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Diversity, Belonging, and Violence in the Russian and Soviet Empires 俄罗斯和苏联帝国的多样性、归属感和暴力
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0047
Franziska Davies
1 Andreas Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich: Entstehung—Geschichte—Zerfall, 2nd ed. (Munich: Beck, 2008); the first edition in German was published in 1992. See also Ronald Suny, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993); and Yuri Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994). On the debate over the relationship between nation and empire, see Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
1 Andreas Kappeler,俄罗斯也Vielvölkerreich: Entstehung-Geschichte-Zerfall,第2版(慕尼黑:Beck, 2008);第一版德文于1992年出版。另见罗纳德·苏尼,《过去的复仇:民族主义、革命和苏联的崩溃》(斯坦福,加州:斯坦福大学出版社,1993年);Yuri Slezkine,北极镜子:俄罗斯和北方的小民族(伊萨卡,纽约州:康奈尔大学出版社,1994年)。关于民族与帝国关系的争论,见杰弗里·霍斯金,《俄罗斯:人民与帝国,1552-1917》,第2版(马萨诸塞州剑桥:哈佛大学出版社,1997年)。
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引用次数: 0
Archival Insights and the Secret Police 档案洞察和秘密警察
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0038
Angelina Lucento, Tatiana Vagramenko, Cristina Vatulescu, Molly Pucci, Erik R. Scott, Joshua A. Sanborn, C. Kelly, David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Franziska Davies, Mischa Gabowitsch, Christine Varga-Harris
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引用次数: 0
Police Talk: The Culture and Practices of the Secret Police in the Soviet Bloc 警察谈话:苏联集团秘密警察的文化与实践
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0045
C. Kelly
As historians of imperial Russia and the USSR have long been aware, characteristic of the country’s development has been the arrival of influences from elsewhere in unexpected juxtaposition. So, the rise of Enlightenment scientism in the second half of the 18th century coincided with the spread of Freemasonry and other ideologies that in Enlightenment parlance would have been termed “enthusiastic,” while, in the late Soviet period, private citizens who modeled their attitudes to sexuality on the “progressive” West included not just the pioneers of free love in the hippie movement but the covert readers of foreign erotica such as Hugh Heffner’s Playboy.1 As far as the writing of history is concerned, a similarly contradictory moment was the end of the 1980s and early 1990s, when excitement about sudden access to formerly closed archival resources, the legitimating fetish of the positivistic historian, was challenged by what might retrospectively be described as “the textual turn.” Scholars of the Soviet past were not by intention looking for what Natalie Zemon Davis in a landmark book of 1987 termed “fiction from the archives.”2 But many were sensitive to the fact that the materials they retrieved might not only answer questions—and indeed, that the apparently most “objective” data might in some cases be the least reliable. The
正如帝国主义俄罗斯和苏联的历史学家长期以来所意识到的那样,该国发展的特点是来自其他地方的影响出人意料地并置。因此,18世纪下半叶启蒙运动科学主义的兴起与共济会和其他意识形态的传播不谋而合,用启蒙运动的话说,这些意识形态被称为“热情”,而在苏联后期,以“进步”西方为原型的普通公民对性的态度不仅包括嬉皮士运动中自由恋爱的先驱,还包括外国色情作品的秘密读者,如休·赫夫纳的《花花公子》。1就历史写作而言,一个类似的矛盾时刻是20世纪80年代末和90年代初,当人们对突然访问以前封闭的档案资源感到兴奋时,实证主义历史学家的合法化恋物癖受到了可以追溯地描述为“文本转向”的挑战。苏联过去的学者并不是有意寻找娜塔莉·泽蒙·戴维斯在1987年一本具有里程碑意义的书中所说的“档案小说”。“2但许多人都很敏感,他们检索到的材料可能不仅能回答问题,而且在某些情况下,看似最“客观”的数据可能最不可靠。这个
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引用次数: 0
