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Media Entrepreneurship Programs: Emerging Isomorphic Patterns 媒体创业项目:新兴的同构模式
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14241277.2017.1279617
Amy Sindik, Geoffrey M. Graybeal
ABSTRACT This study examines if the area of media entrepreneurship education has developed similarities as a way to build legitimacy. This study uses institutional isomorphism to examine the likelihood, and reasons, that similarities may be emerging from separate media entrepreneurship programs. This study conducts in-depth, open-ended telephone interviews with program heads of media entrepreneurship programs across the United States. Overall, the interviews indicated isomorphic practices are emerging from media entrepreneurship programs, with the programs displaying similar coercive, normative and mimetic processes in the attempt to legitimize the emerging area of media entrepreneurship. The findings indicate that isomorphism has emerged within media entrepreneurship programs, and that media entrepreneurship is becoming a legitimized “industry” within media management and economics and journalism fields.
摘要:本研究考察了媒体创业教育领域是否发展出了相似之处,作为一种建立合法性的方式。本研究使用制度同构来检验不同媒体创业项目出现相似性的可能性和原因。本研究对美国各地的媒体创业项目负责人进行了深入的开放式电话采访。总的来说,采访表明,同构的做法正在从媒体创业项目中出现,这些项目显示出类似的强制性、规范性和模仿过程,试图使新兴的媒体创业领域合法化。研究结果表明,同构现象已经出现在媒体创业项目中,媒体创业正在成为媒体管理、经济学和新闻领域的一个合法的“行业”。
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引用次数: 7
You Can’t Do That! A Case Study of Rural and Urban Media Entrepreneur Experience 你不能这么做!城乡传媒企业家经验个案研究
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14241277.2016.1274994
Cindy J. Price Schultz, Myrtle J. Jones
ABSTRACT Media researchers have called for new business models that could be the salvation of news. This article builds on case studies of two local media entrepreneurs, one in a very rural location and one in the most urban area of the United States, and how they looked beyond the barriers that were presented to them to create successful media organizations. The theory of the creative class has argued that location is important for entrepreneurial behavior, but it is too one-dimensional to capture context dimensions in more detail. These two cases are polar opposites and represent different contexts, yet both are successful, calling for more cautiousness in interpreting statistical probabilities for entrepreneurship policy or support.
媒体研究人员呼吁建立新的商业模式来拯救新闻行业。本文以两位当地媒体企业家的案例研究为基础,一个在美国非常农村的地区,一个在最城市的地区,以及他们如何超越出现在他们面前的障碍来创建成功的媒体组织。创意阶层理论认为,地点对创业行为很重要,但它过于单一,无法更详细地捕捉环境维度。这两个案例截然相反,代表了不同的背景,但都是成功的,这要求在解释创业政策或支持的统计概率时更加谨慎。
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引用次数: 9
Editor’s Announcement 编辑器的声明
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14241277.2017.1300458
B. Mierzejewska
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引用次数: 0
No More Status Quo! Canadian Web-Series Creators’ Entrepreneurial Motives Through a Contextualized “Entrepreneuring As Emancipation” Framework 不再维持现状!语境化的“创业即解放”框架下加拿大网络连续剧创作者的创业动机
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14241277.2016.1270947
Emilia Zboralska
ABSTRACT The increasing ubiquity of broadband Internet and the rapid rise and uptake of new online video capabilities and platforms are transforming the ecology of traditional television across the globe, and restructuring its economics, politics, culture, and norms. The Canadian television sector presents a particularly interesting case study given its highly regulated dimensions, acknowledged absence of widespread and consistent critical and economic success, and proximity to the world’s most formidable cultural producer, the United States. Through in-depth interviews with 41 creators and executives active in the production of scripted, Web-first content, this article explores the motives of individuals who choose to enter this turbulent space. Responding to the call by scholars for a more contextualized entrepreneurship studies, the article employs a “contextualized” version of Rindova, Barry, and Ketchen’s (2009) “entrepreneuring as emancipation” framework to better capture the “why” and “who” of production for the Web in Canada. The article demonstrates how Canadian Web creators’ motives to engage in Web-first production can be seen as change-making efforts that directly respond to the problematic structures entrenched in the Canadian television system, and to the dominant norms, paradigms, and patterns embedded in the form of television more generally. The article underlines the value of qualitative, contextualized approaches to entrepreneurship studies by demonstrating that such approaches can reveal often overlooked important details about not only the lived realities of entrepreneurial actors but also the origins of their motives—insights which can be used to more meaningfully inform and shape policy design.
