The Chinese–English Dictionary Unabridged (hereinafter abbreviated as CEDU) pursues a guiding principle of reserved descriptivism and includes far more culture-bound entries than other Chinese–English dictionaries, which has greatly increased the difficulty in dictionary-making. Accordingly, how CEDU has planned to treat culture-bound lexical items in principle and how it has tackled the difficulties in applying the principle deserves our attention. This study probes into the essence of the beyond-equivalence principle proposed by its editor-in-chief Lu Gusun and his ideas of acculturation and cultural over-flow. This study explores three major compensation operations in treating culture-bound lexical items: 1) to use lexicographical metalanguage to compensate for lacunae beyond equivalence, 2) to compensate for the treatment of an entry word through examples, 3) to use both foreignization and domestication to compensate one another in rendering equivalents.
{"title":"On CEDU’s treatment of culture-bound lexical items under the beyond-equivalence principle","authors":"Jiang Wan","doi":"10.1558/lexi.20992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/lexi.20992","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese–English Dictionary Unabridged (hereinafter abbreviated as CEDU) pursues a guiding principle of reserved descriptivism and includes far more culture-bound entries than other Chinese–English dictionaries, which has greatly increased the difficulty in dictionary-making. Accordingly, how CEDU has planned to treat culture-bound lexical items in principle and how it has tackled the difficulties in applying the principle deserves our attention. This study probes into the essence of the beyond-equivalence principle proposed by its editor-in-chief Lu Gusun and his ideas of acculturation and cultural over-flow. This study explores three major compensation operations in treating culture-bound lexical items: 1) to use lexicographical metalanguage to compensate for lacunae beyond equivalence, 2) to compensate for the treatment of an entry word through examples, 3) to use both foreignization and domestication to compensate one another in rendering equivalents.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82302862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two theoretical constructs (the bilingual mental lexicon and the depth of processing framework) and the Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic determinism plus related concepts (differentiation, codability, and Zift’s law) are incorporated into a framework in this paper to account for the representation of (cross-)cultural information in bilingual lexicography. After briefly introducing the theoretical framework, the paper goes on to discuss the representation of literal, conceptual, and cross-cultural aspects in the Chinese–English Dictionary (Unabridged) (henceforth the CEDU) in three sections: making explicit the implicit literal or etymological information to account for senses in use; acculturating expressions, definitions, and illustrative examples; and cultural immersion in exemplification appealing to both refined and popular tastes. Each section encompasses multilevel factors in the treatment of bilingual entries with a focus on (cross-) cultural representations.
{"title":"From culture to (un)shared concept","authors":"Cuilian Zhao","doi":"10.1558/lexi.21368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/lexi.21368","url":null,"abstract":"Two theoretical constructs (the bilingual mental lexicon and the depth of processing framework) and the Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic determinism plus related concepts (differentiation, codability, and Zift’s law) are incorporated into a framework in this paper to account for the representation of (cross-)cultural information in bilingual lexicography. After briefly introducing the theoretical framework, the paper goes on to discuss the representation of literal, conceptual, and cross-cultural aspects in the Chinese–English Dictionary (Unabridged) (henceforth the CEDU) in three sections: making explicit the implicit literal or etymological information to account for senses in use; acculturating expressions, definitions, and illustrative examples; and cultural immersion in exemplification appealing to both refined and popular tastes. Each section encompasses multilevel factors in the treatment of bilingual entries with a focus on (cross-) cultural representations.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83048442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kamiński, Michael Bilynsky, Elżbieta Szymańska-Czaplak, Małgorzata Kamińska
LDOCE uses a defining vocabulary to make their definitions intelligible to the user. Critics claim this policy may result in imprecise definitions, something especially noticeable in certain concrete and abstract words that are difficult to define by a definition only. This paper examines to what extent LDOCE definitions of such words help learners identify the objects and words being defined. In our experiment on 381 learners of English as a foreign language, three groups of participants viewed different definition types: simplified definitions of LDOCE, unsimplified definitions of MWC, and definitions written in the learners’ mother tongue (UDPL/TR). The results show that the LDOCE definitions proved significantly more useful in the identification tasks than the definitions in MWC, and slightly more useful than in UDPL/TR. Learners with a limited receptive vocabulary size (RVS) did not benefit from LDOCE as much as high-RVS users.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of LDOCE Definitions for Concrete and Abstract Nouns in Headword- and Picture-Identification Tasks","authors":"M. Kamiński, Michael Bilynsky, Elżbieta Szymańska-Czaplak, Małgorzata Kamińska","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecab026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecab026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 LDOCE uses a defining vocabulary to make their definitions intelligible to the user. Critics claim this policy may result in imprecise definitions, something especially noticeable in certain concrete and abstract words that are difficult to define by a definition only. This paper examines to what extent LDOCE definitions of such words help learners identify the objects and words being defined. In our experiment on 381 learners of English as a foreign language, three groups of participants viewed different definition types: simplified definitions of LDOCE, unsimplified definitions of MWC, and definitions written in the learners’ mother tongue (UDPL/TR). The results show that the LDOCE definitions proved significantly more useful in the identification tasks than the definitions in MWC, and slightly more useful than in UDPL/TR. Learners with a limited receptive vocabulary size (RVS) did not benefit from LDOCE as much as high-RVS users.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41409977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The appearance of new verbs can be observed regularly, but verbs are not frequently investigated in neology, and they are difficult to detect automatically. In this study, a corpus-based method is proposed to detect Spanish verbs with a series of algorithms that analyse the morphology of regular verbs. The vocabulary was drawn from a large corpus and contrasted with a major dictionary of Spanish. Then, a series of filters were applied to distinguish between valid neologism candidates and spelling mistakes. Around 88% of the neologisms proposed by the method were correct and we estimate that the system detected 76% of the neologisms present in the corpus. This procedure can be included in the workflow of a lexicographic project as a regular part of the task, as a systematic way of collecting new verbs from the data and avoiding under-representation or bias.
