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Religious tolerance in the Arab Gulf states: Christian organizations, soft power, and the politics of sustaining the “family–state” beyond the rentier model 阿拉伯海湾国家的宗教宽容:基督教组织、软实力和维持“家庭国家”超越食利者模式的政治
IF 1.5 1区 哲学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1017/s175504832300007x
Elizabeth Monier
The states of the Arabian Gulf present a novel case for the examination of relations between authoritarian governance and Christian organizations. The economic clout of the Gulf states has been central to political stability and legitimacy but they are increasingly seeking to expand and consolidate the soft power and resilience through political and diplomatic initiatives. This article examines how the Christian organizations established in recent decades by large migrant communities are incorporated into this strategy and how they are responding. It argues that religious tolerance has formed a central discourse in governmental policies and narratives that construct the Gulf states as modern progressive nations, despite their unique political systems based mainly on constitutional monarchies with limited political participation. This constructs local Christian communities as a source of soft power, despite their position as a religious minority.
阿拉伯海湾国家为研究独裁统治与基督教组织之间的关系提供了一个新的案例。海湾国家的经济影响力一直是政治稳定和合法性的核心,但它们正越来越多地寻求通过政治和外交举措扩大和巩固软实力和弹性。本文考察了近几十年来由大型移民社区建立的基督教组织是如何融入这一战略的,以及他们是如何应对的。它认为,宗教宽容已经形成了政府政策和叙事的中心话语,这些政策和叙事将海湾国家构建为现代进步国家,尽管它们独特的政治制度主要基于君主立宪制,政治参与有限。这使得当地的基督教社区成为软实力的来源,尽管他们是宗教少数派。
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引用次数: 0
Differentiation of religiosity and its effects on biopolitical orientations among Catholics: evidence from Poland 宗教信仰的分化及其对天主教徒生命政治取向的影响:来自波兰的证据
IF 1.5 1区 哲学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1017/s1755048323000093
I. Borowik, P. Grygiel
Existing research proves the connection between religion and social attitudes toward biopolitical topics. The purpose of our analyses was to deepen reflection on these connections. We explored the internal pluralization of religiosity and ideological self-placement and their significance for orientations toward abortion, in vitro fertilization, and homosexuality, subjects of intensive political debate engaging the Catholic Church. Our analysis, based on a nationally representative sample of Catholics in Poland, leads to the conclusion that, despite high indicators of religiosity, the capacity of the Roman Catholic Church to form a consistent cognitive perspective among its followers is limited. Even among Catholics who present fully institutionalized religiosity (~25%), only half agree with the Church's teaching on biopolitical themes. These findings are discussed in the context of the importance of intra-religious pluralism for understanding the ideological role of religion in countries with high levels of belonging to one, dominant form of it.
现有的研究证明了宗教与社会对生物政治话题的态度之间的联系。我们分析的目的是加深对这些联系的反思。我们探讨了宗教信仰和意识形态自我定位的内部多元化,以及它们对堕胎、体外受精和同性恋取向的意义,这些都是天主教会参与的激烈政治辩论的主题。我们的分析基于波兰具有全国代表性的天主教徒样本,得出的结论是,尽管宗教虔诚度很高,但罗马天主教会在其追随者中形成一致认知视角的能力是有限的。即使在表现出完全制度化的宗教信仰的天主教徒中(约25%),也只有一半的人同意教会对生命政治主题的教导。这些发现是在宗教内部多元主义对于理解宗教在高度属于一种主导形式的国家中的意识形态作用的重要性的背景下讨论的。
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引用次数: 0
Catholicism, Pluralism and American Democracy 天主教、多元主义与美国民主
IF 1.5 1区 哲学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.1017/S1755048323000019
Dawid Tatarczyk
The subfield of religion and politics, just like other subfields, was founded on the shoulders of giants who came before us. These seminal thinkers sometimes disagreed with each other, but their quarrels also opened new avenues for further discussion. Max Weber argued, for instance, that Protestant dominant countries develop faster and more effectively than Catholic ones because of their dynamic work ethic. The spirit of Protestantism, Weber believed, promoted values such as entrepreneurism and creativity, which facilitated the rise of democracy, all while the ethos of Catholicism lagged behind. Alexis de Tocqueville, on the other hand, had a different opinion about the compatibility of democracy and Catholicism. Traveling throughout the United States, he observed that Catholics—with their emphasis on hierarchy, obedience, and top-down dissemination of teaching—were well predisposed to internalize American laws and regulations. Such predispositions, in turn, helped stabilize the still nascent American democracy. While both thinkers were concerned with the compatibility of Catholicism and democracy, they ended up reaching different conclusions about the matter. In many ways, their disagreement is still not resolved, but two recent books made important contributions to these ongoing debates.
