Lexicographic practice is changing and so is the lexicographic process. This article therefore reconsiders the lexicographic process and takes into account the development towards centralised lexicographical databases which can be observed at lexicographic institutions and dictionary publishing houses in the last couple of years. We discuss how this affects the lexicographic process and its phases and how the process could be further changed by the systematic use of LLMs in lexicography or the further involvement of dictionary users in the process. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for continuously observing the lexicographic process and redefining it if necessary.
{"title":"The Lexicographic Process Revisited","authors":"Annette Klosa-Kückelhaus, Carole Tiberius","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecae016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecae016","url":null,"abstract":"Lexicographic practice is changing and so is the lexicographic process. This article therefore reconsiders the lexicographic process and takes into account the development towards centralised lexicographical databases which can be observed at lexicographic institutions and dictionary publishing houses in the last couple of years. We discuss how this affects the lexicographic process and its phases and how the process could be further changed by the systematic use of LLMs in lexicography or the further involvement of dictionary users in the process. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for continuously observing the lexicographic process and redefining it if necessary.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142563235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents the preparation of material for compiling an English–Slovene dictionary of criminal justice and security collocations. It presents the process of collecting and preparing material; specifically, software selection, corpus preparation, collocation extraction, and translation into Slovene. These activities were performed by students at the University of Maribor’s Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security as part of the course English Terminology. It defines the concepts of language for specific purposes (LSP) and presents the field and subfields of criminal justice and security, and gives an overview of the definitions of collocations. The article outlines the need to prepare a collocation dictionary by exploring the inclusion of collocations in dictionaries. The characteristics of possible dictionary entries are outlined based on material collected and prepared by the students. This is followed by the presentation of some examples of collocation entries from dictionaries.
{"title":"Preparation of Material for Compiling an English–Slovene Dictionary of Criminal Justice and Security Collocations","authors":"Mojca Kompara Lukančič","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecae021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecae021","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the preparation of material for compiling an English–Slovene dictionary of criminal justice and security collocations. It presents the process of collecting and preparing material; specifically, software selection, corpus preparation, collocation extraction, and translation into Slovene. These activities were performed by students at the University of Maribor’s Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security as part of the course English Terminology. It defines the concepts of language for specific purposes (LSP) and presents the field and subfields of criminal justice and security, and gives an overview of the definitions of collocations. The article outlines the need to prepare a collocation dictionary by exploring the inclusion of collocations in dictionaries. The characteristics of possible dictionary entries are outlined based on material collected and prepared by the students. This is followed by the presentation of some examples of collocation entries from dictionaries.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142488993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Critical Lexicographical Discourse Studies (CLDS) view the dictionary as a discourse and emphasize an ideological, ethico-political dimension to the lexicographical process. Combining CLDS with Systemic Functional Linguistics, this paper looks into how anthropocentrism is manifested linguistically in Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (Seventh Edition), the most influential authoritative general-purpose Chinese dictionary, by examining the transitivity and appraisal patterns in the definition texts concerning animals and plants. The analysis shows that animals and plants are seldom assigned agency in their own right and that the animals and plants are evaluated either positively or negatively according to whether they are useful to the human beings while their intrinsic value is ignored. In particular, animals are highlighted for their agricultural and medicinal use and plants for their medicinal and ornamental value. However, compared with its previous editions, the dictionary has shown an enhanced awareness of environmental protection by deleting the encyclopaedic information that describes the use of some rare animals’ meat, bones and fur. It is argued that, although modern general-purpose dictionaries are increasingly corpus-based and descriptive, their role in shaping social values and stances cannot be disregarded. Dictionary makers need to balance what words mean with what they can be said to mean or be allowed to mean (Moon, 2014). The study contributes to unmasking and denaturalizing the hidden ideology in colony texts such as the dictionary, enhances a critical use of dictionaries and helps develop the theory of critical lexicography and emerging ecolexicography.
