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The Outcomes and Interplay of Vocabulary Coping Strategies and Dictionary Skills in Task-Based Reading: An Eye Tracking Study 任务型阅读中词汇应对策略与词汇技能的相互作用:一项眼动追踪研究
IF 0.5 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1093/ijl/ecad003
Caleb Prichard, Andrew Atkins
This research utilised eye tracking to examine the vocabulary coping strategies and dictionary skills of Japanese English learners in task-based reading. Participants had access to an online dictionary with four definitions per word, including three inapplicable definitions. The interplay and outcomes of reading strategies and dictionary skills were investigated. The research found that performance was not statistically different compared to previous research where participants had access to a dictionary with only the applicable definition. Given the more difficult dictionary, participants more often made regressions to investigate the context in the text, but they did not reduce their dictionary use. Most participants lacked strategic competence while reading, but they demonstrated competence in dictionary skills. In rare instances of failed dictionary use, readers usually had not inspected the context cues in the text. For task-relevant words, participants who re-read context cues and then used the dictionary performed better. Implications for educators and materials developers are discussed.
本研究采用眼动追踪法,考察了日本英语学习者在任务型阅读中的词汇应对策略和词典技能。参与者可以使用一本在线词典,每个单词有四个定义,其中包括三个不适用的定义。研究了阅读策略和词典技能的相互作用和结果。研究发现,与之前的研究相比,参与者可以使用只有适用定义的词典,表现在统计上没有差异。考虑到字典更难,参与者更经常进行回归来调查文本中的上下文,但他们并没有减少字典的使用。大多数参与者在阅读时缺乏战略能力,但他们在词典技能方面表现出了能力。在极少数字典使用失败的情况下,读者通常没有检查文本中的上下文线索。对于与任务相关的单词,重读上下文线索然后使用词典的参与者表现更好。讨论了对教育工作者和材料开发人员的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Verbs and Adjectives to Nouns: The Evolution of Headwords in Encyclopedias from the Late Seventeenth to the Late Nineteenth Century 从动词到名词的形容词——17世纪末到19世纪末百科全书中标题词的演变
IF 0.5 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1093/ijl/ecac022
J. Loveland
This article examines the changing forms of headwords in the partial differentiation of encyclopedias away from dictionaries from the late seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century. In the past, this differentiation has mostly been studied as a process of reducing lexical content in encyclopedias and reducing encyclopedic content in dictionaries, but it also manifested itself in the grammatical forms of allowable headwords. Specifically, proto-encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries tended to accept verbs and adjectives as headwords, whereas many general encyclopedias from the mid-nineteenth century onward virtually eliminated any headwords except nouns. Here I point to three causes for this development in encyclopedias’ headwords: an influx of historical material as general encyclopedias acquired their modern scope, a de-emphasis on terminology and technolects in favor of coverage of concepts, and a rising concern for standardization and making it easier for readers to find what they wanted.
本文考察了17世纪末至19世纪末百科全书与词典部分分化过程中词条形式的变化。过去,这种区分大多被研究为减少百科全书中的词汇内容和减少词典中百科全书式内容的过程,但它也表现在允许的词条的语法形式上。具体来说,十七世纪和十八世纪的原始百科全书倾向于接受动词和形容词作为词条,而从十九世纪中期开始的许多普通百科全书几乎消除了除名词之外的任何词条。在这里,我指出了百科全书词条发展的三个原因:随着一般百科全书获得现代范围,历史材料的涌入,对术语和技术的不重视,有利于概念的涵盖,以及对标准化的日益关注,使读者更容易找到他们想要的东西。
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引用次数: 0
Periodical Evidence for the Original Publication of Richardson’s New Dictionary of the English Language 理查森新《英语大词典》创刊的期刊证据
IF 0.5 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1093/ijl/ecac018
J. Considine
Charles Richardson’s New Dictionary of the English Language is a work of great importance for the history of lexicography, but the dates of its first serial publication from 1818 onwards among the 59 instalments of the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana appear never to have been ascertained. They are worked out here, together with the alphabetical ranges of many instalments, from announcements in contemporary periodicals such as the Athenaeum, the Morning Chronicle, and The Times, and are followed by extracts from the first reviews of the dictionary in the same periodicals.
