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Gulag Medical Releases: A Response to Stephen G. Wheatcroft 古拉格医疗发布:对Stephen G.Wheatcroft的回应
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0063
M. Nakonechnyi
longer occur in the camp and
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引用次数: 0
Hippies and Soviet Liminality 嬉皮士与苏联的无能
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0054
A. Golubev
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引用次数: 0
Interview with Ronald Grigor Suny 罗纳德·格里戈尔·苏尼访谈录
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0061
R. Suny
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引用次数: 0
Game Over? Russia’s Conquest of Central Asia Reconsidered 游戏结束了?俄罗斯对中亚的征服再思考
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0046
David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye
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引用次数: 0
The Mug Shot and the Close-Up: Identification and Visual Pedagogy in Secret Police Film 大头照与特写:秘密警察电影中的识别与视觉教学法
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0041
Cristina Vatulescu
Among the new directions in the study of secret police archives in Russia and Eastern Europe, we notice an emerging preoccupation with the visual. This article is part of a research effort to grapple with the long-overlooked visual aspects of secret police archives, with a particular attention to film. It investigates the entanglement of policing and cinema in their uses of visual identification strategies, with a focus on the relationship between the mug shot and the close-up. I argue that in grappling with the visual aspects of the secret police archives, we are missing the point if we just look at the images themselves. These images were embedded in particular ways of seeing, deciphering, and interpreting, which they were further tasked to teach their viewers through what I designate as their visual pedagogy. The main concern of this visual pedagogy was to teach citizens how to look at and, I will argue, through each other to see the “hostile elements” hiding behind apparently innocent faces. The litmus test of this visual pedagogy was the face, and cinema and policing collaborated in teaching citizens to distrust visual appearances and see through the internal enemies hiding in their midst. Without identifying and understanding this visual pedagogy, we run the risk of seeing only the tip of the iceberg of these visual collections. The bibliography on the visual aspects of secret police archives is still limited, but it is growing. Some highlights are the online Hidden Galleries created by a team of researchers headed by James Kapaló, as well as the related exhibits and exhibit catalogue; the online exhibit Beauty in Hell: Culture in the Gulag, organized by Andrea Gullotta and The Hunterian; Tatiana Vagramenko’s work on the visual records produced by the secret police during surveillance and investigation of religious groups; Aglaya Glebova’s short but provocative article “A Visual History of the Gulag in Ten Theses”; and
在研究俄罗斯和东欧秘密警察档案的新方向中,我们注意到一种对视觉的关注。这篇文章是一项研究工作的一部分,旨在解决长期被忽视的秘密警察档案的视觉方面,特别关注电影。它调查了警察和电影在使用视觉识别策略时的纠缠,重点是面部照片和特写之间的关系。我认为,在处理秘密警察档案的视觉方面时,如果我们只看图像本身,我们就没有抓住重点。这些图像以特定的观看、解读和解释方式嵌入其中,他们被进一步指派通过我所称的视觉教学法来教授观众。这种视觉教学法的主要关注点是教公民如何看待,我认为,通过彼此来看到隐藏在看似无辜的面孔后面的“敌对分子”。这种视觉教学法的试金石是脸,电影和警察合作教导公民不信任视觉外表,看穿隐藏在他们中间的内部敌人。如果不识别和理解这种视觉教学法,我们就有可能只看到这些视觉收藏的冰山一角。关于秘密警察档案的视觉方面的参考文献仍然有限,但正在增长。一些亮点是由James Kapaló领导的研究团队创建的在线隐藏画廊,以及相关展品和展览目录;由Andrea Gullotta和the Hunterian组织的在线展览《地狱之美:古拉格文化》;Tatiana Vagramenko关于秘密警察在监视和调查宗教团体期间制作的视觉记录的工作;阿格拉娅·格莱博娃的短小精悍的文章《十篇论文中的古拉格视觉史》;和
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引用次数: 0
The Soviets Abroad: The NKVD, Intelligence, and State Building in East-Central Europe after World War II 海外的苏联人:二战后中东欧的NKVD、情报和国家建设
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0042