{"title":"Anthropocentrism in Contemporary Chinese Dictionary: A Synergic Perspective of Critical Lexicographical Discourse Studies and Systemic Functional Linguistics","authors":"Wenge Chen","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecae019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecae019","url":null,"abstract":"Critical Lexicographical Discourse Studies (CLDS) view the dictionary as a discourse and emphasize an ideological, ethico-political dimension to the lexicographical process. Combining CLDS with Systemic Functional Linguistics, this paper looks into how anthropocentrism is manifested linguistically in Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (Seventh Edition), the most influential authoritative general-purpose Chinese dictionary, by examining the transitivity and appraisal patterns in the definition texts concerning animals and plants. The analysis shows that animals and plants are seldom assigned agency in their own right and that the animals and plants are evaluated either positively or negatively according to whether they are useful to the human beings while their intrinsic value is ignored. In particular, animals are highlighted for their agricultural and medicinal use and plants for their medicinal and ornamental value. However, compared with its previous editions, the dictionary has shown an enhanced awareness of environmental protection by deleting the encyclopaedic information that describes the use of some rare animals’ meat, bones and fur. It is argued that, although modern general-purpose dictionaries are increasingly corpus-based and descriptive, their role in shaping social values and stances cannot be disregarded. Dictionary makers need to balance what words mean with what they can be said to mean or be allowed to mean (Moon, 2014). The study contributes to unmasking and denaturalizing the hidden ideology in colony texts such as the dictionary, enhances a critical use of dictionaries and helps develop the theory of critical lexicography and emerging ecolexicography.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Researching and recording new lexical items and senses holds a well-established position within German linguistics. The first corpus-based online dictionary (the Neologism Dictionary 2006ff.) was introduced in 2006 and focused on collecting and describing neologisms which had emerged and become established over the three decades from 1900 to 2020. In 2022, a new concept was developed to elevate lexicographic aspirations by integrating linguistic as well as encyclopaedic knowledge, and by introducing innovative presentational approaches. In this paper, the key changes and concepts of the new resource (published in platform OWID) will be highlighted, in particular its main aim, which is to merge an online dictionary with a dynamic informative dashboard. This combination offers headword-specific details for general reference and comprehensive information related to neologisms that transcends individual units, presented in various formats. Particular emphasis will be placed on the significant connection between neology and (critical) discourse, a facet that has previously played a minor role in lexicographic practices.
{"title":"IDS-Neo2020+: A Novel Resource for New German Words in Use","authors":"Petra Storjohann","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecae015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecae015","url":null,"abstract":"Researching and recording new lexical items and senses holds a well-established position within German linguistics. The first corpus-based online dictionary (the Neologism Dictionary 2006ff.) was introduced in 2006 and focused on collecting and describing neologisms which had emerged and become established over the three decades from 1900 to 2020. In 2022, a new concept was developed to elevate lexicographic aspirations by integrating linguistic as well as encyclopaedic knowledge, and by introducing innovative presentational approaches. In this paper, the key changes and concepts of the new resource (published in platform OWID) will be highlighted, in particular its main aim, which is to merge an online dictionary with a dynamic informative dashboard. This combination offers headword-specific details for general reference and comprehensive information related to neologisms that transcends individual units, presented in various formats. Particular emphasis will be placed on the significant connection between neology and (critical) discourse, a facet that has previously played a minor role in lexicographic practices.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142160510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed to investigate the sources used by modern translators, specifically whether they use traditional lexicographic tools or diverted their preferences to newer sources of information. Data was collected via an online survey. The sample consisted of 229 mainly Polish translators of various languages and specialisations. It was found that the most frequently used source was the search engine, followed by Wikipedia/similar and online parallel texts. Officially published dictionaries are used often. Moreover, dictionaries were most often cited as the sources that translators could not imagine working without (34% of the total responses); 8% of the responses mentioned printed dictionaries as indispensable in translators’ work and these are used by 87% of the translators who took part in the study. Online dictionaries without a specified author are used by 83% of respondents, but 99% of them verify the content either regularly (50%) or occasionally (49%).