查尔斯·理查森的《新英语词典》在词典编纂史上是一部非常重要的作品,但在《大都会百科全书》的59期中,它从1818年起首次连续出版的日期似乎从未确定。它们是从《雅典》、《晨报》和《泰晤士报》等当代期刊的公告中提取出来的,以及许多分期付款的字母顺序,然后是同一期刊对该词典的首次评论摘录。
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引用次数: 0
Heming Yong and Jing Peng. 2022. A Sociolinguistic History of British English Lexicography 永和明、彭静。2022。英国英语词典编纂的社会语言学史
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1093/ijl/ecac014
Yongfang Feng
British English lexicography, which can be traced back to the Anglo-Saxon period, has a history of at least 400 years (Cowie 2009). Since the 1970s, many books have conducted an in-depth investigation into English lexicography from various perspectives. Some books intend to provide a comprehensive account (e.g. Zgusta 1971; Landau 1989; Svesnén 1993; Atkins and Rundell 2008; Fontenelle 2008; Svesnén 2009); some aim at a historical description (e.g. Collison 1982; Cowie 2002, 2009; Béjoint 2010; Miyoshi 2017); and some endeavour to reveal the current limitations of present-day English dictionaries and propose some solutions to these limitations (e.g. Dixon 2018). There are also some books focusing on the history of world lexicography (e.g. Considine 2019), or the lexicography of one single language (e.g. Yong and Peng (2008) on Chinese lexicography). However, most existing studies of British English lexicography are confined to individual lexicographic works of a particular period of time and pay little attention to the impacts of changes in society, culture, science, and technology on the evolution of lexicography. They lack historical continuity, subject coverage, and interdisciplinary perspectives, failing to fully reveal the evolutional characteristics and patterns of British English lexicography over different periods of time (p. 4).
英国英语词典编纂可以追溯到盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,至少有400年的历史(Cowie 2009)。自20世纪70年代以来,许多书籍从不同的角度对英语词典编纂进行了深入的研究。有些书打算提供全面的说明(例如,Zgusta 1971;朗道1989;Svesnen 1993;Atkins and Rundell 2008;Fontenelle 2008;Svesnen 2009);有些着眼于历史描述(如Collison 1982;Cowie 2002, 2009;Bejoint 2010;三好2017);还有一些人试图揭示当今英语词典的局限性,并提出一些解决这些局限性的方法(例如Dixon 2018)。也有一些书关注世界词典编纂的历史(如Considine 2019),或单一语言的词典编纂(如Yong和Peng(2008)关于汉语词典编纂)。然而,现有的英国英语词典学研究大多局限于某一时期的个别词典学作品,很少关注社会、文化、科学和技术的变化对词典学发展的影响。它们缺乏历史连续性、学科覆盖范围和跨学科视角,未能充分揭示不同时期英国英语词典编纂的演变特征和模式(第4页)。
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引用次数: 0
More Examples May Benefit Dictionary Users 更多的例子可能有利于词典用户
IF 0.5 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1093/ijl/ecac015
Bartosz Ptasznik
There is no doubt that example sentences enhance a dictionary’s value by providing dictionary users with the typical context of words. But how many examples do dictionary users need in a dictionary, or how many examples in a dictionary lead to confusion? The aim of the paper is twofold. First, an attempt will be made to investigate the usefulness of encoding examples in language production. Second, the aim will be to see whether a multitude of encoding examples exhibiting various types of syntax and collocation patterns confuse or benefit students of English during a translation task. 213 Polish learners of English participated in the study. To achieve the aims of the present study, mixed-effects logistic models were fitted and analyzed for the purpose of statistical analysis. The findings of the current study suggest that the presence of encoding examples in dictionaries is beneficial to learners of English in language production. Also, it can be inferred from the data that exposure to eight examples exhibiting two target syntax/collocation patterns of use is equally helpful to dictionary users as the availability of three examples exhibiting a single target syntax/collocation pattern.