宽带互联网的日益普及和新的在线视频功能和平台的迅速崛起正在改变全球传统电视的生态,并重构其经济、政治、文化和规范。加拿大电视行业是一个特别有趣的研究案例,因为它受到高度监管,公认缺乏广泛和持续的批评和经济成功,而且靠近世界上最强大的文化生产国美国。通过深入采访41位活跃于脚本化、web优先内容制作的创作者和高管,本文探讨了选择进入这个动荡空间的个人的动机。为了响应学者们对更情境化的创业研究的呼吁,本文采用了Rindova、Barry和Ketchen(2009)的“情境化”版本的“创业作为解放”框架,以更好地捕捉加拿大网络生产的“原因”和“谁”。本文展示了加拿大网络创作者参与网络优先制作的动机如何被视为一种变革的努力,这种努力直接回应了加拿大电视系统中根深蒂固的问题结构,以及更普遍地嵌入电视形式中的主导规范、范式和模式。这篇文章强调了定性的、情境化的创业研究方法的价值,通过证明这些方法不仅可以揭示企业家行为者的生活现实,还可以揭示他们动机的起源,这些见解可以用于更有意义的信息和塑造政策设计,从而揭示经常被忽视的重要细节。
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引用次数: 7
Media Entrepreneurship—Taking Stock and Moving Forward 媒体创业:评估和前进
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14241277.2017.1298941
Leona Achtenhagen
ABSTRACT This editorial reviews current research about media entrepreneurship and introduces the four papers published in this special issue. These papers move the emerging academic field of media entrepreneurship forward by outlining the relevance of context for enhancing our understanding of entrepreneurial phenomena, by introducing the theoretical concept of ‘entrepreneuring as emancipation’, by analyzing the institutionalization of media entrepreneurship education, and by categorizing different investment types in corporate entrepreneurship. The editorial concludes by calling for continuing efforts to theory-building to further develop the field.
本文回顾了媒体创业的研究现状,并介绍了本期特刊上发表的四篇论文。这些论文通过概述加强我们对创业现象的理解的相关背景,通过引入“创业作为解放”的理论概念,通过分析媒体创业教育的制度化,以及通过对公司创业的不同投资类型进行分类,推动了新兴的媒体创业学术领域的发展。社论最后呼吁继续努力进行理论建设,以进一步发展这一领域。
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引用次数: 50
Strategic Media Venturing: Corporate Venture Capital Approaches of TIME Incumbents 战略媒体风险投资:时代在位者的企业风险投资方法
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14241277.2017.1280040
Tim C. Hasenpusch, Sabine Baumann
ABSTRACT Media firms act in rapidly changing and converging environments characterized by new entrants and increasing competition from related industries. As a reaction to this, the incumbents of the telecommunication, information technology, consumer electronics, media, and entertainment industry have increased their corporate venture capital activities. Corporate venture capital activities are a popular approach for gaining access to new innovative ideas and opportunities. Despite this practical relevance, the theoretical underpinning of corporate venture capital and the corporate venturing activities of media firms are poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to close this gap by defining corporate venture capital as a bundle of dynamic capabilities (“organizational drivetrain”) and revealing the differences and commonalities of telecommunication, information technology, consumer electronics, media, and entertainment incumbents’ corporate venture capital approaches as response to the ongoing convergence of a technology-driven business environment. To do so, we conducted an exploratory study of 3,145 transactions by 68 telecommunication, information technology, consumer electronics, media, and entertainment incumbents in 2,163 start-up companies between 2002 and 2015, detecting, describing, and comparing their corporate venture capital approaches. The findings reveal a taxonomy of three different types of corporate investors, namely “aggressive,” “attentive,” and “dispersive.” While the aggressive approach covers the most active investors of the sample, who invest primarily in early-stage ventures, attentive investors show a more conservative investment behavior, focusing on their core business within their local proximity. In contrast, dispersive investors disproportionately fund established businesses in a broad array of industries. Hence, the study highlights a sector-dependent usage with incumbents of each telecommunication, information technology, consumer electronics, media, and entertainment sector preferring a different investment approach indicating the influence of previous path, positions, and processes.