{"title":"Print Dictionaries Are Still in Use: A Survey of Source Preferences by Polish Translators","authors":"Joanna Sycz-Opoń","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecae004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecae004","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to investigate the sources used by modern translators, specifically whether they use traditional lexicographic tools or diverted their preferences to newer sources of information. Data was collected via an online survey. The sample consisted of 229 mainly Polish translators of various languages and specialisations. It was found that the most frequently used source was the search engine, followed by Wikipedia/similar and online parallel texts. Officially published dictionaries are used often. Moreover, dictionaries were most often cited as the sources that translators could not imagine working without (34% of the total responses); 8% of the responses mentioned printed dictionaries as indispensable in translators’ work and these are used by 87% of the translators who took part in the study. Online dictionaries without a specified author are used by 83% of respondents, but 99% of them verify the content either regularly (50%) or occasionally (49%).","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140534139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Though best known for his extensive and often transformative writings on lexicography and corpus linguistics, Patrick Hanks was also a career lexicographer with a strong track record of managing a string of groundbreaking dictionaries. His experience at the lexicographic coalface led him to question dictionary conventions, especially when the corpus data seemed to be at odds with traditional approaches to identifying and explaining meanings. His ideas about meaning potentials, his focus on ‘the probable not the possible’, and his Theory of Norms and Exploitations all arose directly from the experience of analysing corpus data in order to describe how words behave and combine. He was involved in almost every major development in our field over the last 50 years, and his influence will continue to be felt for as long as people are analysing language and making dictionaries.
{"title":"Obituary: Patrick Wyndham Hanks","authors":"Michael Rundell","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecae003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecae003","url":null,"abstract":"Though best known for his extensive and often transformative writings on lexicography and corpus linguistics, Patrick Hanks was also a career lexicographer with a strong track record of managing a string of groundbreaking dictionaries. His experience at the lexicographic coalface led him to question dictionary conventions, especially when the corpus data seemed to be at odds with traditional approaches to identifying and explaining meanings. His ideas about meaning potentials, his focus on ‘the probable not the possible’, and his Theory of Norms and Exploitations all arose directly from the experience of analysing corpus data in order to describe how words behave and combine. He was involved in almost every major development in our field over the last 50 years, and his influence will continue to be felt for as long as people are analysing language and making dictionaries.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140317220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francis Bond, Marek Maziarz, Tadeusz Piotrowski, Ewa Rudnicka
In this paper we argue in favor of the radial semantic structure of polysemous entries from the New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE) and the Merriam-Webster dictionary. We formalized four polysemy theories as algorithms linking word senses into polysemy networks, considering the semantic similarity of dictionary definitions calculated using large language models. Chaining algorithms maximized similarity within polysemy nets and adequately distinguished senses that in the two dictionaries are directly related from those more distant.
{"title":"Models of Polysemy in Two English Dictionaries","authors":"Francis Bond, Marek Maziarz, Tadeusz Piotrowski, Ewa Rudnicka","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecad033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecad033","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we argue in favor of the radial semantic structure of polysemous entries from the New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE) and the Merriam-Webster dictionary. We formalized four polysemy theories as algorithms linking word senses into polysemy networks, considering the semantic similarity of dictionary definitions calculated using large language models. Chaining algorithms maximized similarity within polysemy nets and adequately distinguished senses that in the two dictionaries are directly related from those more distant.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140015656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent decades have seen small batches of Chinese loanwords and words from Chinese English entering the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Meanwhile, a muddle of misinformation on the dictionary’s inclusion of certain Chinese-origin words has occurred again and again in various Chinese media forms. The present study examines the extent to which these uninformed news stories are associated with prominent features of the OED. In order to assess the possibility of including the words mentioned in the pieces of misinformation, the study explores the current treatment of Chinese-origin words in the OED and adopts Diamond’s (2016) four criteria for entry, namely evidence of usage, longevity, naturalization, and lexicographical significance. Although the words examined are inadequate in meeting all criteria for inclusion, the misinformed new stories attest to an awareness of Chinese influence on the English lexicon and evidence the reception and reputation of the OED in Chinese media and culture. Moreover, the bits of false news reports expose lexicographers to new knowledge of some prospective candidates for lexicographical inclusion.