毫无疑问,例句通过向词典用户提供单词的典型上下文来提高词典的价值。但是,词典用户在一本词典中需要多少个例子,或者词典中有多少个例子会导致混乱?这篇论文的目的是双重的。首先,将尝试研究编码示例在语言生成中的有用性。其次,目的是观察在翻译任务中,表现出各种语法和搭配模式的大量编码示例是否会让英语学生感到困惑或受益。213名波兰英语学习者参加了这项研究。为了实现本研究的目的,为了进行统计分析,拟合并分析了混合效应逻辑模型。目前的研究结果表明,词典中出现编码示例有利于英语学习者在语言生产中的学习。此外,从数据中可以推断出,暴露于表现出两种目标语法/搭配使用模式的八个示例对词典用户的帮助与表现出单一目标语法/配置模式的三个示例的可用性相同。
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引用次数: 1
Pronunciations of Combining Forms and Affixes in the Oxford English Dictionary 《牛津英语词典》中组合形式和词缀的发音
IF 0.5 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1093/ijl/ecac017
M. Moreland, C. Sangster
The third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED3) incorporates a new approach to the pronunciation sections of combining form and affix entries. Headword-level pronunciations are replaced by statements pertaining to typical stress patterns and vowel reduction, while thousands of lemmas contained within these entries receive British and American pronunciations for the first time. Accounting for the four different structures of current OED combining form and affix entries, the integration of pronunciation information is tailored to supply the user with an appropriate and useful level of information in each case.
第三版《牛津英语词典》(OED3)在发音部分采用了一种结合形式和词缀条目的新方法。标题级的发音被与典型的重音模式和元音略读有关的语句所取代,而这些条目中包含的数千个引词首次获得了英式和美式发音。考虑到当前《牛津英语词典》形式和词缀条目的四种不同结构,语音信息的整合是量身定制的,以便在每种情况下为用户提供适当和有用的信息水平。
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引用次数: 0
Creation of multilingual learners’ e-dictionary for learners of Asian languages 为亚洲语言学习者创建多语言学习者电子词典
IF 0.5 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.1558/lexi.24389
Marijana Janjic, Kristina Kocijan
With the advent of technology, electronic dictionaries have become an important variety of available tools for learning languages. Our research team developed an online learner’s dictionary, named eRjecnik, with basic entries for learning Hindi and Sanskrit, next to those for Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. This e-tool was developed with reference to two key elements: (1) an analysis of existing e-dictionaries and their structure, and (2) an analysis of the dictionary usage habits among students enrolled in a language class of one of the above-mentioned languages, as well as among learners who had finished their studies. The goal of this study was to analyze data and develop an e-dictionary that can help students study their respective languages. As a result, a free learner’s e-dictionary that can incorporate student input has been designed, allowing cross-language searches as well as comparative searches between several languages. The article presents an overview of a student survey that was conducted as a preliminary step to the building of eRjecnik.
随着科技的发展,电子词典已经成为学习语言的一种重要工具。我们的研究团队开发了一个名为eRjecnik的在线学习词典,里面有学习印地语和梵语的基本词条,旁边还有日语、韩语和汉语的词条。这个电子工具的开发参考了两个关键要素:(1)对现有电子词典及其结构的分析,以及(2)对上述语言之一的语言班注册学生以及完成学习的学习者的词典使用习惯的分析。本研究的目的是分析资料,并开发电子字典,以帮助学生学习各自的语言。因此,一个可以整合学生输入的免费学习者电子词典被设计出来,允许跨语言搜索以及几种语言之间的比较搜索。本文概述了作为eRjecnik建设的初步步骤而进行的一项学生调查。
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引用次数: 0
Extended article comments in online dictionaries 扩展的文章评论在在线词典
IF 0.5 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1558/lexi.24289
R. Gouws
Online dictionaries offer many new options to lexicographers, including an innovative way of dealing with dictionary structures. Looking at articles in different dictionaries but especially at those in one online dictionary, this study focuses on the presentation and structuring of article comments. Both comments on semantics and comments on form as well as subcomments on semantics are discussed. In multi-layered articles, the different restricted articles accommodate different layers of subcomments. These subcomments are integrated into the higher level subcomment and together they constitute a new search position, namely, a search tunnel. Such a tunnel contains downwardly expanded as well as upwardly attached restricted articles. The allocation of all data relevant to one specific sense of a polysemous word to one search position enhances articleinternal cohesion and deviates from a traditional strict division between the comment on form and the comment on semantics. It is shown how lexicographers can employ article comments in a functional and innovative way.
