Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2019.1718900
Louis Pahlow, Sebastian Teupe
What is the relation between businesses and the law? Although few would doubt that firms are acting in tightly regulated legal environments, and have done so for decades, no consensus has emerged on this question. While some scholars have assigned to the law an almost deterministic quality (Pistor 2019; Hodgson 2015; La Porta et al. 1997, 1998, 2008) others have questioned its importance, at least with regards to corporate governance (Cheffins 2001). Business historians in the Chandlerian tradition, too, had been doubtful about the importance of law for explaining structural change (Chandler and Daems 1979; Hannah 1979). They were countered, however, by historians of antitrust (Lamoreaux 1985; Dobbin and Dowd 2000) or incorporation law (Guinnane et al. 2007) who explained firm decisions in light of the regulatory context. A recent wave in business history on rethinking regulation (Balleisen 2017; John and Phillips-Fein 2017; Phillips Sawyer 2018), business crime and scandals (Hollow 2014; Berghoff, Rauh, and Welskopp 2016; Berghoff and Spiekermann 2018; Taylor 2018; van Driel 2019), or organizational dynamics (Fleming 2016; Wadhwani 2018) has highlighted the multiple dimensions at the intersection of law and economics (Dahlén and Larsson 2014; Pahlow 2014). They have helped opening up the field of interdisciplinary research in which this Special Issue positions itself. From this perspective, the meaning of law and its economic effects cannot be fully understood in a reductionist fashion that limits itself to seeing law simply as legislation or jurisdiction. It also calls for moving beyond the historical ramifications of legal doctrines, which have often obscured the view of legal reality (Edelman and Suchman 1997). Rather, the focus here is on an evolutionary understanding of the law, which analyzes the steering power of legal regimes under the conditions of their economic, also socio-economic and political challenges. The historical actors themselves often assessed the significance of legal rules in such a more differentiated way: Karl Geiler, business lawyer and founding Professor at the Mannheim Commercial College (‘Handelshochschule’), pointed out in 1927, that for example company law is being a fluid, non-static regime, of whom the one who knows only the written law would have no idea (Geiler 1927). Certainly, at a time of cartelization these wordsmight not really be surprising. But, what dowe know about lawmaking (and also rulebreaking) inside cartels, company groups or business associations? Moreover, how did conflict regulation in such organizational regimes work outside of state courts? And finally in which way did they influence the legislator or policy-making? Business historians e.g. in Germany have analyzed corporations and their business strategies with a view on specific
商业和法律之间的关系是什么?虽然很少有人会怀疑公司在严格监管的法律环境中行事，而且几十年来一直如此，但在这个问题上没有达成共识。虽然一些学者认为法律具有几乎确定性的性质(Pistor 2019;霍奇森2015;La Porta et al. 1997,1998,2008)其他人质疑其重要性，至少在公司治理方面(Cheffins 2001)。钱德勒学派的商业历史学家也一直怀疑法律在解释结构变化方面的重要性(Chandler and Daems 1979;汉娜1979)。然而，他们遭到反垄断历史学家的反驳(Lamoreaux 1985;Dobbin and Dowd 2000)或公司法(Guinnane et al. 2007)，他们根据监管背景解释了公司决策。商业史上反思监管的最新浪潮(Balleisen 2017;John and Phillips-Fein 2017;菲利普斯索耶2018)，商业犯罪和丑闻(空心2014;Berghoff, Rauh, and Welskopp 2016;Berghoff and Spiekermann 2018;泰勒2018年;van Driel 2019)或组织动力学(Fleming 2016;瓦德瓦尼(Wadhwani, 2018)强调了法律和经济学交叉的多维度(dahlsamen and Larsson, 2014;Pahlow 2014)。他们帮助开辟了跨学科研究领域，而这正是本期特刊所处的位置。从这个角度来看，法律的意义及其经济影响不能以一种简化主义的方式得到充分理解，这种简化主义将法律仅仅视为立法或管辖权。它还要求超越法律理论的历史分支，这些分支经常模糊了对法律现实的看法(Edelman and Suchman 1997)。相反，这里的重点是对法律的进化理解，它分析了法律制度在其经济、社会经济和政治挑战的条件下的指导力。历史上的演员们自己经常以这样一种更有区别的方式评估法律规则的意义:商业律师、曼海姆商学院(Handelshochschule)的创始教授卡尔·盖勒(Karl Geiler)在1927年指出，例如公司法是一种流动的、非静态的制度，只知道成文法的人根本不知道(盖勒1927)。当然，在卡特尔化时期，这些话可能并不令人惊讶。但是，我们对卡特尔、公司集团或商业协会内部的立法(以及违规)又了解多少呢?此外，在国家法院之外，这种组织制度中的冲突监管是如何运作的?最后，他们以何种方式影响立法者或政策制定?例如，德国的商业历史学家从具体的角度分析了公司及其商业战略
{"title":"Introduction: Business and the Law","authors":"Louis Pahlow, Sebastian Teupe","doi":"10.1080/17449359.2019.1718900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2019.1718900","url":null,"abstract":"What is the relation between businesses and the law? Although few would doubt that firms are acting in tightly regulated legal environments, and have done so for decades, no consensus has emerged on this question. While some scholars have assigned to the law an almost deterministic quality (Pistor 2019; Hodgson 2015; La Porta et al. 1997, 1998, 2008) others have questioned its importance, at least with regards to corporate governance (Cheffins 2001). Business historians in the Chandlerian tradition, too, had been doubtful about the importance of law for explaining structural change (Chandler and Daems 1979; Hannah 1979). They were countered, however, by historians of antitrust (Lamoreaux 1985; Dobbin and Dowd 2000) or incorporation law (Guinnane et al. 2007) who explained firm decisions in light of the regulatory context. A recent wave in business history on rethinking regulation (Balleisen 2017; John and Phillips-Fein 2017; Phillips Sawyer 2018), business crime and scandals (Hollow 2014; Berghoff, Rauh, and Welskopp 2016; Berghoff and Spiekermann 2018; Taylor 2018; van Driel 2019), or organizational dynamics (Fleming 2016; Wadhwani 2018) has highlighted the multiple dimensions at the intersection of law and economics (Dahlén and Larsson 2014; Pahlow 