{"title":"Words of Chinese Origin in the OED: Misinformation and Attestation","authors":"Ai Zhong","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecad034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecad034","url":null,"abstract":"Recent decades have seen small batches of Chinese loanwords and words from Chinese English entering the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Meanwhile, a muddle of misinformation on the dictionary’s inclusion of certain Chinese-origin words has occurred again and again in various Chinese media forms. The present study examines the extent to which these uninformed news stories are associated with prominent features of the OED. In order to assess the possibility of including the words mentioned in the pieces of misinformation, the study explores the current treatment of Chinese-origin words in the OED and adopts Diamond’s (2016) four criteria for entry, namely evidence of usage, longevity, naturalization, and lexicographical significance. Although the words examined are inadequate in meeting all criteria for inclusion, the misinformed new stories attest to an awareness of Chinese influence on the English lexicon and evidence the reception and reputation of the OED in Chinese media and culture. Moreover, the bits of false news reports expose lexicographers to new knowledge of some prospective candidates for lexicographical inclusion.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139901865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The printing of Chinese characters, as well as their combination with alphabetic letters, has been one of the great challenges for Western typographers. When the missionary Paul Perny published his Dictionnaire français-latin-chinois de la langue mandarine parlée [French-Latin-Chinese dictionary of the spoken Mandarin language] (1869) in Paris, the conceptual design of the structure of its entries as well as the typographical quality of the Chinese characters he used were outstanding in their functionality and, hence, at a level far more advanced than the dictionaries of Chinese in combination with Western languages published in France up to that time. This paper explores the factors that enabled this dictionary to mark a turning point in the printing of Chinese characters in France.
汉字的印刷以及汉字与字母的组合一直是西方排字工人面临的巨大挑战之一。当传教士保尔-佩尔尼在巴黎出版他的《普通话法语拉丁汉字典》（Dictionnaire français-latin-chinois de la langue mandarine parlée）（1869 年）时，其词条结构的概念设计和所使用汉字的排版质量在功能性方面都非常突出，因此在水平上远远超过了当时在法国出版的与西方语言相结合的汉语词典。本文探讨了这本字典成为法国汉字印刷业转折点的因素。
{"title":"The Movable Type Used by Paul Perny in His Dictionnaire français-latin-chinois de la langue mandarine parlée and His Contribution to the Typography of the Chinese Script in France","authors":"Xavier Lee-Lee, Verónica C Trujillo-González","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecad031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecad031","url":null,"abstract":"The printing of Chinese characters, as well as their combination with alphabetic letters, has been one of the great challenges for Western typographers. When the missionary Paul Perny published his Dictionnaire français-latin-chinois de la langue mandarine parlée [French-Latin-Chinese dictionary of the spoken Mandarin language] (1869) in Paris, the conceptual design of the structure of its entries as well as the typographical quality of the Chinese characters he used were outstanding in their functionality and, hence, at a level far more advanced than the dictionaries of Chinese in combination with Western languages published in France up to that time. This paper explores the factors that enabled this dictionary to mark a turning point in the printing of Chinese characters in France.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139407910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In metalexicographical research, experts have judged the performance of technologies such as OpenAI Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) in lexicographic production tasks as promising yet inferior to human lexicographers. It remains unclear whether this perceived inferiority limits the effectiveness of AI-generated lexicography in resolving practical language doubts. Accordingly, this study compares the effectiveness of AI-generated definitions to those from the Macmillan English Dictionary (MED) in resolving vocabulary doubts in a multiple-choice reading task designed to test lexical knowledge. It involves 43 L2 English users in the third year of an English studies degree at a Spanish university. Students provided with MED definitions performed better on the reading task than those without access to definitions. However, there was no significant difference between the performance of students with either MED definitions or without definitions altogether, and those provided with AI-definitions. The implications of these findings are discussed along with avenues for further research.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of OpenAI GPT-Generated Definitions Versus Definitions from an English Learners’ Dictionary in a Lexically Orientated Reading Task","authors":"Geraint Paul Rees, Robert Lew","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecad030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecad030","url":null,"abstract":"In metalexicographical research, experts have judged the performance of technologies such as OpenAI Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) in lexicographic production tasks as promising yet inferior to human lexicographers. It remains unclear whether this perceived inferiority limits the effectiveness of AI-generated lexicography in resolving practical language doubts. Accordingly, this study compares the effectiveness of AI-generated definitions to those from the Macmillan English Dictionary (MED) in resolving vocabulary doubts in a multiple-choice reading task designed to test lexical knowledge. It involves 43 L2 English users in the third year of an English studies degree at a Spanish university. Students provided with MED definitions performed better on the reading task than those without access to definitions. However, there was no significant difference between the performance of students with either MED definitions or without definitions altogether, and those provided with AI-definitions. The implications of these findings are discussed along with avenues for further research.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138679624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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