Molly Pucci
By the time Nikolai Kovalchuk was removed from service in 1954, he had worked in the Soviet secret police for over 20 years. He had served not only in Soviet Russia and Ukraine but also in the Baltic states soon after they were annexed to the Soviet Union and the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) adviser apparatus in Poland and Germany after World War II. Born in Kiev in 1902, Kovalchuk had completed only two years of high school before joining a local militia. He served in the Red Army between November 1926 and April 1932. While in the Red Army, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in November 1927 at the age of 25, after the defeat of Lev Trotskii had cemented Iosif Stalin as sole dictator of the Soviet Union. He was one of the hundreds of thousands of new, young recruits who entered the party between 1924 and 1928, when it expanded from 472,000 to 1,304,471 members.1 He was recruited to the NKVD from the Red Army in April 1932; there, from 1936, he was promoted rapidly in the ranks during the campaigns of mass violence known as the Great Terror. During World War II, he served in military intelligence on the Fourth Ukrainian Front and attained the rank of lieutenant general. From 1945, he was moved from country to country to oversee security operations in territories newly annexed to, or increasingly under the influence of, the Soviet Union. He served as chief NKVD adviser in Soviet-occupied Germany (August 1946–August 1949) and Poland (June
1954年,尼古拉·科瓦尔丘克被免职时,他已经在苏联秘密警察局工作了20多年。他不仅曾在苏俄和乌克兰服役,还曾在波罗的海国家被苏联吞并后不久服役,并在二战后在波兰和德国担任内务人民委员会顾问机构。科瓦尔丘克1902年出生于基辅,在加入当地民兵组织之前,他只完成了两年的高中学业。1926年11月至1932年4月,他在红军服役。在红军服役期间,他于1927年11月加入苏联共产党,时年25岁。列夫·托洛茨基的失败巩固了伊奥西夫·斯大林作为苏联唯一独裁者的地位。他是1924年至1928年间进入该党的数十万新招募的年轻人之一,当时该党的党员从472000人增加到1304471人。1 1932年4月,他从红军被招募到NKVD;从1936年起,他在被称为“大恐怖”的大规模暴力运动中迅速晋升。第二次世界大战期间,他在乌克兰第四阵线担任军事情报,并获得中将军衔。从1945年起,他被从一个国家调到另一个国家,负责监督新并入苏联或越来越受苏联影响的领土上的安全行动。他曾在苏联占领的德国(1946年8月至1949年8月)和波兰(6月
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引用次数: 0
War Monuments and the Transformation of Russian Memorial Culture in the Long 20th Century 战争纪念碑与漫长的20世纪俄罗斯纪念文化的转型
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0048
Mischa Gabowitsch
in and It together recent debates in history, sociology, memory cultural and and draws on an impressive variety of a century and from to to In addition to the literature in Russian, it also draws on detailed and important German-language case studies that other Anglophone historians of have often neglected.
这本书汇集了最近关于历史、社会学、记忆和文化的争论,并借鉴了一个世纪以来令人印象深刻的各种文献,除了俄语文献,它还借鉴了详细而重要的德语案例研究,这些案例研究是其他英语历史学家经常忽视的。
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引用次数: 0
Feminist in Actions if Not Name 行动中的女权主义者
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0049
Christine Varga-Harris
The Women’s International Democratic Federation, the Global South and the Cold War is the first comprehensive study of the WIDF. The organization was founded in Paris, in 1945, and for decades, it had been cast as an agent of the Soviet Union. Among the reasons for this characterization were the role of the Komitet sovetskikh zhenshchin (Committee of Soviet Women, KSZh) in its creation and leadership, and its vocal criticism of US foreign policy and comparative leniency toward Soviet militarism. The US government went so far as to declare the Federation a “foreign agent,” to disband its US member organization, the Congress of American Women, and to place the WIDF under Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) surveillance. Historians, meanwhile, assumed that “organizations that were communist could not have been feminist”—whether state socialist ones like the KSZh or ones with leftist proclivities like the WIDF.1 It did not help that they avoided calling themselves “feminist,” believing that this signaled too narrow a focus on individual rights and equality of opportunity. In her intervention into the “rediscovery” (193) of the WIDF, Gradskova follows several recent developments in gender history. One of these has established that the Federation was a feminist organization and was far from monolithic in its ideas and membership.2 Another strand of research has been detailing the opportunities that participation in state socialist organizations