宗教和政治的子领域,就像其他子领域一样,是建立在我们之前的巨人的肩膀上的。这些影响深远的思想家有时意见不一,但他们的争吵也为进一步的讨论开辟了新的途径。例如,马克斯•韦伯(Max Weber)认为,新教占主导地位的国家比天主教国家发展得更快、更有效,因为他们的职业道德充满活力。韦伯认为,新教的精神促进了企业家精神和创造力等价值观,这些价值观促进了民主的兴起,而天主教的精神则落在了后面。另一方面,亚历克西斯·德·托克维尔对民主和天主教的兼容性有不同的看法。在美国各地旅行时,他观察到天主教徒——他们强调等级制度、服从和自上而下的教学传播——很容易内化美国的法律和法规。这种倾向反过来又帮助稳定了尚处于萌芽阶段的美国民主。虽然两位思想家都关心天主教和民主的兼容性,但他们最终得出了不同的结论。在许多方面,他们的分歧仍然没有解决,但最近的两本书对这些正在进行的辩论做出了重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Arrival of legal Salafism and struggle for recognition in Germany—reflection and adaptation processes within the German da'wa movement between 2001 and 2022 法律萨拉菲主义在德国的到来与争取承认的斗争——2001年至2022年德国达瓦运动中的反思与适应过程
IF 1.5 1区 哲学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1017/s1755048323000056
The article investigates the transformation within a specific branch of German Salafism from a publicly-assertive da'wa (proselytizing) to a politically accommodating and legal advocacy movement. In doing so, a process analysis that focuses on internal and reflexive narrations among Salafi leaders and lay members, through a three year-long mosque-based ethnography (2018–2021) and textual analysis (2008–2022), is employed. Previous studies focused predominately on the “Salafi growth phase” (2005–2015) in Germany that is associated with the attraction of exclusive group boundaries, flat hierarchies and informal networks. Less research exists on the current “decline phase”, which has commenced a re-orientation and critical reflection on past strategies and new ways of civic engagement and legal pragmatism. By exploring this new phase, the article integrates a longitudinal dimension into conventional research protocols on contemporary Salafism. The paper concludes with a discussion on the converging struggles for recognition among Muslim and other religious minorities in Europe, while linking these transformations to domestic opportunity structures rather than transnational reconfigurations of so-called “global Salafism”.
本文调查了德国萨拉菲主义的一个特定分支从公开主张的da'wa(传教)到政治上包容和法律上的倡导运动的转变。在此过程中,通过为期三年的清真寺民族志(2018-2021)和文本分析(2008-2022),采用了一种过程分析,重点关注萨拉菲派领导人和非专业成员之间的内部和反思性叙述。先前的研究主要集中在德国的“萨拉菲成长阶段”(2005-2015),该阶段与排外群体边界、扁平等级和非正式网络的吸引力有关。关于当前“衰落阶段”的研究较少,这一阶段已经开始对过去的战略和公民参与和法律实用主义的新方式进行重新定位和批判性反思。通过探索这一新阶段,本文将纵向维度整合到当代萨拉菲主义的传统研究协议中。本文最后讨论了欧洲穆斯林和其他宗教少数群体争取认可的斗争,同时将这些转变与国内机会结构联系起来,而不是所谓的“全球萨拉菲主义”的跨国重新配置。
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引用次数: 1
Toward electoral (ir)relevance of moral traditionalism? Religious decline and voting in Western Europe (1981–2017) 道德传统主义与选举的相关性?西欧宗教衰落与选举(1981-2017)
IF 1.5 1区 哲学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1017/S1755048323000068
Anna Pless, Paul Tromp, D. Houtman
Abstract This article tests two contrasting hypotheses about changes in the electoral relevance of moral traditionalism–progressiveness, which pertains to attitudes toward matters of procreation, sexuality, and family and gender roles. While the “cultural turn” literature expects the electoral relevance of moral traditionalism to increase over time alongside that of all other cultural issues, studies inspired by secularization theory rather predict a decrease in its relevance—due to religious decline. Analyzing the data from the European Values Study (1981–2017) for 20 West European countries, we find empirical evidence for a decrease and no indication of an increase in the electoral relevance of moral traditionalism. Religious decline weakened the effect of moral traditionalism on religious and conservative voting over time due to the most traditionalist voters shifting away from these parties. Our findings, therefore, highlight the need to differentiate between different types of cultural motives behind voting choice in Western Europe.