The NKVD and the Political Origins of Socialist Realism: The Persecution of the Boichukisty in Ukraine 内务人民委员部与社会主义现实主义的政治起源:对乌克兰波伊丘基派的迫害
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0039
Angelina Lucento
On 17 December 1936, a People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) committee led by the specialist Solomon Gol ́dman (fig. 1) interrogated the recently arrested painter Mykhailo Boichuk (fig. 2) in a Kyiv prison cell. It seems likely that Boichuk’s captors had beaten or otherwise tortured him just before Gol ́dman’s interrogation to force the artist into confessing to having been a Ukrainian nationalist. After all, until the moment of his arrest, Boichuk had been the leader of the most influential school of Ukrainian monumental artists known as the Boichukisty (fig. 3), and the NKVD was especially interested in the Ukrainian character of the group’s projects. They asked Boichuk, “As part of your practical work, what did you do?”1 The “detrimental old Ukrainian art, ancient painting, and the achievements of the bourgeois formal schools,” he replied. “I sent youth down that pathway of specialist training, tearing them consciously away from the pathway to Socialist Realism, and in so doing, tore them away from their participation in the building of socialism.”2
1936年12月17日,由专家所罗门·戈尔曼(图1)领导的内务人民委员委员会在基辅的一间牢房里审讯了最近被捕的画家米哈伊洛·博伊丘克(图2)。抓捕波伊丘克的人很可能在戈尔曼审讯他之前对他进行了殴打或折磨,以迫使这位艺术家承认自己是乌克兰民族主义者。毕竟,在他被捕之前,Boichuk一直是乌克兰最有影响力的纪念艺术家流派Boichukisty的领袖(图3),内务人民委员部对该团体作品的乌克兰特色特别感兴趣。他们问博伊丘克:“作为你实际工作的一部分,你做了什么?”他回答说:“有害的老乌克兰艺术、古代绘画和资产阶级正规学校的成就。”“我让年轻人走上了专业培训的道路,有意识地把他们从通往社会主义现实主义的道路上扯下来,这样做就把他们从参与社会主义建设的道路上扯下来了。
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引用次数: 0
The Black Sea Coast as a Landscape of Cold War Intelligence 黑海海岸作为冷战情报的景观
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0043
Erik R. Scott
In the midst of the Cold War, if visitors to Kobuleti, a popular resort town on Soviet Georgia’s Black Sea coast, wandered south, they would follow a seaside road lined with palm trees or walk along the shores of its pebble beach, passing high-rise vacation complexes. On the outskirts of Batumi, they would be greeted by a lush botanical garden reaching up into the hills and showcasing the region’s subtropical abundance with citrus groves and areas devoted to the exotic plants of the Mediterranean, South America, East Asia, and even distant Australia. In Batumi itself, they would find a bustling international port, visited by container ships and tankers from across the world; they would pass sailors strolling the streets, conversing in foreign languages. The Black Sea coast was a showcase for Soviet achievements and, especially in the postStalinist era, an opening to the world beyond Soviet borders. If our travelers continued to head south from Batumi, however, they would soon enter a “forbidden border zone” (zapretnaia pogranichnaia zona) open only to carefully screened local residents and Soviet border troops, a restricted stretch of land whose topography was not detailed in public maps but instead considered classified information. The forbidden zone served as a buffer between the heavily trafficked port to the north and the nearby border with Turkey, a country described in a training manual for the Soviet border troops as a US-funded “base for the organization of subversive activity directed against the USSR.”1 If our imaginary travelers were not seized
