Vladimir Pravdin was a senior Soviet intelligence officer in New York and Washington, DC, during World War II. He oversaw some of the most important Soviet agents of the era, including Harry Dexter White, a senior official at the U.S. Treasury Department; Lauchlin Currie, the chief economic adviser to U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt; and Judith Coplon, a U.S. Justice Department employee who provided intelligence on the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Pravdin's cover in the United States was as an editor and then director of U.S. operations for the TASS news agency. In his capacity as a TASS executive, he developed relationships with numerous U.S. journalists, including Walter Lippmann. Pravdin was born in 1905 in London, and his real name was Roland Abbiate. His unusually adventurous life included serving a two-year sentence in the Atlanta penitentiary prior to his recruitment by Soviet intelligence, surveilling Leon Trotsky in Norway and Mexico, participating in the Spanish Civil War, and leading the assassination of Ignace Poretsky. His story illuminates the triumphs of Soviet intelligence in the United States during World War II, the failures of U.S. counterintelligence, and the unraveling of Soviet espionage in North America following the defections of Igor Gouzenko and Elizabeth Bentley.
{"title":"The Face of Soviet Espionage in the United States during the Stalin Era: Vladimir Pravdin, “Man of Truth”","authors":"Steven Usdin","doi":"10.1162/jcws_a_01211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01211","url":null,"abstract":"Vladimir Pravdin was a senior Soviet intelligence officer in New York and Washington, DC, during World War II. He oversaw some of the most important Soviet agents of the era, including Harry Dexter White, a senior official at the U.S. Treasury Department; Lauchlin Currie, the chief economic adviser to U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt; and Judith Coplon, a U.S. Justice Department employee who provided intelligence on the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Pravdin's cover in the United States was as an editor and then director of U.S. operations for the TASS news agency. In his capacity as a TASS executive, he developed relationships with numerous U.S. journalists, including Walter Lippmann. Pravdin was born in 1905 in London, and his real name was Roland Abbiate. His unusually adventurous life included serving a two-year sentence in the Atlanta penitentiary prior to his recruitment by Soviet intelligence, surveilling Leon Trotsky in Norway and Mexico, participating in the Spanish Civil War, and leading the assassination of Ignace Poretsky. His story illuminates the triumphs of Soviet intelligence in the United States during World War II, the failures of U.S. counterintelligence, and the unraveling of Soviet espionage in North America following the defections of Igor Gouzenko and Elizabeth Bentley.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141514473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines how a music festival in a regional Finnish town managed to overcome concrete and imagined Cold War limitations to become a venue for sustained encounters between Soviet and Western musicians starting in the mid-1960s. It explains how the Jyväskylä Summer Festival, which began in 1956 as one of the first festivals of its kind in the Nordic countries, acted as an intermediary and managed to secure contracts for several high-profile Soviet musicians to perform and provide master classes for up to a month, with relatively little surveillance from the Soviet state security apparatus, allowing for deeper interaction among Eastern and Western participants. Although many obstacles and challenges had to be overcome, the use of music and art to ease Cold War tensions proved beneficial to both the USSR and Finland and helped reduce cultural stereotypes, introduce new forms of music, improve performer agency, promote careers, and open doors to opportunities for long-term cooperation between previously separated societies.