摘要本文测试了两个关于道德传统主义-进步主义选举相关性变化的截然不同的假设,这涉及到对生育、性、家庭和性别角色等问题的态度。虽然“文化转向”文学期望道德传统主义与选举的相关性随着时间的推移而增加,与所有其他文化问题一样,受世俗化理论启发的研究更倾向于预测其相关性的下降——由于宗教的衰落。通过分析20个西欧国家的欧洲价值观研究(1981-2017)数据,我们发现道德传统主义在选举中的相关性有所下降,但没有迹象表明这种相关性有所增加。随着时间的推移,宗教的衰落削弱了道德传统主义对宗教和保守派投票的影响,因为大多数传统主义选民都从这些政党中转移出去了。因此,我们的研究结果强调有必要区分西欧投票选择背后不同类型的文化动机。
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引用次数: 0
When do progressive evangelicals mobilize? Intra-denominational competing identities in Chile's constitutional process 进步福音派什么时候动员起来?智利宪法进程中的教派内部竞争身份
IF 1.5 1区 哲学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1017/S1755048323000044
I. Castillo, Danissa Contreras-Guzmán, Camila Henzi
Abstract Over the last decade, and throughout the Americas, evangelicals have strongly mobilized in defense of socially conservative agendas or against so-called “gender ideology,” sparking general and academic interest. Much less is known about progressive evangelicals. Using the unique juncture presented by the constitutional process in Chile, we study the politicization of a progressive evangelical identity and ask when these religious groups mobilize. We argue that intra-denominational competition for evangelical identity has played an important role in progressive evangelical mobilization, and more specifically the wish to differentiate themselves from conservative evangelicals, introduce a distance from the political right, and show the internal diversity of the community. This process occurs in response to an initial (conservative) politicization of religion. Drawing on campaign materials, surveys, and interviews, we provide evidence for this argument highlighting that policy preferences and theological interpretations are core differences among both groups, sparking countermobilization.
在过去的十年里,在整个美洲,福音派强烈地动员起来捍卫社会保守议程或反对所谓的“性别意识形态”,引起了公众和学术界的兴趣。对于进步的福音派,我们所知甚少。利用智利宪法进程所呈现的独特节点,我们研究了进步福音派身份的政治化,并询问这些宗教团体何时动员起来。我们认为,教派内部对福音派身份的竞争在进步的福音派动员中发挥了重要作用,更具体地说,是希望将自己与保守的福音派区分开来,与政治权利保持距离,并展示社区内部的多样性。这个过程是对最初的(保守的)宗教政治化的回应。根据竞选材料、调查和访谈,我们为这一论点提供了证据,强调政策偏好和神学解释是两个群体之间的核心差异,引发了反动员。
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引用次数: 0
The shifting Christian right discourse on religious freedom in Australia 澳大利亚基督教右翼关于宗教自由的话语的转变
IF 1.5 1区 哲学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1017/S1755048322000414
Angus McLeay, Elenie Poulos, Louise Richardson‑Self
Abstract Political debates over religious freedom in Australia became prominent in the context of marriage equality, achieved in 2017. The Australian Christian Right (ACR) has driven these debates, but there is little research focusing on its discourse of religious freedom. This article examines a range of texts from ACR actors. Using discourse and theoretical analyses, we identify three key turns in the religious freedom rhetoric of the ACR: “ontological security,” “existential stress,” and “meaning vertigo.” We also explore how mimetic ACR discourse is compared to the United States' Christian Right (USCR). As with the USCR, this research demonstrates how the ACR—suffering meaning vertigo and aiming to re-secure its previously taken-for-granted worldview—has successfully reframed the discourse of religious freedom by positioning itself as a besieged minority.
在2017年实现婚姻平等的背景下,澳大利亚关于宗教自由的政治辩论变得突出。澳大利亚基督教右翼(ACR)推动了这些辩论,但很少有研究关注其对宗教自由的论述。本文研究了一系列来自ACR参与者的文本。通过话语和理论分析,我们确定了ACR宗教自由修辞中的三个关键转折:“本体论安全”、“存在主义压力”和“意义眩晕”。我们还探讨了如何将模仿ACR的话语与美国的基督教右翼(USCR)进行比较。与USCR一样,本研究展示了acr如何遭受意义眩晕,并旨在重新确保其先前被视为理所当然的世界观,通过将自己定位为被围困的少数群体,成功地重新构建了宗教自由的话语。
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引用次数: 2
Prayer as socialist praxis: religion and recommitment for Hermann Cohen and the doubly marked martyrs of the November revolution in Germany 祈祷作为社会主义实践:赫尔曼·科恩和德国11月革命的双重烈士的宗教和重新承诺
IF 1.5 1区 哲学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1755048323000020
C. Aldridge
This paper explores German-Jewish philosopher Hermann Cohen's challenge to materialist theories that anticipate capitalism's collapse and assert socialism's dependence upon self-interest. It places Cohen's religious socialism in conversation with a cohort of Jews who led and sacrificed their lives for the German revolution of 1918–1919. I argue that although self-interest and an insistence upon socialism's inevitability may motivate revolutionary action, it can also result in quietism. Through Cohen's Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism, I show how Jewish prayer functions as a ritual practice of ethical recommitment to a cause that appears unrealizable. Cohen's notion of prayer as dialogical monologue—wherein the petitioner addresses a unique and, according to Cohen, silent God—allowed him to overcome doubt and self-interest. Beyond what Kant understood as prayer's socializing power, this paper uncovers the capacity of dialogical monologue to re-tether individuals to movements that cannot guarantee victory, yet which make ethical demands of us anyway.