{"title":"New verbs and dictionaries: A method for the automatic detection of neology in Spanish verbs","authors":"A. Castro, Rogelio Nazar, Irene Renau","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecab009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecab009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The appearance of new verbs can be observed regularly, but verbs are not frequently investigated in neology, and they are difficult to detect automatically. In this study, a corpus-based method is proposed to detect Spanish verbs with a series of algorithms that analyse the morphology of regular verbs. The vocabulary was drawn from a large corpus and contrasted with a major dictionary of Spanish. Then, a series of filters were applied to distinguish between valid neologism candidates and spelling mistakes. Around 88% of the neologisms proposed by the method were correct and we estimate that the system detected 76% of the neologisms present in the corpus. This procedure can be included in the workflow of a lexicographic project as a regular part of the task, as a systematic way of collecting new verbs from the data and avoiding under-representation or bias.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47900965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pius ten Hacken and Renáta Panocová (eds) The Interaction of Borrowing and Word Formation","authors":"J. Freixa","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecab022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecab022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49176863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lexicographic exclusion filtering as a strategy to determine the suitability of neologisms to be included in dictionaries has proved to be insufficient. Therefore, a methodology to rank neologisms in a more objective and quantitative way, based on their most distinctive features as new words is put forward here. In addition, the results of applying this methodology to a sample of more than 3,000 units compiled from Spanish newspapers over a specific time span (2009-2016) are contrasted along with the insights provided by a group of native speakers collected by means of a crowdsourcing strategy. By combining theoretical approaches and speakers’ insights, the validity of the suggested methodology is partially corroborated. Moreover, insights given by the speakers involved concerning their prescriptive conception of neology and its place within dictionaries are outlined.
{"title":"Beyond timelines: the challenges of combining theoretical premises and speakers’ insights about the assessment, validation and inclusion of Spanish neologisms in dictionaries","authors":"Miguel Sánchez Ibáñez, Nava Maroto","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecab015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecab015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Lexicographic exclusion filtering as a strategy to determine the suitability of neologisms to be included in dictionaries has proved to be insufficient. Therefore, a methodology to rank neologisms in a more objective and quantitative way, based on their most distinctive features as new words is put forward here. In addition, the results of applying this methodology to a sample of more than 3,000 units compiled from Spanish newspapers over a specific time span (2009-2016) are contrasted along with the insights provided by a group of native speakers collected by means of a crowdsourcing strategy. By combining theoretical approaches and speakers’ insights, the validity of the suggested methodology is partially corroborated. Moreover, insights given by the speakers involved concerning their prescriptive conception of neology and its place within dictionaries are outlined.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42092932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hailed as the foundation of modern Spanish-language lexicography, the Diccionario de Autoridades was developed over a period of thirteen years. While it is a window to appreciate the impact of Enlightenment ideas in Spain, it also showcases some of the country's most entrenched phobias, both within and throughout its colonies across the Atlantic. This essay looks at its planning, structure, and publication in political, cultural, and linguistic terms. It analyses its legacy over the Dicionario de la Lengua Española, which is the organ of the Real Academia Española and on other Spanish-language lexicons. And it compares it with the work of Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language and Noah Webster's An American Dictionary of the English Language. The xenophobic motto of the Real Academia Española, ‘Clean, Fix, and Grant Splendor’, long a subject of controversy, is the philosophy behind Autoridades.
