Pub Date : 2019-03-05DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000199
M. Oedekoven, K. Amin-Kotb, P. Gellert, K. Balke, A. Kuhlmey, S. Schnitzer
We investigated the association between the education of informal caregivers’ (IC) and their physical and mental burden. We hypothesized that better-educated IC would have more resources available to manage the care situation and as a result show lower perceived burden. We conducted a population survey of 6,087 German residents aged 18+ years, 966 of whom reported to be IC. Results show that IC felt more often mentally than physically burdened. In the multivariate analyses, higher-educated IC did not have lower odds of feeling physically burdened than lower-educated IC, though they did have increased odds of feeling mentally burdened. The higher perceived mental burden of higher-educated IC may be related to fear of loss of self-fulfilment and autonomy. Support services should consider the mental burden of higher-educated IC and tailor their interventions accordingly.
{"title":"Associations Between Informal Caregivers’ Burden and Educational Level","authors":"M. Oedekoven, K. Amin-Kotb, P. Gellert, K. Balke, A. Kuhlmey, S. Schnitzer","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000199","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the association between the education of informal caregivers’ (IC) and their physical and mental burden. We hypothesized that better-educated IC would have more resources available to manage the care situation and as a result show lower perceived burden. We conducted a population survey of 6,087 German residents aged 18+ years, 966 of whom reported to be IC. Results show that IC felt more often mentally than physically burdened. In the multivariate analyses, higher-educated IC did not have lower odds of feeling physically burdened than lower-educated IC, though they did have increased odds of feeling mentally burdened. The higher perceived mental burden of higher-educated IC may be related to fear of loss of self-fulfilment and autonomy. Support services should consider the mental burden of higher-educated IC and tailor their interventions accordingly.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"32 1","pages":"19–29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43559786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-21DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000197
Nils F. Töpfer, G. Wilz
Tele.TAnDem is a telephone-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for dementia caregivers which incorporates resource activation as a superordinate heuristic. We investigated whether Tele.TAnDem increased the utilization of psychosocial resources in dementia caregivers. To this end, 273 dementia caregivers were randomly assigned to receive the Tele.TAnDem intervention (n = 139) or usual care (n = 134). Compared to the control group, at posttest caregivers in the intervention group had utilized more resources related to well-being and coping with daily hassles. Treatment effects on the utilization of resources related to social support were only marginally significantly greater at posttest for caregivers with higher baseline resource utilization. Treatment effects were not maintained at 6-month follow-up. Results indicate that Tele.TAnDem can successfully activate the psychosocial resources of dementia caregivers.
{"title":"Tele.TAnDem Increases the Psychosocial Resource Utilization of Dementia Caregivers","authors":"Nils F. Töpfer, G. Wilz","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000197","url":null,"abstract":"Tele.TAnDem is a telephone-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for dementia caregivers which incorporates resource activation as a superordinate heuristic. We investigated whether Tele.TAnDem increased the utilization of psychosocial resources in dementia caregivers. To this end, 273 dementia caregivers were randomly assigned to receive the Tele.TAnDem intervention (n = 139) or usual care (n = 134). Compared to the control group, at posttest caregivers in the intervention group had utilized more resources related to well-being and coping with daily hassles. Treatment effects on the utilization of resources related to social support were only marginally significantly greater at posttest for caregivers with higher baseline resource utilization. Treatment effects were not maintained at 6-month follow-up. Results indicate that Tele.TAnDem can successfully activate the psychosocial resources of dementia caregivers.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"60 1","pages":"173–183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57227424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-21DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000198
P. Karlsson, B. Johansson, I. Skoog, J. Skoog, L. Rydén, Valgeir Thorvaldsson
Aim: To investigate birth cohort differences in associations between cardiovascular risk and fluid cognition between the age of 70 and 79. Method: Data were drawn from representative population-based cohort samples (H70), born 1901–1902, 1906–1907, and 1930, measured at ages 70, 75, and 79 on fluid cognitive measures (spatial ability and logical reasoning). The Framingham Risk Score (FRS), derived from office-based nonlaboratory predictors (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, BMI, smoking, diabetes status), was used to measure cardiovascular risk. Multiple-group latent growth curve models were fitted to the data. Findings: Estimates revealed small associations between the FRS and fluid cognition. These associations were slightly reduced in the 1930 cohort. Conclusion: Findings suggest diminishing adverse effects of cardiovascular risk on cognitive aging in cohorts born later.