{"title":"Overcoming a Cold War Mindset: Encounters with Soviet Musical Expertise in a Finnish Town","authors":"Simo Mikkonen, Antti Okko","doi":"10.1162/jcws_a_01213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01213","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how a music festival in a regional Finnish town managed to overcome concrete and imagined Cold War limitations to become a venue for sustained encounters between Soviet and Western musicians starting in the mid-1960s. It explains how the Jyväskylä Summer Festival, which began in 1956 as one of the first festivals of its kind in the Nordic countries, acted as an intermediary and managed to secure contracts for several high-profile Soviet musicians to perform and provide master classes for up to a month, with relatively little surveillance from the Soviet state security apparatus, allowing for deeper interaction among Eastern and Western participants. Although many obstacles and challenges had to be overcome, the use of music and art to ease Cold War tensions proved beneficial to both the USSR and Finland and helped reduce cultural stereotypes, introduce new forms of music, improve performer agency, promote careers, and open doors to opportunities for long-term cooperation between previously separated societies.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141514599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Nonconformists: American and Czech Writers across the Iron Curtain
不拘一格的人：跨越铁幕的美国和捷克作家
{"title":"The Nonconformists: American and Czech Writers across the Iron Curtain by Brian K. Goodman","authors":"Stephan Delbos","doi":"10.1162/jcws_r_01215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_01215","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span style=\"font-style:italic;\">The Nonconformists: American and Czech Writers across the Iron Curtain</span></span>","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article traces the origins of North Korea's militarized, repressive political system. It shows that the policies of the country's founder, Kim Il-sung, were heavily influenced by his personal experience in the USSR, or, more precisely, in the Soviet armed forces in the early 1940s. This factor has been largely overlooked by the academic community up to now. Drawing on a wealth of new sources in Chinese, Korean, and Russian, the article discusses how Kim's service as a Soviet military officer shaped his worldview and approach to governing North Korea. Through a multifaceted analysis of the North Korean military, the article reveals how its size, doctrine, economic role, and political education system were all influenced by Kim's experiences and those of his fellow soldiers in the USSR's Red Army. This insight has broader implications for understanding North Korean civilian society. By shedding light on the formative experiences that shaped Kim's approach to governance, the article offers a new lens through which to view the country's political and social structures.
{"title":"Kim Il-sung in the Soviet Army, 1940–1945: His Experience and Its Future Impact on the North Korean State and Armed Forces","authors":"Konstantin Tertitski, Fyodor Tertitskiy","doi":"10.1162/jcws_a_01207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01207","url":null,"abstract":"This article traces the origins of North Korea's militarized, repressive political system. It shows that the policies of the country's founder, Kim Il-sung, were heavily influenced by his personal experience in the USSR, or, more precisely, in the Soviet armed forces in the early 1940s. This factor has been largely overlooked by the academic community up to now. Drawing on a wealth of new sources in Chinese, Korean, and Russian, the article discusses how Kim's service as a Soviet military officer shaped his worldview and approach to governing North Korea. Through a multifaceted analysis of the North Korean military, the article reveals how its size, doctrine, economic role, and political education system were all influenced by Kim's experiences and those of his fellow soldiers in the USSR's Red Army. This insight has broader implications for understanding North Korean civilian society. By shedding light on the formative experiences that shaped Kim's approach to governance, the article offers a new lens through which to view the country's political and social structures.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141514472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beatriz Allende: A Revolutionary Life in Cold War Latin America
贝亚特丽斯-阿连德冷战时期拉丁美洲的革命生活
{"title":"Beatriz Allende: A Revolutionary Life in Cold War Latin America by Tanya Harmer","authors":"Sebastián Hurtado-Torres","doi":"10.1162/jcws_r_01217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_01217","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span style=\"font-style:italic;\">Beatriz Allende: A Revolutionary Life in Cold War Latin America</span></span>","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By mid-1963, the immediate threat to European security from the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 had receded, but East-West tensions over the city remained high. Although some scholars such as Marc Trachtenberg have claimed that the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962 was followed by a lasting East-West détente in Europe, this article shows that the status of Berlin remained a Cold War flashpoint until well into 1963. The article highlights three of the military showdowns (the so-called Autobahn crises) that occurred in October and November 1963 over the transportation rules for U.S., British, and French access to West Berlin. The crises caused a good deal of friction, but their resolution ushered in a more peaceful time for Berlin and Europe as a whole.
{"title":"The Autobahn Crises of 1963: The U.S. Military and the Last Major Cold War Showdowns over Berlin","authors":"David I. Goldman","doi":"10.1162/jcws_a_01187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01187","url":null,"abstract":"By mid-1963, the immediate threat to European security from the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 had receded, but East-West tensions over the city remained high. Although some scholars such as Marc Trachtenberg have claimed that the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962 was followed by a lasting East-West détente in Europe, this article shows that the status of Berlin remained a Cold War flashpoint until well into 1963. The article highlights three of the military showdowns (the so-called Autobahn crises) that occurred in October and November 1963 over the transportation rules for U.S., British, and French access to West Berlin. The crises caused a good deal of friction, but their resolution ushered in a more peaceful time for Berlin and Europe as a whole.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Liar: How a Double Agent in the CIA Became the Cold War's Last Honest Man
骗子：中情局双面间谍如何成为冷战中最后的诚实人
{"title":"The Liar: How a Double Agent in the CIA Became the Cold War's Last Honest Man by Benjamin Cunningham","authors":"William T. Murphy","doi":"10.1162/jcws_r_01214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_01214","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span style=\"font-style:italic;\">The Liar: How a Double Agent in the CIA Became the Cold War's Last Honest Man</span></span>","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The conflict that arose between Soviet Armenia and Soviet Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh in 1988 festered throughout the final years of the Soviet Union and sparked a major war between the newly independent Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1992–1994. Most accounts of this period have suggested that the administration of George H. W. Bush took a largely hands-off approach to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, but this article shows that in fact the Bush administration pursued a much more active policy that reflected support for the Soviet Union and then Russia, a strong domestic Armenian-American lobby, and regional priorities, as well as a growing awareness of the West's failure to stem violence in Yugoslavia. The Bush administration was hoping to prevent all-out war between Armenia and Azerbaijan, but after the war began, the administration did what it could to try to limit and halt the violence.