国际妇女民主联合会、全球南方和冷战是对妇女发展框架的第一次全面研究。该组织于1945年在巴黎成立,几十年来一直被视为苏联的代理人。这种定性的原因包括苏联妇女委员会在其创建和领导中的作用,以及对美国外交政策的公开批评和对苏联军国主义的相对宽容。美国政府甚至宣布该联合会为“外国特工”,解散其美国成员组织美国妇女大会,并将WIDF置于中央情报局(CIA)的监视之下。与此同时,历史学家们认为,“共产主义组织不可能是女权主义的”——无论是像KSZh这样的国家社会主义组织,还是像WIDF这样有左派倾向的组织。1他们避免称自己为“女权主义者”,认为这表明对个人权利和机会平等的关注过于狭隘,这于事无补。在对WIDF“重新发现”(193)的干预中,Gradskova关注了性别历史上的一些最新发展。其中一项研究表明,该联合会是一个女权主义组织,在理念和成员方面远非铁板一块。2另一项研究详细说明了参与国家社会主义组织的机会
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引用次数: 0
KGB Photography Experimentation: Turning Religion into Organized Crime 克格勃摄影实验:将宗教转化为有组织犯罪
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0040
Tatiana Vagramenko
The Soviet secret police made a habit of photographing their targets and visually capturing what was meant to be evidence of their crimes. “The improvement of photography opens up a diversity of new opportunities for its use in criminal investigation, both for the fixation of a crime scene and for undertaking the most complicated investigation, otherwise impossible to realize by other means,” states a 1935 textbook on Soviet criminalistics.1 Soviet police manuals carefully elaborated the use of photography in crime investigation, instructing how to produce photographs of criminals and how to capture scenes and traces of crime: murdered body, arson, firearm traces, blood, sperm, footprints, cigarette butts, and so on. Police photo labs produced mug shots of suspects in custody, while field officers took photos of crime scenes and criminal evidence in addition to relevant shots in Committee for State Security (KGB) prisons and courts.2 The KGB also used photography
苏联秘密警察习惯于拍摄他们的目标,并通过视觉捕捉他们犯罪的证据。1935年的一本苏联刑事学教科书指出:“摄影技术的进步为其在刑事调查中的应用开辟了多种新的机会,既可以固定犯罪现场,也可以进行最复杂的调查,否则无法通过其他方式实现。”,指导如何制作罪犯的照片,以及如何捕捉犯罪现场和痕迹:被谋杀的尸体、纵火、枪支痕迹、血液、精子、脚印、烟蒂等。警方的照片实验室制作了在押嫌疑人的面部照片,除了在国家安全委员会(KGB)监狱和法院拍摄相关照片外,现场官员还拍摄了犯罪现场和犯罪证据的照片
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引用次数: 2
Cybernetics and Surveillance: The Secret Police Enter the Computer Age 控制论与监控:秘密警察进入计算机时代
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0044
Joshua A. Sanborn
In late 2020, newspapers across America published worrying reports about ongoing Russian attacks on the United States.1 The narrative was confusing. No soldier fired a gun. No missile was launched. No spy was dragged away in handcuffs. Some of the forces involved did not even bear national markings. Instead, American citizens were informed that “Cozy Bear” slipped around the defenses of Solar Winds and compromised FireEye. Most of the relevant details were closely guarded national security secrets, but even the publicly available details were too complex for most to understand. Nevertheless, reporters and government officials had a language with which to communicate these events to readers. This was hacking, or a cyberattack, or a “violation of cybersecurity,” or an instance of “information warfare.”2 The notion of cyberthreats
2020年底,美国各地的报纸都发表了令人担忧的报道,称俄罗斯正在对美国发动攻击。没有士兵开过枪。没有发射导弹。没有间谍被戴上手铐拖走。一些参与的部队甚至没有国家标志。相反,美国公民被告知,“舒适熊”绕过了太阳风的防御,危及了火眼。大多数相关细节都是严格保密的国家安全机密,但即使是公开的细节也太复杂,大多数人都无法理解。然而,记者和政府官员有一种语言来向读者传达这些事件。这是黑客攻击,或者是网络攻击,或者是“违反网络安全”,或者是“信息战”的一个例子。2 .网络威胁的概念
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引用次数: 0
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KRITIKA-EXPLORATIONS IN RUSSIAN AND EURASIAN HISTORY
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