本文探讨了德国犹太哲学家赫尔曼·科恩对唯物主义理论的挑战,这些理论预测了资本主义的崩溃,并断言社会主义依赖于自身利益。它将科恩的宗教社会主义与一群犹太人进行了对话,这些犹太人在1918-1919年的德国革命中领导并牺牲了自己的生命。我认为,尽管个人利益和对社会主义必然性的坚持可能会激发革命行动,但它也可能导致安静主义。通过科恩的《源自犹太教的理性宗教》,我展示了犹太人的祈祷是如何作为一种仪式实践,对一项似乎无法实现的事业进行伦理上的重新承诺。科恩将祈祷视为对话式的独白——请愿者向一位独特的、按照科恩的说法是沉默的上帝祈祷——这让他克服了怀疑和自我利益。除了康德所理解的祈祷的社交力量之外,这篇论文揭示了对话独白的能力,它将个人重新束缚在不能保证胜利的运动中,但无论如何,它都对我们提出了道德要求。
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引用次数: 0
Which civil religion? Partisanship, Christian nationalism, and the dimensions of civil religion in the United States 哪个公民宗教?党派之争、基督教民族主义与美国公民宗教的维度
IF 1.5 1区 哲学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-26 DOI: 10.1017/S1755048322000402
Abigail Vegter, A. R. Lewis, Cammie Jo Bolin
Abstract Civil religion has been described as the “common elements of religious orientation that the great majority of Americans share”. In an age of partisan division, there have been calls for a revitalized civil religion, but the idea that civil religion can be unifying has been debated. In this paper, we investigate whether civil religion can be unifying, or is it fractured by partisanship? To address this, we use two strategies. First, we created a civil religion battery and deployed it on two different cross-sectional surveys. The results indicate that there are two dimensions to civil religion. These dimensions are distinct from Christian nationalism and structured along partisan lines. Second, we developed two survey experiments to understand the dimensions of civil religion and improve on the causal mechanisms that link civil religion to political behavior. Results indicate that, rather than promoting unity, civil religion is interpreted through partisan lenses.
公民宗教被描述为“绝大多数美国人所共有的宗教取向的共同要素”。在一个党派分裂的时代,有人呼吁复兴公民宗教,但公民宗教可以统一的观点一直存在争议。在本文中,我们探讨了公民宗教是否可以统一,还是被党派分裂?为了解决这个问题,我们使用两种策略。首先,我们创建了一个民间宗教电池,并将其部署在两个不同的横断面调查中。结果表明,公民宗教存在两个维度。这些维度不同于基督教民族主义,并按照党派路线构建。其次,我们开展了两个调查实验来了解公民宗教的维度,并完善了公民宗教与政治行为之间的因果机制。结果表明,民间宗教不是促进团结,而是通过党派镜头来解释的。
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引用次数: 2
Christian churches and social welfare in secular times: How goal congruence shapes religious involvement in morality-based social services 基督教会和世俗时代的社会福利:目标一致性如何塑造宗教参与基于道德的社会服务
IF 1.5 1区 哲学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.1017/S175504832200030X
Olivia Mettang, Eva‐Maria Euchner
Abstract We study the extent and nature of Christian engagement in morality policy implementation by means of a comparative case study in Germany. In particular, we observe that the nature of engagement varies between unconnected and corresponding types of activities, and we explain this variation with the policy-specific goal congruence between religious organizations (ROs) and the state. Goal congruence, in turn, can be linked to Catholic and Protestant moral doctrines that tell us about ROs' position on morality issues. The study contributes to the literature on faith-based welfare by highlighting the role of moral doctrines as drivers of ROs' social engagement.
摘要本文以德国为例,研究基督教参与道德政策实施的程度和性质。特别是,我们观察到,参与的性质在不相关和相应类型的活动之间有所不同,我们用宗教组织(ROs)与国家之间的政策特定目标一致性来解释这种差异。反过来,目标一致性可以与天主教和新教的道德教义联系起来,这些教义告诉我们ROs在道德问题上的立场。该研究通过强调道德教义作为ROs社会参与的驱动因素的作用,为基于信仰的福利的文献做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
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Politics and Religion
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