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Engineering Soviet Society with Passports 用护照设计苏联社会
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a904391
Nataliya Kibita
The place and role of the Soviet passport and the passport system in shaping Soviet state and society have not escaped the attention of scholars.1 Albert Baiburin’s new monograph, The Soviet Passport, builds on the existing knowledge and, by placing the Soviet passport in the center of a historical and anthropological investigation, takes the discussion further. The Soviet Passport examines the evolution of the content of the Soviet passport and passport system from the Russian Empire until the post-Soviet period, explains how the Soviet passport system worked officially and unofficially, and discusses how the passport and its content affected people’s lives. The book consists of three sections. The first section is focused on the passport system as an instrument of social engineering. Here Baiburin discusses why the Bolsheviks, after having abolished the Russian passport system in November 1917, restored the passport in 1932. He shows that in many respects, the Soviet passport was similar to the Russian imperial one, and not only in content. Both aimed to control freedom of movement, strengthen the social structure, and ensure that the population paid its dues to the state (through taxes before 1917 and serfdom until 1861 and military or kolkhoz service after 1932). But the Soviet passport system differed from the pre-1917 Russian passport in that it was conceived as a tool of oppressive control and to conceal the economic failures of the Soviet
苏联护照和护照制度在塑造苏联国家和社会中的地位和作用也没有逃过学者的注意。1阿尔伯特·拜布林的新专著《苏联护照》在现有知识的基础上,通过将苏联护照置于历史和人类学调查的中心,进一步展开了讨论。《苏联护照》考察了从俄罗斯帝国到后苏联时期苏联护照和护照制度内容的演变,解释了苏联护照制度是如何正式和非正式运作的,并讨论了护照及其内容如何影响人们的生活。这本书由三部分组成。第一节重点介绍护照制度作为社会工程的工具。在这里,白布林讨论了为什么布尔什维克在1917年11月废除俄罗斯护照制度后,在1932年恢复了护照。他表明,在许多方面,苏联护照与俄罗斯帝国护照相似,不仅在内容上。两者都旨在控制行动自由,加强社会结构,并确保人民向国家缴纳会费(1917年前通过税收,1861年前通过农奴制,1932年后通过兵役或kolkhoz服务)。但苏联护照制度与1917年前的俄罗斯护照不同,因为它被认为是压迫性控制的工具,是为了掩盖苏联的经济失败
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引用次数: 0
Weaponizing Self-Determination in 1918: Crimea as "German Riviera" and Tatar National State 1918年的自决武器化:克里米亚作为“德国里维埃拉”与鞑靼民族国家
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a904384
M. Akulov
In November 1917, Der Neue Orient, the official organ of the German Intelligence Bureau for the East, published a piece in support of the national movements in revolutionary Russia. Along with the promotion of enfranchisement (Menschenrechte), the mobilization of the non-Russian peoples could, it hoped, engender geopolitical rearrangements altering for the better the course of events in the world and also Germany’s position in it. “The non-Russians [Fremdvölker] ... surround the actual area inhabited by the Great Russians as a mighty ring. Every attempt at expansion undertaken by the Russians would have to pass through the resistance of the people on the periphery of the federation.... The arm grabbing across the border will [thus] be permanently exposed to the risk of being severed from the Russian body.” Liberated, self-conscious, and politically empowered, the national autonomies and sovereignties (Verselbständigung) would absorb the shock of Russia’s imperial thrust before it acquired threatening proportions.1
1917年11月,德国东部情报局的官方机关报《东方新报》(Der Neue Orient)发表了一篇文章,支持革命俄国的民族运动。它希望,在促进公民权的同时,动员非俄罗斯民族可以引起地缘政治的重新安排,使世界事件的进程以及德国在其中的地位朝着更好的方向改变。“非俄罗斯人[Fremdvölker]……围绕着大俄罗斯人居住的地区,形成一个巨大的圆环。俄国人的每一次扩张企图都必须经过联邦外围人民的抵抗....越过边境的手臂将(因此)永远面临着与俄罗斯身体分离的风险。”解放,自我意识和政治权力,民族自治和主权(Verselbständigung)将吸收俄罗斯帝国的冲击之前,它获得威胁的比例
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引用次数: 0
Royal Illness, Professionalized Loyalty: The Wife of Alexander II under Count Aleksandr Adlerberg's Care 王室疾病,专业化的忠诚:亚历山大二世的妻子在亚历山大伯爵的照顾下
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a904383
Mikhail Dolbilov
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引用次数: 0
Between Soviet and Ethnic: Cultural Policies and National Identity Building in Soviet Belarus under Petr Masherau, 1965–80 苏联与民族之间:彼得·马舍劳治下苏维埃白俄罗斯的文化政策与国家认同建设,1965-80
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a904385
N. Chernyshova