冷战期间,如果游客到科布列蒂(Kobuleti)——前苏联格鲁吉亚黑海沿岸的一个著名度假小镇——向南漫步,他们会沿着一条两旁种满棕榈树的海滨道路,或者沿着卵石滩的海岸散步,路过高层度假建筑群。在巴统的郊区,迎接他们的是一座郁郁葱葱的植物园,一直延伸到山上,展示了该地区丰富的亚热带柑橘林和地中海、南美、东亚甚至遥远的澳大利亚的外来植物。在巴统本身,他们会发现一个熙熙攘攘的国际港口,来自世界各地的集装箱船和油轮都会到访;他们会遇到在街上漫步、用外语交谈的水手。黑海海岸是苏联成就的展示之地,尤其是在后斯大林时代,黑海海岸向苏联边界以外的世界开放。然而,如果我们的旅行者继续从巴屯米向南走,他们很快就会进入一个“边境禁区”(zapretnaia pogranichnaia zona),只对经过仔细筛选的当地居民和苏联边防部队开放,这是一片受限制的土地,其地形在公开地图上没有详细描述,而是被视为机密信息。禁区是北部交通繁忙的港口和邻近的土耳其边境之间的缓冲地带,苏联边防部队的训练手册将土耳其描述为美国资助的“组织针对苏联的颠覆活动的基地”。如果我们想象中的旅行者没有被抓住
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引用次数: 0
Pillars of the Soviet Dictatorship at the Local Level 苏维埃地方专政的支柱
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0030
Donald J. Raleigh
The comparative and theoretical literature on dictatorships shows that deeply ideological one-party states such as the Soviet Union—especially if forged in civil war—not only tend to survive longer but also show more resiliency than other types of authoritarian rule.1 Despite the recent publication of archivalbased biographies of I. V. Stalin, N. S. Khrushchev, L. I. Brezhnev, and M. S. Gorbachev that throw light on politics at the top, remarkably little research has been conducted on how local leaders governed under these rulers. Making substantial contributions to our understanding of how the USSR functioned at the regional level, the two complementary books under review draw on strategic archive-based research, memoirs, and the secondary literature (and, in Grybkauskas’s case, on oral interviews) to reveal how local leaders—first secretaries of oblasts (and of Soviet republics) and second secretaries in republic party committees—functioned after World War II and how their modus operandi changed as the USSR became less oppressive.
关于独裁统治的比较和理论文献表明,像苏联这样意识形态深刻的一党制国家——尤其是在内战中形成的国家——不仅倾向于存活更长时间,而且比其他类型的专制统治表现出更强的弹性尽管最近出版了基于档案的斯大林、赫鲁晓夫、勃列日涅夫和戈尔巴乔夫的传记,揭示了高层的政治,但关于地方领导人在这些统治者统治下如何执政的研究却少得可怜。这两本补充性的书对我们理解苏联如何在地区层面上运作做出了重大贡献,它们借鉴了基于战略档案的研究、回忆录和二手文献(在格里布考斯卡斯的案例中,以揭示地方领导人——各州(以及苏联加盟共和国)的第一书记和共和国党委的第二书记——在第二次世界大战后是如何运作的,以及随着苏联压迫的减少,他们的工作方式发生了怎样的变化。
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引用次数: 0
The Making of a Bolshevik 《布尔什维克的形成
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0034
P. Whitewood
Over the last decade or so, there has been renewed interest in biographical work in the fields of Russian and Soviet history, described recently in the pages of this journal as a potential “biographical turn.”1 One figure, however, has dominated this emerging trend and notably in books reaching a broader audience: Iosif Stalin.2 It is hardly a surprise that Stalin remains firmly at the center of scholarly attention and public imagination. Although a countless number of biographies exist about the dictator worldwide, Stalin is the significant presence looming over Russia’s past. Responsible for propelling the Soviet Union into modernity but also wreaking havoc with his destructive— and contradictory—behavior, if we are better to understand Soviet and broader 20th-century history, we still need to try and better understand Stalin on a personal level. Twenty years have passed, however, since Stalin’s carefully cultivated archive first partially opened, and much of what material was made accessible can now be found online. Stalin’s motivations, moreover, can be notoriously difficult to interpret, and limitations in accessible materials have led to almost irreconcilable disagreements over key parts of the Stalin era.3 With historians