《高速公路词典》被誉为现代西班牙语词典编纂的基础，历时13年。虽然这是一个欣赏启蒙思想对西班牙影响的窗口，但它也展示了这个国家一些根深蒂固的恐惧症，无论是在大西洋彼岸的殖民地内部还是整个殖民地。这篇文章从政治、文化和语言的角度来看它的计划、结构和出版。它分析了它在皇家学院(Real Academia)属下的《语言词典》(dictionionario de la Lengua) Española和其他西班牙语词典上的遗产。并将其与塞缪尔·约翰逊的《英语词典》和诺亚·韦伯斯特的《美国英语词典》进行了比较。“真正的学术界”(Española)排外的座右铭“清洁，修复，并授予辉煌”长期以来一直是争议的主题，这是“高速公路”背后的哲学。
{"title":"‘Clean, Fix, and Grant Splendor’: The Making of Diccionario de Autoridades","authors":"Ilán Stavans","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecab025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecab025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hailed as the foundation of modern Spanish-language lexicography, the Diccionario de Autoridades was developed over a period of thirteen years. While it is a window to appreciate the impact of Enlightenment ideas in Spain, it also showcases some of the country's most entrenched phobias, both within and throughout its colonies across the Atlantic. This essay looks at its planning, structure, and publication in political, cultural, and linguistic terms. It analyses its legacy over the Dicionario de la Lengua Española, which is the organ of the Real Academia Española and on other Spanish-language lexicons. And it compares it with the work of Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language and Noah Webster's An American Dictionary of the English Language. The xenophobic motto of the Real Academia Española, ‘Clean, Fix, and Grant Splendor’, long a subject of controversy, is the philosophy behind Autoridades.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43494855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the results of a comparative curriculum-based study conducted to analyse the way dictionaries and the development of lexicographical skills are addressed in primary education in Germany and Spain. To carry out the study, the curricula of two language subjects taught throughout the country were selected, namely First Language (German and Spanish, respectively) and First Foreign Language (English). Within the methodology framework for documentary analysis, several thematic categories will be identified inductively from explicit references located in the selected curricula that will serve as tertium comparationis. The main objective is to find out whether the curriculum regulations consider dictionaries and the development of specific skills for using them in this first stage of education as part of the process of training literacy in the first language and foreign language teaching-learning context.
{"title":"Dictionaries in German and Spanish primary education curricula: A comparative study","authors":"María Egido Vicente","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecab020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecab020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents the results of a comparative curriculum-based study conducted to analyse the way dictionaries and the development of lexicographical skills are addressed in primary education in Germany and Spain. To carry out the study, the curricula of two language subjects taught throughout the country were selected, namely First Language (German and Spanish, respectively) and First Foreign Language (English). Within the methodology framework for documentary analysis, several thematic categories will be identified inductively from explicit references located in the selected curricula that will serve as tertium comparationis. The main objective is to find out whether the curriculum regulations consider dictionaries and the development of specific skills for using them in this first stage of education as part of the process of training literacy in the first language and foreign language teaching-learning context.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48061615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Andrew Blades and Piers Pennington (eds). 2020. Poetry and the Dictionary","authors":"Patrick Hanks","doi":"10.1093/ijl/ecab019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecab019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44944088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the first section of this article, the basic principles and practices of cross-referencing are discussed mainly in reference to paper dictionaries. This is followed by a section on cross-referencing in electronic dictionaries. Although the principles underlying cross-references in paper and electronic dictionaries are the same, many, more sophisticated options, which the authors call 'true electronic features', are available to the lexicographer in the computer era. Cross-references are used on a much larger scale in electronic dictionaries since almost every word or element in a dictionary article can be cross-referenced to an address where the user can find more information. Cross-referencing in electronic dictionaries largely revolve around multiple uses of hyperlinking. In the final section, cross-referencing, or the lack thereof, will be discussed for African language dictionaries. Typical instances where cross-references are required in dictionaries for these languages will be outlined and the compilation of model entries will be attempted.
{"title":"Principles and practice of cross-referencing in paper and electronic dictionaries with specific reference to African languages","authors":"D. Prinsloo, Neill Daniel van Graan","doi":"10.1558/LEXI.19849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/LEXI.19849","url":null,"abstract":"In the first section of this article, the basic principles and practices of cross-referencing are discussed mainly in reference to paper dictionaries. This is followed by a section on cross-referencing in electronic dictionaries. Although the principles underlying cross-references in paper and electronic dictionaries are the same, many, more sophisticated options, which the authors call 'true electronic features', are available to the lexicographer in the computer era. Cross-references are used on a much larger scale in electronic dictionaries since almost every word or element in a dictionary article can be cross-referenced to an address where the user can find more information. Cross-referencing in electronic dictionaries largely revolve around multiple uses of hyperlinking. In the final section, cross-referencing, or the lack thereof, will be discussed for African language dictionaries. Typical instances where cross-references are required in dictionaries for these languages will be outlined and the compilation of model entries will be attempted.","PeriodicalId":45657,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lexicography","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82946530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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