2014). They have helped opening up the field of interdisciplinary research in which this Special Issue positions itself. From this perspective, the meaning of law and its economic effects cannot be fully understood in a reductionist fashion that limits itself to seeing law simply as legislation or jurisdiction. It also calls for moving beyond the historical ramifications of legal doctrines, which have often obscured the view of legal reality (Edelman and Suchman 1997). Rather, the focus here is on an evolutionary understanding of the law, which analyzes the steering power of legal regimes under the conditions of their economic, also socio-economic and political challenges. The historical actors themselves often assessed the significance of legal rules in such a more differentiated way: Karl Geiler, business lawyer and founding Professor at the Mannheim Commercial College (‘Handelshochschule’), pointed out in 1927, that for example company law is being a fluid, non-static regime, of whom the one who knows only the written law would have no idea (Geiler 1927). Certainly, at a time of cartelization these wordsmight not really be surprising. But, what dowe know about lawmaking (and also rulebreaking) inside cartels, company groups or business associations? Moreover, how did conflict regulation in such organizational regimes work outside of state courts? And finally in which way did they influence the legislator or policy-making? Business historians e.g. in Germany have analyzed corporations and their business strategies with a view on specific","PeriodicalId":45724,"journal":{"name":"Management & Organizational History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449359.2019.1718900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47103807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2019.1702886
Sverre Flaatten
ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between law and business, and the connection between criminal law and civil law in controlling economic transgressions. In the late 19th century, governments all over Europe sought to establish new legislation regulating the economy. This was also the case in Norway. Traditionally, this had been done through criminal law, but, as argued in this paper, a new understanding of the economy as a system marked by its own logic moved the control of business transgressions away from criminal law. Instead, civil law regulations became the preferred means of control. In effect, this implied a decriminalization of norm violations in the business community. Through this, the symbolic power of law contributed to a changed view of business morals: economic action was no longer to be understood solely through notions of guilt and personal responsibility.
{"title":"The laws of the economy: decriminalizing business transgressions in the late 19th century","authors":"Sverre Flaatten","doi":"10.1080/17449359.2019.1702886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2019.1702886","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between law and business, and the connection between criminal law and civil law in controlling economic transgressions. In the late 19th century, governments all over Europe sought to establish new legislation regulating the economy. This was also the case in Norway. Traditionally, this had been done through criminal law, but, as argued in this paper, a new understanding of the economy as a system marked by its own logic moved the control of business transgressions away from criminal law. Instead, civil law regulations became the preferred means of control. In effect, this implied a decriminalization of norm violations in the business community. Through this, the symbolic power of law contributed to a changed view of business morals: economic action was no longer to be understood solely through notions of guilt and personal responsibility.","PeriodicalId":45724,"journal":{"name":"Management & Organizational History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449359.2019.1702886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48924552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2019.1702885
Samuel Klebaner, Sigfrido M. Ramírez Pérez
ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze how public regulators and regulated businesses interpreted and influenced legal change implying technological shift. Based on the economics literature on technical change and legal history literature, we provide a constructivist and systematic framework to analyze law as mediation between regulators and firms’ respective behaviors. The analyzed historical case deals with the attempt of automobile multinationals to shape the European Economic Community vehicle emissions regulations. It focuses on the German fiscal policy to promote the sale of the so-called Clean Cars during the mid-1980s. We concluded that the regulation proposed by European Commission in the field of competition and environmental protection law successfully solved the clash between legitimate goals around emissions regulations. It covers implication in terms of normative order; political objectives coherency; firms’ profit strategies and relationships between firms and regulators through European trade associations. We find that the key factor of the firms’ positions to the law lies in information exchanged with political institutions, whose legal regulation acts as a signal integrated into the long-term firms’ strategies.