在过去十年左右的时间里,人们对俄罗斯和苏联历史领域的传记工作重新产生了兴趣,最近在本杂志的页面上被描述为潜在的“传记转折”。1然而,有一个数字,在这一新兴趋势中占据主导地位,尤其是在影响更广泛受众的书籍中:《斯大林》。2毫不奇怪,斯大林仍然牢牢地处于学术关注和公众想象的中心。尽管世界各地都有无数关于这位独裁者的传记,但斯大林是笼罩在俄罗斯过去的重要人物。如果我们要更好地理解苏联和更广泛的20世纪历史,我们仍然需要尝试在个人层面上更好地理解斯大林。然而,自从斯大林精心培育的档案首次部分开放以来,20年过去了,许多可以访问的材料现在都可以在网上找到。此外,众所周知,斯大林的动机很难解读,而可获取材料的局限性导致了对斯大林时代关键部分几乎不可调和的分歧。3与历史学家
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引用次数: 0
Aridity and the History of Water in Central Asia and Beyond 干旱与中亚及其他地区的水历史
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0027
J. Lajus
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引用次数: 1
Cultural Tropes and Political Power in Early Modern Russia 近代早期俄罗斯的文化修辞与政治权力
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0032
C. B. Stevens
Political power, elite support for the throne, and political ideologies were not solely represented by institutional rules or developed in polemical texts anywhere in early modern Europe. The two books reviewed below discuss, in different ways, how the vast and “undergoverned” early modern Russian Empire mustered its cultural resources to project political power and promote diffuse, if widely shared, political ideals outside of institutions and polemical texts. Instead, the ruling dynasties used art, architecture, and symbolic ritual to reinforce their divine authority and promote the related goals of unity, security, and social stability. The results contribute in important ways not only to understanding the ideals projected, but also to ongoing discussion about the dating of important transformations (“modernization”) in Russian society of the early modern period.  
政治权力、精英对王位的支持和政治意识形态不仅由制度规则代表,也不是在现代早期欧洲任何地方的争论文本中发展起来的。下面回顾的两本书以不同的方式讨论了庞大且“治理不足”的早期现代俄罗斯帝国如何整合其文化资源,在制度和争论性文本之外投射政治权力,促进分散的(如果广泛共享的话)政治理想。相反,统治王朝使用艺术、建筑和象征性仪式来加强他们的神圣权威,并促进团结、安全和社会稳定的相关目标。研究结果在重要方面不仅有助于理解所提出的理想,而且有助于对俄罗斯现代早期社会重要变革(“现代化”)的年代进行持续的讨论。 
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引用次数: 0
The Museum Visitor Book as a Means of Public Dialogue about the Gulag Past: The Case of the Solovki Museum 博物馆访客书作为古拉格历史公共对话的一种方式——以索洛夫斯基博物馆为例
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2022.0023
Zuzanna Bogumił
There is common agreement that history museums are deeply engaged in transforming history into identity, because they create a public space where “personal, private or autobiographical narratives come into contact with larger-scale, collective or national narratives in mutually inter-animating ways.”1 It is thus very important to establish how museums affect the visitor’s memory and perception of the past on display. Visitor books in museums, where visitors can share their feedback and impressions of exhibitions, offer a space to present their views on the issues discussed in the exhibition.2 Moreover, they confirm that visitors are not mute observers but active participants in a public dialogue.3 As a specific source, visitor books do not offer
人们普遍认为,历史博物馆致力于将历史转化为身份,因为它们创造了一个公共空间,“个人、私人或自传体叙事以相互交织的方式与更大规模的集体或国家叙事接触。“1因此,确定博物馆如何影响游客对展出的过去的记忆和感知是非常重要的。博物馆的访客书籍可以分享他们对展览的反馈和印象,提供了一个空间来表达他们对展览中讨论的问题的看法。2此外,它们确认访客不是沉默的观察者,而是公众对话的积极参与者。3作为一个特定的来源,访客书籍不提供
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引用次数: 0
期刊
KRITIKA-EXPLORATIONS IN RUSSIAN AND EURASIAN HISTORY
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