{"title":"Cohort Differences in the Association of Cardiovascular Risk and Cognitive Aging","authors":"P. Karlsson, B. Johansson, I. Skoog, J. Skoog, L. Rydén, Valgeir Thorvaldsson","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000198","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To investigate birth cohort differences in associations between cardiovascular risk and fluid cognition between the age of 70 and 79. Method: Data were drawn from representative population-based cohort samples (H70), born 1901–1902, 1906–1907, and 1930, measured at ages 70, 75, and 79 on fluid cognitive measures (spatial ability and logical reasoning). The Framingham Risk Score (FRS), derived from office-based nonlaboratory predictors (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, BMI, smoking, diabetes status), was used to measure cardiovascular risk. Multiple-group latent growth curve models were fitted to the data. Findings: Estimates revealed small associations between the FRS and fluid cognition. These associations were slightly reduced in the 1930 cohort. Conclusion: Findings suggest diminishing adverse effects of cardiovascular risk on cognitive aging in cohorts born later.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":"195–203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44497103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000196
K. Ossenfort, D. Isaacowitz
Research on age differences in media usage has shown that older adults are more likely than younger adults to select positive emotional content. Research on emotional aging has examined whether older adults also seek out positivity in the everyday situations they choose, resulting so far in mixed results. We investigated the emotional choices of different age groups using video games as a more interactive type of affect-laden stimuli. Participants made multiple selections from a group of positive and negative games. Results showed that older adults selected the more positive games, but also reported feeling worse after playing them. Results supplement the literature on positivity in situation selection as well as on older adults’ interactive media preferences.
{"title":"Video Games and Emotion Regulation: Aging and Selection of Interactive Stimuli","authors":"K. Ossenfort, D. Isaacowitz","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000196","url":null,"abstract":"Research on age differences in media usage has shown that older adults are more likely than younger adults to select positive emotional content. Research on emotional aging has examined whether older adults also seek out positivity in the everyday situations they choose, resulting so far in mixed results. We investigated the emotional choices of different age groups using video games as a more interactive type of affect-laden stimuli. Participants made multiple selections from a group of positive and negative games. Results showed that older adults selected the more positive games, but also reported feeling worse after playing them. Results supplement the literature on positivity in situation selection as well as on older adults’ interactive media preferences.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":"205–213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45681886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-25DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000190
Qiao Chu, D. Grühn, A. M. Holland
We investigated the effects of time horizon and age on the socioemotional motives underlying individual’s bucket-list goals. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three time-horizon conditions to make a bucket list: (1) an open-ended time horizon (Study 1 & 2), (2) a 6-month horizon (i.e., “Imagine you have 6 months to live”; Study 1 & 2), and (3) a 1-week horizon (Study 2). Goal motives were coded based on socioemotional selectivity theory and psychosocial development theory. Results indicated that time horizon and age produced unique effects on bucket-list goal motives. Extending past findings on people’s motives considering the end of life, the findings suggest that different time horizons and life stages trigger different motives.