{"title":"Managing technical changes from the scales of legal regulation: German clean cars against the European pollutant emissions regulations in the 1980s","authors":"Samuel Klebaner, Sigfrido M. Ramírez Pérez","doi":"10.1080/17449359.2019.1702885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2019.1702885","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze how public regulators and regulated businesses interpreted and influenced legal change implying technological shift. Based on the economics literature on technical change and legal history literature, we provide a constructivist and systematic framework to analyze law as mediation between regulators and firms’ respective behaviors. The analyzed historical case deals with the attempt of automobile multinationals to shape the European Economic Community vehicle emissions regulations. It focuses on the German fiscal policy to promote the sale of the so-called Clean Cars during the mid-1980s. We concluded that the regulation proposed by European Commission in the field of competition and environmental protection law successfully solved the clash between legitimate goals around emissions regulations. It covers implication in terms of normative order; political objectives coherency; firms’ profit strategies and relationships between firms and regulators through European trade associations. We find that the key factor of the firms’ positions to the law lies in information exchanged with political institutions, whose legal regulation acts as a signal integrated into the long-term firms’ strategies.","PeriodicalId":45724,"journal":{"name":"Management & Organizational History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449359.2019.1702885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44595160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-11DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2019.1659822
Franz Hederer
ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the role of the Reich Economic Council (Reichswirtschaftsrat, RWR) in Weimar Germany and intends to highlight its ambiguous position between organized interests, political loyalties, public expectations and economic needs. In contrast to the prevailing historiographical narrative of the RWR’s insignificance, the paper argues for a closer look at its practice in economic policy to gain deeper insight into its role within the political system. Referring to the heated public debates on consumer policy and cartels in the late 1920s, the findings indicate that the RWR formed a platform for economic actors at the intersection of state and economy to influence or even pre-formulate economic policy within the protected sphere of an institutionalized 'back-room', and beyond party politics. But on the other hand, the refusal of taking sides in political controversies may have triggered the RWR's successive marginalization in the early 1930s. Thus, the RWR’s ambiguous position mirrors the contested and undecided nature of economic order in the 1920s, and therefore allows us to see behind the curtain of the complex relations between economy, politics and state in Weimar Germany.
{"title":"How to handle economic power? Law-making and the Reich economic council in Weimar Germany","authors":"Franz Hederer","doi":"10.1080/17449359.2019.1659822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2019.1659822","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the role of the Reich Economic Council (Reichswirtschaftsrat, RWR) in Weimar Germany and intends to highlight its ambiguous position between organized interests, political loyalties, public expectations and economic needs. In contrast to the prevailing historiographical narrative of the RWR’s insignificance, the paper argues for a closer look at its practice in economic policy to gain deeper insight into its role within the political system. Referring to the heated public debates on consumer policy and cartels in the late 1920s, the findings indicate that the RWR formed a platform for economic actors at the intersection of state and economy to influence or even pre-formulate economic policy within the protected sphere of an institutionalized 'back-room', and beyond party politics. But on the other hand, the refusal of taking sides in political controversies may have triggered the RWR's successive marginalization in the early 1930s. Thus, the RWR’s ambiguous position mirrors the contested and undecided nature of economic order in the 1920s, and therefore allows us to see behind the curtain of the complex relations between economy, politics and state in Weimar Germany.","PeriodicalId":45724,"journal":{"name":"Management & Organizational History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449359.2019.1659822","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48403223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-27DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2019.1659823
Takashi Shimizu
ABSTRACT This study investigates how people recognize and use organizational forms in the process of economic development. In order to do this, I will focus on the recognition and use of the corporate form as well as the private limited liability company (PLLC) form in Japan after World War II (WWII). Before WWII, the corporate form was considered as an instrument for big businesses, while the PLLC was for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). After WWII, however, many SMEs started to use the corporate form, even though they could not fulfill all the legal obligations. Even though this situation was criticized as ‘abusive’ use of the corporate form, SMEs continued to use it, but the extent to which they preferred it to the PLLC form has changed over time. By referring to discussions of legal scholars as well as statistical data, I found that several different factors affected this phenomenon: the trustworthiness of corporations, the cost of using the corporate form, and its usefulness for the modernization of management.