媒体公司在快速变化和融合的环境中行动,其特征是新进入者和相关行业竞争加剧。对此,电信、信息技术、消费电子、媒体和娱乐行业的现有企业增加了企业风险投资活动。企业风险资本活动是获得新的创新想法和机会的一种流行方法。尽管具有这种实际意义,但人们对企业风险资本和媒体公司企业风险活动的理论基础知之甚少。因此,本文的目的是通过将企业风险资本定义为一组动态能力(“组织动力系统”)来缩小这一差距,并揭示电信、信息技术、消费电子、媒体和娱乐现有企业的企业风险资本方法的差异和共同点,以响应技术驱动的商业环境的持续融合。为此,我们对2002年至2015年间2163家初创公司中68家电信、信息技术、消费电子、媒体和娱乐公司的3145笔交易进行了探索性研究,检测、描述并比较了他们的企业风险投资方式。研究结果揭示了三种不同类型的企业投资者的分类,即“激进型”、“专注型”和“分散型”。虽然激进的投资方式涵盖了样本中最活跃的投资者,他们主要投资于早期企业,但细心的投资者表现出更保守的投资行为,专注于当地附近的核心业务。相比之下,分散型投资者不成比例地投资于众多行业的成熟企业。因此,该研究强调了行业依赖的使用,每个电信、信息技术、消费电子、媒体和娱乐行业的现任者倾向于不同的投资方法,表明先前的路径、位置和流程的影响。
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引用次数: 20
The Marketplace of Attention: How Audiences Take Shape in A Digital Age 注意力市场:数字时代的受众是如何形成的
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/14241277.2016.1260341
G. Meo
In James G. Webster’s book, the marketplace of attention is a very crowded place, indeed. From blogs to film to television and tweets, consumers have an apparently inexhaustible supply of news, entertainment and information at their fingertips; but while the availability of content seems limitless, the attention of audiences is finite. So, how do media find audiences, and vice versa, in the digital age? This is the question that Webster attempts to sort out in his analysis of media, media users, and the implications for society as a whole in an age of limitless choice. Media need audiences before they can achieve their intended purpose, and to find that audience, they must compete with one another in the marketplace of attention. Never before has the competition for attention in the public sphere been so intense. It’s a zero-sum game as more media choices compete for the attention of audiences that grow increasingly scarce and allusive. The Marketplace of Attention attempts to explain why audiences coalesce around some media offerings and not others. To construct his analysis, Webster tries to incorporate all the factors that shape audience behavior, asserting that the available theories exercised to explain how audiences encounter and interact with media have not kept pace with the “fraying and fragmented world” brought about by digital media. One example is “reciprocal causation”—the social scientist’s version of the “chicken or egg” question. Is a website popular because Google recommends it or does Google recommend it because it’s popular? Webster asserts that today’s real-world relationships between media and audiences defy simple one-way explanations and require moving between “levels of analysis”. To incorporate the various factors that shape audience, Webster looks beyond the dimensions of media users and media themselves, and devotes extended portions to somewhat lesser-studied topics, such as the role that social networks play in influencing public attention and the audience-shaping impact of media measurement. Two features of social networks are particularly useful in understanding their influence on public attention: the presence of opinion leaders and the nature of social ties. Opinion leaders don’t necessarily occupy any official positions, but appear to be wellinformed about their areas of expertise, such as fashion or politics. Their opinions are respected, so they’re in a position to influence others. An opinion leader can be thought of as a “node” in a network of people who have social ties. Social ties can be strong or weak, but profoundly influence how information moves around social networks. Sharing of information on social networks, such as “retweeting” on Twitter or “sharing” on Facebook, can be seen as expressions of solidarity or social bonding, affecting the kind of information that moves across social networks and how that information is perceived. While opinion leaders and social ties are not new (think celebrity endo