{"title":"Before I Die: The Impact of Time Horizon and Age on Bucket-List Goals","authors":"Qiao Chu, D. Grühn, A. M. Holland","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000190","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the effects of time horizon and age on the socioemotional motives underlying individual’s bucket-list goals. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three time-horizon conditions to make a bucket list: (1) an open-ended time horizon (Study 1 & 2), (2) a 6-month horizon (i.e., “Imagine you have 6 months to live”; Study 1 & 2), and (3) a 1-week horizon (Study 2). Goal motives were coded based on socioemotional selectivity theory and psychosocial development theory. Results indicated that time horizon and age produced unique effects on bucket-list goal motives. Extending past findings on people’s motives considering the end of life, the findings suggest that different time horizons and life stages trigger different motives.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":"151–162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41357095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-25DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000192
Minjie Lu, A. Li, H. Fung, K. Rothermund, F. Lang
This study addresses prior mixed findings on the relationship between future time perspective (FTP) and well-being as well as examines the associations between three aspects of FTP and life satisfaction in the health and friendship domains. 159 Germans, 97 US Americans, and 240 Hong Kong Chinese, aged 19–86 years, completed a survey on future self-views (valence) and life satisfaction. They also reported the extent to which they perceived future time as expanded vs. limited (time extension) and meaningful (openness). Findings revealed that individuals with more positive future self-views had higher satisfaction. However, those who perceived their future as more meaningful or perceived more time in their future reported higher satisfaction even when future self-views were less positive.
{"title":"Different Future Time Perspectives Interplay in Predicting Life Satisfaction","authors":"Minjie Lu, A. Li, H. Fung, K. Rothermund, F. Lang","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000192","url":null,"abstract":"This study addresses prior mixed findings on the relationship between future time perspective (FTP) and well-being as well as examines the associations between three aspects of FTP and life satisfaction in the health and friendship domains. 159 Germans, 97 US Americans, and 240 Hong Kong Chinese, aged 19–86 years, completed a survey on future self-views (valence) and life satisfaction. They also reported the extent to which they perceived future time as expanded vs. limited (time extension) and meaningful (openness). Findings revealed that individuals with more positive future self-views had higher satisfaction. However, those who perceived their future as more meaningful or perceived more time in their future reported higher satisfaction even when future self-views were less positive.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":"103–113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44750364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-25DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000189
S. Barber, Shyuan Ching Tan
These studies tested whether ageism affects the future time perspective (FTP) of older adults. Ageism occurs when someone is classified as “old” and is judged or treated differently as a result. To mimic this, we recruited participants (aged 50+) from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. We made their age salient, exposed them to negative aging stereotypes, and asked them to complete Carstensen and Lang’s (1996) FTP Scale. Across multiple studies, participants assigned to the ageism conditions rated their futures as having fewer opportunities. This effect was mediated by mood and did not occur for younger adult participants. In addition, as the personal experiences of older adults with ageism increased, their perception of futures opportunities decreased. Thus, ageism reduces the future opportunities older adults see for themselves.
{"title":"Ageism Affects the Future Time Perspective of Older Adults","authors":"S. Barber, Shyuan Ching Tan","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000189","url":null,"abstract":"These studies tested whether ageism affects the future time perspective (FTP) of older adults. Ageism occurs when someone is classified as “old” and is judged or treated differently as a result. To mimic this, we recruited participants (aged 50+) from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. We made their age salient, exposed them to negative aging stereotypes, and asked them to complete Carstensen and Lang’s (1996) FTP Scale. Across multiple studies, participants assigned to the ageism conditions rated their futures as having fewer opportunities. This effect was mediated by mood and did not occur for younger adult participants. In addition, as the personal experiences of older adults with ageism increased, their perception of futures opportunities decreased. Thus, ageism reduces the future opportunities older adults see for themselves.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":"115–126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42521404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-25DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000191
Sandra Düzel, J. Drewelies, D. Gerstorf, I. Demuth, S. Kühn, U. Lindenberger
An active lifestyle including physical exercise and novelty processing is considered to promote brain health. Also, subjective future time perspectives (FTP) are known to shape motivation and goal-directed behavior, with links to objective health, well-being, and cognition. Nevertheless, the links between subjective FTP and brain physiology are largely unknown. We report data from 326 healthy older adults who completed the Subjective Health Horizon Questionnaire (SHH-Q) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed associations between (1) the SHH-Q Novelty factor and brain regions of the episodic memory network, and (2) the SHH-Q Body factor and regions contributing to the cortical representation of bodily states. Longitudinal and experimental data are needed to better understand the etiology of these links.