{"title":"Beginning of Winter: The George H.W. Bush Administration, the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, and the Emergence of the Post–Cold War World","authors":"James R. Stocker","doi":"10.1162/jcws_a_01208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01208","url":null,"abstract":"The conflict that arose between Soviet Armenia and Soviet Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh in 1988 festered throughout the final years of the Soviet Union and sparked a major war between the newly independent Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1992–1994. Most accounts of this period have suggested that the administration of George H. W. Bush took a largely hands-off approach to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, but this article shows that in fact the Bush administration pursued a much more active policy that reflected support for the Soviet Union and then Russia, a strong domestic Armenian-American lobby, and regional priorities, as well as a growing awareness of the West's failure to stem violence in Yugoslavia. The Bush administration was hoping to prevent all-out war between Armenia and Azerbaijan, but after the war began, the administration did what it could to try to limit and halt the violence.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Before the Second World War the Soviet Union had been an isolated pariah state, but by the end of the war it had emerged as one of the world's two superpowers. Yet, the founding of the United Nations (UN) in October 1945 brought a new round of international isolation for the USSR, as a Western majority dominated the UN General Assembly during the first ten years of the organization's existence. This article focuses on the Soviet Union's attempt to overcome the Western-led majority during the Korean War, when the Soviet-backed World Peace Council became embroiled in an orchestrated propaganda campaign spreading false allegations that the United States had used biological weapons in Korea. Soviet officials used this campaign to try to discredit both the United States and Not until after the death of Joseph Stalin did Soviet policymakers curtail their support for the baseless allegations, though in public they refrained from acknowledging the falsity of the earlier claims.
{"title":"The Soviet “Struggle for Peace,” the United Nations, and the Korean War","authors":"Vladimir Dobrenko","doi":"10.1162/jcws_a_01190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01190","url":null,"abstract":"Before the Second World War the Soviet Union had been an isolated pariah state, but by the end of the war it had emerged as one of the world's two superpowers. Yet, the founding of the United Nations (UN) in October 1945 brought a new round of international isolation for the USSR, as a Western majority dominated the UN General Assembly during the first ten years of the organization's existence. This article focuses on the Soviet Union's attempt to overcome the Western-led majority during the Korean War, when the Soviet-backed World Peace Council became embroiled in an orchestrated propaganda campaign spreading false allegations that the United States had used biological weapons in Korea. Soviet officials used this campaign to try to discredit both the United States and Not until after the death of Joseph Stalin did Soviet policymakers curtail their support for the baseless allegations, though in public they refrained from acknowledging the falsity of the earlier claims.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140936808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article assesses U.S. strategy during the Cold War and the lessons it holds for U.S. foreign policy in the 21st century, as laid out in a book recently published by Hal Brands of the Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies. Although some points in the book are debatable, the exercise overall is valuable for what analysts nowadays refer to as a resurgence of “great-power competition.”
{"title":"The Lessons of the Cold War for 21st-Century Strategy","authors":"Deborah Welch Larson","doi":"10.1162/jcws_a_01197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01197","url":null,"abstract":"This article assesses U.S. strategy during the Cold War and the lessons it holds for U.S. foreign policy in the 21st century, as laid out in a book recently published by Hal Brands of the Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies. Although some points in the book are debatable, the exercise overall is valuable for what analysts nowadays refer to as a resurgence of “great-power competition.”","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140936964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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