在詹姆斯·g·韦伯斯特的书中,注意力的市场确实是一个非常拥挤的地方。从博客到电影到电视再到推特,消费者的指尖上似乎有取之不尽的新闻、娱乐和信息;但是,虽然内容的可用性似乎是无限的,但观众的注意力是有限的。那么,在数字时代,媒体如何找到受众,反之亦然?这就是韦伯斯特在分析媒体、媒体用户以及在一个无限选择的时代对整个社会的影响时试图解决的问题。媒体在达到预期目的之前需要受众,为了找到受众,它们必须在注意力市场上相互竞争。在公共领域,争夺注意力的竞争从未如此激烈。这是一场零和游戏,因为越来越多的媒体选择争夺越来越稀缺和隐晦的观众的注意力。《注意力市场》试图解释为什么观众会围绕某些媒体产品而不是其他媒体产品而聚集在一起。为了构建他的分析,韦伯斯特试图将塑造受众行为的所有因素纳入其中,他断言,用来解释受众如何与媒体接触和互动的现有理论,并没有跟上数字媒体带来的“磨损和碎片化的世界”的步伐。一个例子是“相互因果关系”——社会科学家版本的“先有鸡还是先有蛋”的问题。一个网站受欢迎是因为谷歌推荐它,还是谷歌推荐它是因为它受欢迎?韦伯斯特断言,当今现实世界中,媒体与受众之间的关系不需要简单的单向解释,而是需要在“分析层次”之间移动。为了整合塑造受众的各种因素,韦伯斯特超越了媒体用户和媒体本身的维度,并将扩展部分用于一些较少研究的主题,例如社交网络在影响公众注意力方面所起的作用以及媒体测量对受众塑造的影响。社交网络的两个特征对于理解它们对公众注意力的影响特别有用:意见领袖的存在和社会关系的性质。意见领袖不一定占据任何官方职位,但似乎对自己的专业领域非常了解,比如时尚或政治。他们的意见受到尊重,所以他们处于影响他人的位置。意见领袖可以被认为是具有社会关系的人的网络中的一个“节点”。社会关系可强可弱,但深刻地影响着信息如何在社会网络中传播。在社交网络上分享信息,如在Twitter上“转发”或在Facebook上“分享”,可以被视为团结或社会纽带的表达,影响着在社交网络上传播的信息类型以及信息的感知方式。虽然意见领袖和社会关系并不新鲜(想想名人代言和“饮水机”对话),但社交网络技术已经深刻地扩展和强化了它们的影响。而且,在一个媒体选择无限的时代,人们比以往任何时候都更加依赖意见领袖、社交网络和推荐系统。《国际媒介管理》,2016年第18卷,第3-4期,181-182
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引用次数: 1
Agenda-Setting Through the Television Programming Schedule: An Examination of Major League Baseball on Fox 通过电视节目日程安排的议程设置:对福克斯职业棒球大联盟的考察
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/14241277.2016.1256289
J. Fortunato
ABSTRACT The core concept of the agenda-setting theoretical model is the transfer of topic salience from the media agenda to the public agenda. Sports leagues need to have their games properly positioned in the television programming schedule to assist their transfer of salience effort and help maximize their national popularity. A sports television programming schedule can be improved with an understanding of the fundamental structural and individual factors that influence audience media exposure. This article contends that the Major League Baseball on Fox programming schedule can be improved through three suggestions: (1) increasing exposure by having more games on the Fox over-the-air broadcast channel that is available in approximately 32 million more households than the Fox Sports One cable channel; (2) having games at a consistent placement in the programming schedule to increase viewers’ awareness and enhance that program and channel being a part of their repertoire to capitalize on their initial ritualized viewing; and (3) allowing all Major League Baseball teams to appear more often on Fox and Fox Sports One, eliminating regionalized broadcasts, and implementing a flexible schedule to provide more meaningful game matchups to capitalize on the audience’s advanced degree of instrumental viewing.
议程设置理论模型的核心概念是话题突出性从媒介议程向公众议程的转移。体育联盟需要在电视节目安排中适当地定位他们的比赛,以帮助他们转移突出的努力,并帮助最大限度地提高他们的全国知名度。了解影响观众媒体曝光率的基本结构和个人因素,可以改进体育电视节目安排。本文认为,美国职业棒球大联盟在福克斯的节目安排可以通过三个建议来改进:(1)通过在福克斯的无线广播频道上播放更多的比赛来增加曝光率,这比福克斯体育频道的有线电视频道多了大约3200万户家庭;(2)在节目安排中始终放置游戏,以提高观众的意识,并使节目和频道成为他们的曲目的一部分,以利用他们最初的仪式化观看;(3)允许所有美国职业棒球大联盟球队更频繁地出现在福克斯和福克斯体育一台上,消除地区广播,并实施灵活的时间表,以提供更有意义的比赛对位,以利用观众先进的仪器观看程度。
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引用次数: 1
Associated Reviewers 2016 相关评审员2016
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/14241277.2016.1262718
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引用次数: 0
Digital Technology and the Future of Broadcasting: Global Perspectives 数字技术与广播的未来:全球视角
IF 1.9 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/14241277.2016.1260342
Zvezdan Vukanovic