{"title":"Facets of Subjective Health Horizons Are Differentially Linked to Brain Volume","authors":"Sandra Düzel, J. Drewelies, D. Gerstorf, I. Demuth, S. Kühn, U. Lindenberger","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000191","url":null,"abstract":"An active lifestyle including physical exercise and novelty processing is considered to promote brain health. Also, subjective future time perspectives (FTP) are known to shape motivation and goal-directed behavior, with links to objective health, well-being, and cognition. Nevertheless, the links between subjective FTP and brain physiology are largely unknown. We report data from 326 healthy older adults who completed the Subjective Health Horizon Questionnaire (SHH-Q) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed associations between (1) the SHH-Q Novelty factor and brain regions of the episodic memory network, and (2) the SHH-Q Body factor and regions contributing to the cortical representation of bodily states. Longitudinal and experimental data are needed to better understand the etiology of these links.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":"127–136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48635025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-25DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000193
Ilyoung Ju, S. Bluck, Hsiao-Wen Liao
Humans remember their past and consider their future. Nostalgic advertising, focused on the personal past, increases positive consumer response to products. This research examines how future time perspective (FTP) moderates that effect. Based on socioemotional selectivity theory, the products studied represent goals individuals have when time feels limited (i.e., camera: familiar, socially focused, emotionally meaningful) or open-ended (i.e., VR-One: novel, information-focused, entertaining). As expected, ad-evoked nostalgia heightens positive consumer response to the camera, increasingly so when FTP feels limited (Study 1; N = 288). For the VR-One, ad-evoked nostalgia again increases positive response but less so when time feels limited (Study 2; N = 283). Thinking about how the past and the future interact to influence consumer preferences in adulthood is discussed.
{"title":"Future Time Perspective Moderates Consumer Responses to Nostalgic Advertising","authors":"Ilyoung Ju, S. Bluck, Hsiao-Wen Liao","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000193","url":null,"abstract":"Humans remember their past and consider their future. Nostalgic advertising, focused on the personal past, increases positive consumer response to products. This research examines how future time perspective (FTP) moderates that effect. Based on socioemotional selectivity theory, the products studied represent goals individuals have when time feels limited (i.e., camera: familiar, socially focused, emotionally meaningful) or open-ended (i.e., VR-One: novel, information-focused, entertaining). As expected, ad-evoked nostalgia heightens positive consumer response to the camera, increasingly so when FTP feels limited (Study 1; N = 288). For the VR-One, ad-evoked nostalgia again increases positive response but less so when time feels limited (Study 2; N = 283). Thinking about how the past and the future interact to influence consumer preferences in adulthood is discussed.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":"137–150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42531036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-23DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000184
M. Scholten, A. Gieselmann, J. Gather, J. Vollmann
The fourth amendment to the German Medicinal Products Act (Arzneimittelgesetz) states that nontherapeutic research in incompetent populations is permissible under the condition that potential research participants expressly declare their wish to participate in scientific research in an advance research directive. This article explores the implementation of advance research directives in Germany against the background of the international legal and ethical framework for biomedical research. In particular, it addresses a practical problem that arises from the disclosure requirement for advance research directives. We show that, if the disclosure standard for advance research directives is set at a token level, nontherapeutic research in incompetent populations becomes practically impossible. To resolve this issue, we suggest the disclosure standard be set at a type level.
{"title":"Advance Research Directives in Germany: A Proposal for a Disclosure Standard","authors":"M. Scholten, A. Gieselmann, J. Gather, J. Vollmann","doi":"10.1024/1662-9647/a000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000184","url":null,"abstract":"The fourth amendment to the German Medicinal Products Act (Arzneimittelgesetz) states that nontherapeutic research in incompetent populations is permissible under the condition that potential research participants expressly declare their wish to participate in scientific research in an advance research directive. This article explores the implementation of advance research directives in Germany against the background of the international legal and ethical framework for biomedical research. In particular, it addresses a practical problem that arises from the disclosure requirement for advance research directives. We show that, if the disclosure standard for advance research directives is set at a token level, nontherapeutic research in incompetent populations becomes practically impossible. To resolve this issue, we suggest the disclosure standard be set at a type level.","PeriodicalId":45525,"journal":{"name":"GeroPsych-The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":"77–86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48836191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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