The 2020 mass protests in Belarus have been remarkable for bringing to the fore a shared sense of national community that many scholars and observers thought missing among Belarusians. Belarus has been described as “a denationalized nation” and the most Soviet of the 15 republics, with a weak or indifferent sense of ethnic identity.1 Others, however, observe that the process of Belarusian identity formation is incomplete but ongoing, with several competing national identities, each drawing on different foundation myths.2 The Belarusian process of national renaissance during
白俄罗斯2020年的大规模抗议活动引人注目,因为它使许多学者和观察家认为白俄罗斯人缺乏的共同的民族共同体意识脱颖而出。白俄罗斯被描述为“一个非国有化的国家”,是15个共和国中最苏维埃的一个,其民族认同感很弱或漠不关心然而,其他人则认为,白俄罗斯身份形成的过程是不完整的,但正在进行中,有几个相互竞争的民族身份,每一个都借鉴了不同的基础神话白俄罗斯民族复兴的进程中
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引用次数: 0
The Castrates, the Specter of Pugachev, and Religious Policy under Nicholas I 阉割、普加乔夫幽灵与尼古拉一世的宗教政策
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.0017
Maureen Perrie
The tenure of L. A. Perovskii in the Ministry of the Interior (1841–52) witnessed a growing interest by the tsarist government in the collection of information about the Old Believers, the traditionalist Orthodox Christians who rejected the church reforms introduced under Patriarch Nikon in the 17th century. Perovskii’s policies have been well described by Thomas Marsden in his book on religious toleration in 19th-century Russia. Marsden sees Perovskii’s approach as marking a new stage in government policy toward the Schism. By stressing its political significance and depicting it as a potential threat to the security of the state, Perovskii laid the basis for the policies of his successor, D. G. Bibikov, who in 1853–55 embarked on a campaign of harsh repression of Old Belief.1 Marsden identifies three main areas in which Old Belief was found to be a political threat in the mid-19th century. First, in 1846 the priested Old Believers (popovtsy) established an episcopate in Austrian Belaia Krinitsa which could ordain priests for their community in Russia, thereby evading the restrictions on their acquisition of priests that had been imposed by the government of Nicholas I. Second, the community of priestless Old Believers (bezpopovtsy) based in the Preobrazhenskii Cemetery in Moscow was claimed to harbor antistatist elements who refused to pray for the tsar, while some of them even regarded the monarch as the Antichrist. And finally, in 1850 one of the fact-finding expeditions that Perovskii sent to the localities to collect information “discovered” in Iaroslavl ́ Province the sect of beguny (Runaways) or stranniki (Wanderers), whose identification of the tsar as Antichrist had led them to avoid all engagement with the state and its institutions, thereby committing acts that officialdom understandably
L.A.Perovskii在内政部任职期间(1841-52年),沙皇政府对收集有关老信徒的信息越来越感兴趣,老信徒是传统的东正教基督徒,他们拒绝了17世纪尼康牧首领导下的教会改革。托马斯·马斯登在其关于19世纪俄罗斯宗教宽容的书中对佩罗夫斯基的政策进行了很好的描述。马斯登认为佩罗夫斯基的做法标志着政府对分裂主义政策进入了一个新阶段。通过强调其政治意义并将其描述为对国家安全的潜在威胁,佩罗夫斯基为其继任者D·G·毕比科夫的政策奠定了基础,毕比科夫于1853年至1855年开始了对旧信仰的严厉镇压运动。1马斯登确定了19世纪中期发现旧信仰构成政治威胁的三个主要领域。首先,1846年,老信徒(popovtsy)在奥地利的Belaia Krinitsa建立了一个主教团,可以为他们在俄罗斯的社区任命牧师,从而避开了尼古拉一世政府对他们获得牧师的限制,位于莫斯科Preobrazenskii公墓的无神职老信徒社区(bezpopovtsy)被声称窝藏了拒绝为沙皇祈祷的反犹太主义分子,而其中一些人甚至将君主视为反基督者。最后,1850年,佩罗夫斯基派往当地收集信息的一支实况调查队在亚罗斯拉夫尔省“发现”了beguny(逃亡者)或stranniki(流浪者)教派,他们将沙皇认定为反基督者,从而避免了与国家及其机构的一切接触,从而犯下了官场可以理解的行为
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引用次数: 0
The Cultural and Political Imaginary of Cybernetic Socialism 控制论社会主义的文化和政治想象
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.0018
Clemens Günther
In recent years, we have seen a surge in research on Soviet cybernetics. Drawing on some earlier studies and Slava Gerovitch’s seminal From Newspeak to Cyberspeak, researchers have substantiated the role of cybernetics as a key element in late Soviet epistemology.1 During the Thaw, cybernetics became an “intellectual, technical, and institutional resource for innovation and change” and one of the cornerstones of socialist governance.2 Through the computerization of economic planning and the production process, the government hoped to enhance the quality of decision making in various fields. In architecture, cybernetic modeling became one means for planning and designing the new Soviet city.3 In the humanities, cybernetics was a vital component for establishing the “Soviet Empire of Signs” and for the introduction of statistical methods in linguistics, art, and historiography.4 In environmental studies, cybernetic methods were
