell asDeCoulon&Wolff, 2005, for international immigrants in France; Bolzmann, Fibbi, & Viol, 2006, for Italian and Spanish immigrants in Switzerland).","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57227549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-09DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/A000147
Anya Ahmed, K. Hall
Abstract. There has been a proliferation of research on lifestyle migration, including studies of older people who move from Northern to Southern European countries in retirement. This body of research has generally focused on so-called third-age retirees, who exercise mobility to improve their quality of life and to achieve optimal aging. These healthy and active migrants have yet to face the challenges associated with the fourth age. This paper focuses on how retirees in both the third and fourth ages of life experience and exercise mobility, and how some experience the transition from young old to old old age in Spain. While the third age is characterized by new opportunities and activities, the fourth age is a time of decreasing mobility, dependence, and bodily decline. We bring together narrative interview data from two separate studies undertaken with older British people in Spain to examine three main issues: how the experiences and identities of retired migrants change in response to the aging bod...
{"title":"Negotiating the challenges of aging as a British migrant in Spain.","authors":"Anya Ahmed, K. Hall","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/A000147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/A000147","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. There has been a proliferation of research on lifestyle migration, including studies of older people who move from Northern to Southern European countries in retirement. This body of research has generally focused on so-called third-age retirees, who exercise mobility to improve their quality of life and to achieve optimal aging. These healthy and active migrants have yet to face the challenges associated with the fourth age. This paper focuses on how retirees in both the third and fourth ages of life experience and exercise mobility, and how some experience the transition from young old to old old age in Spain. While the third age is characterized by new opportunities and activities, the fourth age is a time of decreasing mobility, dependence, and bodily decline. We bring together narrative interview data from two separate studies undertaken with older British people in Spain to examine three main issues: how the experiences and identities of retired migrants change in response to the aging bod...","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57227107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-09DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/A000143
V. Burholt, C. Dobbs, C. Victor
"This article does not exactly replicate the final version published in the journal "GeroPsych". It is not a copy of the original published article and is not suitable for citation."
{"title":"Transnational Relationships and Cultural Identity of Older Migrants","authors":"V. Burholt, C. Dobbs, C. Victor","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/A000143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/A000143","url":null,"abstract":"\"This article does not exactly replicate the final version published in the journal \"GeroPsych\". It is not a copy of the original published article and is not suitable for citation.\"","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57227560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-09DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/A000144
Tatjana Kiilo, Kairi Kasearu, D. Kutsar
Abstract. This paper focuses on the provision of help and care to the older generation, comparing the situation of those in Estonia with migrant backgrounds to those with nonmigrant backgrounds. The empirical evidence suggests that, in the case of Estonia, the main factor determining attenuated family solidarity is proximity between family members. Thus, mainly first-generation migrants whose parents live more than 100 km away are at risk from weakened family bonds. The analysis points out significant gender differences, where men are more often deprived of help and emotional support. More relations of solidarity in migrant families where different generations move together are assumed, but the empirical evidence for this conjecture is far from conclusive.
{"title":"Intergenerational family solidarity: Study of older migrants in Estonia.","authors":"Tatjana Kiilo, Kairi Kasearu, D. Kutsar","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/A000144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/A000144","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper focuses on the provision of help and care to the older generation, comparing the situation of those in Estonia with migrant backgrounds to those with nonmigrant backgrounds. The empirical evidence suggests that, in the case of Estonia, the main factor determining attenuated family solidarity is proximity between family members. Thus, mainly first-generation migrants whose parents live more than 100 km away are at risk from weakened family bonds. The analysis points out significant gender differences, where men are more often deprived of help and emotional support. More relations of solidarity in migrant families where different generations move together are assumed, but the empirical evidence for this conjecture is far from conclusive.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57227098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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