{"title":"Small and medium-sized enterprises and their use of organizational forms in Japan after World War II","authors":"Takashi Shimizu","doi":"10.1080/17449359.2019.1659823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2019.1659823","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigates how people recognize and use organizational forms in the process of economic development. In order to do this, I will focus on the recognition and use of the corporate form as well as the private limited liability company (PLLC) form in Japan after World War II (WWII). Before WWII, the corporate form was considered as an instrument for big businesses, while the PLLC was for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). After WWII, however, many SMEs started to use the corporate form, even though they could not fulfill all the legal obligations. Even though this situation was criticized as ‘abusive’ use of the corporate form, SMEs continued to use it, but the extent to which they preferred it to the PLLC form has changed over time. By referring to discussions of legal scholars as well as statistical data, I found that several different factors affected this phenomenon: the trustworthiness of corporations, the cost of using the corporate form, and its usefulness for the modernization of management.","PeriodicalId":45724,"journal":{"name":"Management & Organizational History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449359.2019.1659823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46877998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2021.1877558
Segrestin Blanche, A. Hatchuel, K. Starkey
ABSTRACT Can value allocation be left to managerial discretion and does corporate law provide the basis for a balanced stakeholder management and a fair allocation of results? This question is central in an age of inequality. We argue that it can be reappraised by building upon the case of maritime law. Whereas in corporate law, the board is in charge of allocating the results, maritime law stipulates a clear ex ante rule according to which it allows a captain to sacrifice some goods to save the ship. This historical ‘rule of general averages’ emerged in Antiquity. It compels the interested parties to jointly bear costs. This rule makes visible what we call a ‘partnering effect’ of managerial authority and suggests that corporate law, as it currently stands, lacks a conceptualization of the impacts of managerial discretion and therefore limits the possibility of a fair allocation of results. While management scholars have sought to rethink management theory with a ‘view from law’, we conclude that law could also be discussed with a view from management history.
{"title":"Captains of industry? Value allocation and the partnering effect of managerial discretion","authors":"Segrestin Blanche, A. Hatchuel, K. Starkey","doi":"10.1080/17449359.2021.1877558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2021.1877558","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Can value allocation be left to managerial discretion and does corporate law provide the basis for a balanced stakeholder management and a fair allocation of results? This question is central in an age of inequality. We argue that it can be reappraised by building upon the case of maritime law. Whereas in corporate law, the board is in charge of allocating the results, maritime law stipulates a clear ex ante rule according to which it allows a captain to sacrifice some goods to save the ship. This historical ‘rule of general averages’ emerged in Antiquity. It compels the interested parties to jointly bear costs. This rule makes visible what we call a ‘partnering effect’ of managerial authority and suggests that corporate law, as it currently stands, lacks a conceptualization of the impacts of managerial discretion and therefore limits the possibility of a fair allocation of results. While management scholars have sought to rethink management theory with a ‘view from law’, we conclude that law could also be discussed with a view from management history.","PeriodicalId":45724,"journal":{"name":"Management & Organizational History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449359.2021.1877558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46538154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2019.1698439
E. Barratt
ABSTRACT This discussion addresses the history of bureaucratic frank counsel in the British Civil Service, exploring the possibilities and limitations of concepts associated with the later Foucault for its analysis. Foucault makes clear in his lectures that the notion of parrhesia has a long and varied history. This discussion considers a particular trajectory of this ancient idea: the practice of frank counsel in the context of the ethics of the Civil Service in Britain, focusing on the years of Conservative government in the 1980s. We begin by clarifying the interconnection between the practice of bureaucratic frank counsel in Britain and the concept of parrhesia. We are, however, primarily concerned to examine the fate of ‘bureaucratic frank counsel’. Foucauldian scholars of governmentality have been concerned to highlight how ethical attributes of enterprise and responsiveness have displaced the customary ethics of public service. The implication is that the frank counsel of public servants has been silenced. Revisiting the era in which the advanced liberal government of the Civil Service first took shape, we question this view. We explore the emergence of the idea of formal codification as a common aspiration for the defense of customary ethical practices. We conclude by arguing that a deep ambivalence now characterizes this domain of ethical practice.