近年来,我们看到对苏联控制论的研究激增。根据一些早期的研究和斯拉瓦·格罗维奇(Slava Gerovitch)的开创性著作《从新话到网络话》(From Newspeak to Cyberspeak),研究人员证实了控制论在苏联晚期认识论中的关键作用在解冻时期,控制论成为“创新和变革的智力、技术和制度资源”,是社会主义治理的基石之一通过经济计划和生产过程的计算机化,政府希望提高各个领域的决策质量。在建筑方面,控制论模型成为规划和设计新苏联城市的一种手段在人文学科中,控制论是建立“苏维埃符号帝国”以及在语言学、艺术和史学中引入统计方法的重要组成部分在环境研究中,控制论方法是
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引用次数: 0
Close Quarters: Dealing with Difference in the (Post-)Soviet Realm 近距离:处理(后)苏联领域的差异
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.0021
Maike Lehmann
The kommunalka as a living arrangement particular to the Soviet Union appeals to researchers as much as it fascinates people who first come across this space with its complex rules and relationships. Its challenge to Western notions of private and public, the coexistence of fierce territoriality and intimate relationships in cramped quarters, which could elicit the whole range of emotions between inhabitants who often hailed from wildly diverging backgrounds and did not live together by choice, has turned the kommunalka into an allegory for the whole Soviet Union.1 As a metaphor, it has also been popular with scholars working on the multiethnic character of
kommunalka作为苏联特有的一种生活安排,吸引了研究人员,同时也吸引了第一次来到这个空间的人,因为它有着复杂的规则和关系。它挑战了西方的私人和公共观念,在狭小的空间里激烈的领土和亲密关系共存,这可能会引发居民之间的各种情绪,这些居民往往来自截然不同的背景,并不是自愿住在一起的,这使kommunalka变成了整个苏联的寓言。1作为一个隐喻,它也受到研究多民族特征的学者的欢迎
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引用次数: 0
"A Sixth Part of the World": The Career of a Spatial Metaphor in Russia and the Soviet Union (1837–2021) “世界的第六部分”:俄国和苏联空间隐喻的历程(1837-2021)
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.0019
F. Schenk
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引用次数: 0
The Making of Minorities on Europe's Periphery 欧洲边缘少数民族的形成
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.0026
Olena Palko
According to conventional views, minorities became an issue in world politics only after the establishment of nation-states in East-Central Europe in the aftermath of World War I. Nonetheless, most recent scholarship tends to question the extent to which empires can “think” like nation-states— that is, pursue national consolidation via standardization of its diverse populations.1 Those newly formed governments in the region, meanwhile, are more often conceptualized as, using Roger Brubaker’s definition, nationalizing states, essentially “ethnically heterogeneous [states] yet conceived as nation-states.”2 In this theoretical debate, the Soviet Union
根据传统观点,只有在第一次世界大战后中东欧建立民族国家后,少数民族才成为世界政治中的一个问题。尽管如此,最近的学术界倾向于质疑帝国在多大程度上可以像民族国家一样“思考”——也就是说,1与此同时,根据罗杰·布鲁贝克的定义,该地区新成立的政府往往被概念化为国家国有化,本质上是“种族异质的[国家],但被认为是民族国家”。2在这场理论辩论中,苏联
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引用次数: 0
Liberalism and the Law in Late Imperial Russia 俄国帝国晚期的自由主义与法律
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.0023
D. Beer
No less than by revolution, Russian history is haunted by the specter of roads not taken. Historians of late imperial Russia might seek to avoid teleological shadows cast by 1917, but the denouement of revolutionary collapse and violent civil war inevitably looms on the horizon of all attempts to explain what became of the Great Reforms. Why did the 1860s apparently fail to deliver the promise, cherished by Russian liberals, of a law-bound, constitutional order underpinned by individual rights and representative government, which would integrate the peasantry and the non-Russians into a cohesive and stable society and withstand the dislocations of rapid modernization and ultimately of World War I? And what did liberals themselves make of the opportunities afforded to them during the turbulent decades before 1917? Were they the hapless victims of historical forces beyond their control or the authors of their own political failure? Taken together, David Feest’s Ordnung schaffen, Stefan B. Kirmse’s
与革命一样,俄罗斯历史也被未走道路的幽灵所困扰。帝国晚期俄罗斯的历史学家可能会试图避免1917年留下的目的论阴影,但革命崩溃和暴力内战的结局不可避免地出现在所有解释大改革的尝试的地平线上。为什么19世纪60年代显然没有实现俄罗斯自由主义者所珍视的承诺,即建立一个以个人权利和代议制政府为基础的受法律约束的宪法秩序,将农民和非俄罗斯人融入一个有凝聚力和稳定的社会,并经受住快速现代化的混乱,最终经受住第一次世界大战的混乱?自由主义者自己是如何看待1917年之前动荡的几十年中给他们的机会的?他们是他们无法控制的历史力量的不幸受害者,还是他们自己政治失败的始作俑者?总的来说,大卫·费斯特的《奥德农沙芬》和斯特凡·柯姆斯的《
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引用次数: 0
期刊
KRITIKA-EXPLORATIONS IN RUSSIAN AND EURASIAN HISTORY
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