在线词典为词典编纂者提供了许多新的选择,包括一种处理词典结构的创新方法。本研究着眼于不同词典中的文章,尤其是在线词典中的文章,重点关注文章评论的呈现和结构。讨论了语义注释和形式注释以及语义子注释。在多层文章中,不同的受限文章包含不同层次的子评论。这些子注释被集成到更高级的子注释中,它们共同构成一个新的搜索位置,即搜索隧道。这种隧道既包含向下扩展的受限物品,也包含向上附着的受限物品。将与多义词的一个特定意义相关的所有数据分配到一个搜索位置,增强了文章的内部衔接,并偏离了传统的形式评论和语义评论之间的严格划分。它显示了词典编纂者如何以功能和创新的方式使用文章评论。
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引用次数: 2
A classroom-based study on the effectiveness of lexicographic resources 基于课堂的词典资源有效性研究
IF 0.5 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-25 DOI: 10.1558/lexi.22164
E. Abdelzaher
Machine-readable databases such as FrameNet (based on frame semantics) and WordNet (based on lexical semantic relations) appeared in the 1990s and became part of the lexicographic scene. The current study argues that FrameNet and WordNet can contribute to addressing the lexicographic challenge of sense delineation and elicit better performance from learners of English as a second language. The study examined the decoding and encoding performance of university students (n = 48) after exposure to modified lexicographic entries from FrameNet, WordNet, and the online Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. The classroom experiment assessed the accuracy of sense selection, user perplexity, and the accuracy of synonym production, and measured the response time for each question. An online survey followed the test, in order to collect further information about students’ dictionary use and evaluation of guide words and definitions. Results revealed significant intergroup differences in the response time, perplexity level, and encoding performance. Learners who consulted the modified FrameNet-based entries were the fastest and most successful among the three groups. Future studies can benefit from simplifying the name of frames in FrameNet and modifying the microstructure of the database for pedagogical purposes.
机器可读的数据库,如FrameNet(基于框架语义)和WordNet(基于词汇语义关系)出现在20世纪90年代,并成为词典编纂领域的一部分。目前的研究认为,FrameNet和WordNet有助于解决语义描述的词典编纂挑战,并促使英语作为第二语言的学习者取得更好的表现。这项研究考察了48名大学生(n = 48)在接触了来自FrameNet、WordNet和在线牛津学习者词典的修改过的词典条目后的解码和编码表现。课堂实验评估了词义选择的准确性、用户困惑度和同义词生成的准确性,并测量了每个问题的反应时间。测试结束后进行了一项在线调查,以进一步收集有关学生对词典的使用以及对指导词和定义的评价的信息。结果显示,组间在反应时间、困惑程度和编码表现上存在显著差异。在三组中,参考修改后的基于框架的条目的学习者是最快和最成功的。未来的研究可以从简化框架网中的框架名称和修改数据库的微观结构中受益。
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引用次数: 0
SANTI-morf dictionaries
IF 0.5 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-25 DOI: 10.1558/lexi.23569
Prihantoro
This article highlights the structure of dictionaries used in SANTI-morf (Sistem Analisis Teks Indonesia – morfologi), a multi-module pipeline system that performs annotations for an Indonesian corpus at the morpheme level and built using NooJ (Silberztein, 2003, 2016). SANTI-morf dictionaries, together with other SANTI-morf components, enable the system to tokenize each word in an Indonesian corpus into morphemes (e.g., cliticized and non-cliticized roots, affixes, reduplications) and associate these morphemes with their corresponding tags. Each entry in the SANTI-morf dictionary is encoded with a tag composed of morphological analysis (MA) labels. In most cases, these labels are combined with system implementation (SI) labels. Morphological analysis labels consist of formal and functional morphological criteria labels and are typically used for searching the annotated corpus (e.g., root part of speech (POS) labels). System implementation labels are used for system implementation and are mostly of interest to developers rather than end users. They include morphotactic and morphophonemic constraint labels, which are processed when the monomorphemic entries in dictionaries work together with SANTI-morf grammars (rules).
本文重点介绍了SANTI-morf (system analysis Teks Indonesia - morfologi)中使用的字典结构,SANTI-morf是一个多模块管道系统,使用NooJ构建,在语素级别为印度尼西亚语料库执行注释(Silberztein, 2003年,2016年)。samba -morf字典与其他samba -morf组件一起,使系统能够将印尼语语料库中的每个单词标记为语素(例如,批评性词根和非批评性词根、词缀、重复),并将这些语素与其相应的标签关联起来。sant -morf字典中的每个条目都用一个由形态学分析(MA)标签组成的标签进行编码。在大多数情况下,这些标签与系统实现(SI)标签结合使用。形态学分析标签由形式和功能形态学标准标签组成,通常用于搜索标注的语料库(例如词根(POS)标签)。系统实现标签用于系统实现,主要是开发人员而不是最终用户感兴趣的。它们包括词形和词素约束标签,当字典中的单形态条目与sant -morf语法(规则)一起工作时,对它们进行处理。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Lexicography
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