{"title":"Speaking frankly – parrhesia and public service","authors":"E. Barratt","doi":"10.1080/17449359.2019.1698439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2019.1698439","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This discussion addresses the history of bureaucratic frank counsel in the British Civil Service, exploring the possibilities and limitations of concepts associated with the later Foucault for its analysis. Foucault makes clear in his lectures that the notion of parrhesia has a long and varied history. This discussion considers a particular trajectory of this ancient idea: the practice of frank counsel in the context of the ethics of the Civil Service in Britain, focusing on the years of Conservative government in the 1980s. We begin by clarifying the interconnection between the practice of bureaucratic frank counsel in Britain and the concept of parrhesia. We are, however, primarily concerned to examine the fate of ‘bureaucratic frank counsel’. Foucauldian scholars of governmentality have been concerned to highlight how ethical attributes of enterprise and responsiveness have displaced the customary ethics of public service. The implication is that the frank counsel of public servants has been silenced. Revisiting the era in which the advanced liberal government of the Civil Service first took shape, we question this view. We explore the emergence of the idea of formal codification as a common aspiration for the defense of customary ethical practices. We conclude by arguing that a deep ambivalence now characterizes this domain of ethical practice.","PeriodicalId":45724,"journal":{"name":"Management & Organizational History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449359.2019.1698439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46278859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2019.1698438
Pedro Silva, A. Moreira
ABSTRACT This article deals with the topic of divestment. In the early 1990s, the Portuguese electrical and electronics industry (EEI) attracted high levels of foreign direct investment. This increase in capital flows played an important role in Portugal’s economic development. However, after a period of growth and expansion, divestments became more common and the Portuguese government had to work hard to retain the existing investments. This study adopts a qualitative and historical approach to examine how economic and social changes impacted divestments in the EEI between 1975 and 2015, contributing to develop extant theories on divestment. The article helps to understand what happened to the Portuguese manufacturing industry and to the EEI in particular, providing valuable lessons on international divestments and production relocations.
{"title":"Divestment cycles in the Portuguese electrical and electronics industry – an historical, multilevel analysis (1975–2015)","authors":"Pedro Silva, A. Moreira","doi":"10.1080/17449359.2019.1698438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2019.1698438","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article deals with the topic of divestment. In the early 1990s, the Portuguese electrical and electronics industry (EEI) attracted high levels of foreign direct investment. This increase in capital flows played an important role in Portugal’s economic development. However, after a period of growth and expansion, divestments became more common and the Portuguese government had to work hard to retain the existing investments. This study adopts a qualitative and historical approach to examine how economic and social changes impacted divestments in the EEI between 1975 and 2015, contributing to develop extant theories on divestment. The article helps to understand what happened to the Portuguese manufacturing industry and to the EEI in particular, providing valuable lessons on international divestments and production relocations.","PeriodicalId":45724,"journal":{"name":"Management & Organizational History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449359.2019.1698438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45292852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2019.1683039
M. Abbott
ABSTRACT This article provides a comparative study of the steel industry in Canada, Australia and South Africa in the first half of the twentieth century, in order to determine what key elements existed in these settler states that ensured the successful foundation of an industry seen as a symbols of industrial and national development. Although there is considerable literature containing comparisons of the overall long-term economic development of these settler nations, these comparisons are broad in approach, rather than focusing on the organizational structure and management of individual industries. The study finds that a combination of factors were in ensuring this success important including the development of local markets for steel, financial market development, public policy attitudes and natural resource availability. In doing so it finds that the three industries were similar in that they all had an abundance of raw materials, growing markets for steel and access to British and American capital markets and technical expertise.
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Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2019.1683038
Victoria Barnes, L. Newton
ABSTRACT This article undertakes an analysis of the symbolism present in the architecture and design in nineteenth century British banking. It focuses upon the headquarters of National Provincial Bank of England, which was built in the 1860s. It explores the symbols and messages that those at the bank wished to communicate to those that viewed the building. The analysis finds that those at the bank impressed its national identity, achieved through its extensive branch network, as its key message which differentiated it from its rivals. Other symbols emphasized that it had adapted to the local market and was equal in terms of competency and richness in comparison to its competitors. We argue that these messages became part of the organization’s identity and its brand, as well as the culture of the City of London more broadly. The article provides a new explanation for symbolic meanings represented by bank architecture. It integrates the existing discussion of bank architecture in historical research with the theoretical frameworks and literature being developed in organizational identity and branding.
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