We live in a fast-changing, complex, and technology-driven world where users are confronted with a host of digital gadgets, and ever-expanding array of social media apps, and have the ability to generate content. The catchwords “digital technology” and “digital convergence” have permeated the internet, television, media, and communication studies for over a decade. Since 1990, emerging digital media technologies have increasingly become the hot topic for scholarly study in digital media and internet studies, widely theorized in academic circles, and the subject of practical considerations. Digital technologies are changing the way individuals are producing and consuming media texts. At the digital technology level, we are witnessing major changes in production, distribution, and exhibition practices of digital media. An academic, corporate executive or journalist dealing with digital technology must continually ask the painful question: Which technologies should be produced, distributed, sold and made accessible to future broadcasting audiences and generations? Pavlik’s Digital Technology and the Future Of Broadcasting refers to a vast array and a broad range of perspectives, topics, issues related to digital technologies in the short span of its 252 pages as diverse as: 3D imagery, virtual reality, algorithm, audience engagement, augmented reality, broadband, and more. Pavlik, professor in the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at the School of Communication and Information at Rutgers University, has written widely on the impact of new technology on journalism, media and society. His books include Converging Media (2015, in its fourth edition), Media in the Digital Age (2008), Journalism and New Media (2001) and The People’s Right to Know (1994). Specifically, this latest book features 14 original chapters organized into three parts. The first two parts contain chapters based on competitively reviewed research papers originally presented at the BEA2014 Research Symposium. The third part features chapters based on presentations by a panel of well-known broadcasting scholars from around the U.S. and internationally, as well as chapters authored by the paper discussants at the BEA2014 Research Symposium. While chapters in the first two parts provide empirically based scholarship on directions and issues in broadcasting in an increasingly global, digital arena, the third part provides reflection on the problems and prospects for research, education, and public policy that arise in this era of rapid and continuing change. Part I’s theme is research challenges in a changing broadcast environment, in particular, social media, social networking sites, streaming video, eye tracking, and audience measurement. The theme of part II is research issues and advances in global broadcasting, in particular, international broadcasting developments, visual structure, and digital displays. Authors here include Joon Soo Lim of Syracuse University, Young Chan
我们生活在一个快速变化的、复杂的、由技术驱动的世界里,用户面临着大量的数字设备,以及不断扩大的社交媒体应用程序,并有能力生成内容。十多年来,“数字技术”和“数字融合”这两个词一直充斥着互联网、电视、媒体和传播研究领域。1990年以来,新兴的数字媒体技术日益成为数字媒体和互联网研究领域的学术研究热点,在学术界被广泛理论化,同时也成为现实考量的主题。数字技术正在改变个人生产和消费媒体文本的方式。在数字技术层面,我们正在目睹数字媒体的生产、发行和展示实践发生重大变化。与数字技术打交道的学者、企业高管或记者必须不断地问这样一个痛苦的问题:哪些技术应该被生产、分发、销售,并让未来的广播观众和几代人能够使用?帕夫利克的《数字技术和广播的未来》一书在短短252页的篇幅中涉及了与数字技术相关的大量观点、主题和问题,包括:3D图像、虚拟现实、算法、受众参与、增强现实、宽带等。帕夫利克是罗格斯大学传播与信息学院新闻与媒体研究系的教授,在新技术对新闻、媒体和社会的影响方面著述颇多。他的著作包括《融合媒体》(2015年,第四版)、《数字时代的媒体》(2008年)、《新闻与新媒体》(2001年)和《人民的知情权》(1994年)。具体来说,这本最新的书有14个原始章节,分为三个部分。前两部分包含基于BEA2014研究研讨会上发表的竞争性审查研究论文的章节。第三部分的特色章节基于来自美国和国际知名广播学者小组的演讲,以及BEA2014研究研讨会上的论文讨论者撰写的章节。虽然前两部分的章节提供了在日益全球化的数字舞台上广播方向和问题的实证研究,但第三部分提供了对在这个快速和持续变化的时代出现的研究,教育和公共政策的问题和前景的反思。第一部分的主题是不断变化的广播环境中的研究挑战,特别是在社交媒体、社交网站、流媒体视频、眼动追踪和受众测量方面。第二部分的主题是全球广播的研究问题和进展,特别是国际广播的发展、视觉结构和数字显示。作者包括锡拉丘兹大学的林俊洙(音译)、首尔广播公司的黄永灿(音译)、波尔州立大学的郭妙、迈克尔·霍尔姆斯、迈克尔·布罗德、罗伯特·艾伦·布鲁基。《国际媒体管理》,2016年第18卷,第3-4期,183-185页
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引用次数: 3
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JMM-International Journal on Media Management
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