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Characteristics of Site from Scientific Analysis of Iron By-product Excavated from Osong in Cheongju, Korea 韩国清州五松铁副产物科学分析的遗址特征
IF 0.8 0 ART Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.12654/jcs.2023.39.2.07
Da Yeon Jung, N. Cho
The characteristics of the sites were identified through scientific analysis of by-products excavated from Osong site in Cheongju, and regional characteristics were investigated by comparing the by-products of Jincheon Songdu-ri, Jincheon Gusan-ri, and Cheongwon Yeonje-ri site at the same time. In the total Fe and deoxidation agent by smelting, direct smelting total Fe is 33.16-59.01 wt%, and deoxidation agent is 20.58-51.54 wt%, and Osong sites correspond to this. The compound analysis result indicated that fayalite and wüstite, oliven are the main compounds in slag. Furthermore, the microstructure analysis result confirmed the presence of fayalite and wüstite in the slag. In particular, two of the four samples have high CaO content, and Kirschsteinite was detected as a result of XRD analysis, and Kirschsteinite was also confirmed in Raman micro-spectroscopy analysis. This is a major feature of the slag of Osong sites in Cheongju used in this analysis, and it is estimated that the ingredients contained in the original ore have been eluted. In the case of locally close Jincheon Songdu-ri, Jincheon Gusan-ri, and Cheongwon Yeonje-ri, the overall amount of total Fe and deoxidation agent were similar, and as a result of comparing rare earth elements, it is estimated that there is no significant difference in raw materials. Through these results, the Osong sites in Cheongju produced iron by direct smelting using raw ore containing Kirschsteinite with high CaO content, and similar iron-making process characteristics were confirmed in all four sites.
通过对清州五松遗址出土的副产物进行科学分析,确定了遗址的特征,并同时对镇川松头里、镇川龟山里和清原莲济里遗址的副产物进行比较,探讨了遗址的区域特征。经熔炼的总铁和脱氧剂中,直接熔炼的总铁为33.16 ~ 59.01 wt%,脱氧剂为20.58 ~ 51.54 wt%,与此相对应。化合物分析结果表明,渣中的主要化合物为铁矾石、钨石、橄榄石。此外,显微组织分析结果证实了渣中存在铁矾石和钨钛石。其中,4个样品中有2个样品的CaO含量较高,XRD分析检测出了克氏石矿,拉曼微光谱分析也证实了克氏石矿。这是本次分析中使用的清州五松遗址矿渣的一个主要特征,估计原矿石中含有的成分已被洗脱。在局部接近的镇川松头里、镇川龟山里、清原莲济里,总铁和脱氧剂的总量相似,通过稀土元素的比较,估计原材料没有显著差异。结果表明,清州五松遗址采用含高CaO含量克氏石原矿直接熔炼制铁,4个遗址的炼铁工艺特征相似。
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引用次数: 0
Material Characteristics and Manufacturing Techniques Interpretation for the Casting Molds from the Silla Urban Site of Hwangnyongsa in Gyeongju, Korea 韩国庆州黄龙寺新罗城市遗址铸造模具的材料特性和制造技术解释
IF 0.8 0 ART Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.12654/jcs.2023.39.2.05
H. Jin, Sungyoon Jang, H. Kim, M. Lee
This study investigates the material characteristics of casting molds found at the Silla urban site of Hwangnyongsa in Gyeongju to interpret manufacturing techniques of casting mold for bronze used in the Unified Silla period. The casting molds appear to be earthen molds for bronze-making, with a thick ceramic wall and are classified into inner and outer mold types. The molds show a layered structure, with a silt layer thinly applied to the earthen mold surface. This layer comes into contact with melted metal during bronze manufacturing and is located on the outside of inner molds and inside of outer molds. The paste layer exhibits fine-grained texture with a bimodal structure. Thin section analysis reveals planar voids in the paste, which were made by the carbonization of rice husks used as a temper during the firing process. The silt layer is mainly composed of very fine-grained quartz and feldspars without clay and plant tempers. It is estimated that the casting molds were made by mixing soil with tempers of minerals and rice husks, applying a silt layer to the surface of the molds, and experiencing temperatures below 1,000℃. Overall, the selection of different raw materials for each layer of the molds is connected with efficiency to ensure the permeability and thermal resistance during the casting process and easy release of the bronze object from the molds.
为了解释统一新罗时期青铜器的铸造工艺,研究了在庆州黄龙寺新罗城市遗址发现的铸造模具的材料特征。铸模为陶制青铜器用模,壁厚陶瓷,分为内模和外模两种。模具呈层状结构,粘土模具表面有一层薄薄的淤泥层。在青铜制造过程中,这一层与熔化的金属接触,位于内模的外部和外模的内部。浆料层呈细粒结构,具有双峰结构。薄片分析揭示了糊状物中的平面空洞,这些空洞是在烧制过程中作为回火剂的稻壳碳化而形成的。粉砂层主要由极细粒度的石英和长石组成,不含粘土和植物质。据估计,铸造模具是由混合了矿物质和稻壳的土壤调和而成,在模具表面加了一层淤泥,经历了低于1000℃的温度。总体而言,每一层模具的不同原材料的选择与效率相联系,以确保铸造过程中的渗透性和耐热性,以及青铜物体容易从模具中释放出来。
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引用次数: 0
A Study on Evaluation Methods of Conserving Painted Sculpture 彩塑保护评价方法研究
IF 0.8 0 ART Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.12654/jcs.2023.39.2.02
Dae Geon Beom, Song Yi Song, K. Chung
A lot of individual research on materials and methods suitable for the color of the paint layer has been conducted in the conservation of existing painted sculptures. However, there was no guidance standard for conservation treatment and repainting of painted sculptures, and an evaluation method for objective conservation management was required as deterioration continued in the outdoors. Therefore, in this study, the conservation treatment effect was confirmed by comparing and evaluating the physical properties of the original paint and the replacement paint by citing two cases. Based on the survey items : SEM observation (a cross-section and surface defect) and local EDS analysis, comparison of chromaticity and color difference, evaluation of adhesion and adhesive bond strength, and a salt spray test, a condition status table was prepared and applied to the specimen. Based on the results of applying the completed condition status table in the future, it is judged that it can be an objective data onto conservation treatment of outdoor painted sculptures and public artworks.
在现存彩绘雕塑的保护中,对适合涂料层颜色的材料和方法进行了大量的个体研究。然而,彩绘雕塑的保护处理和重新粉刷没有指导标准,室外持续恶化,需要一种客观保护管理的评价方法。因此,本研究通过引用两个案例,对原漆和替代漆的物理性能进行比较和评价,来确认养护处理效果。根据SEM观察(横断面和表面缺陷)、局部EDS分析、色度和色差对比、附着力和粘结强度评价、盐雾试验等调查项目,编制了试样状态状态表并应用于试样。根据已完成的状态状态表在未来的应用结果,判断它可以作为户外彩塑和公共艺术品保护处理的客观数据。
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引用次数: 0
Applicability of Phenoxyethanol as a Preservative in Animal Glue for Dancheong 苯氧乙醇作为丹青动物胶防腐剂的适用性
IF 0.8 0 ART Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.12654/jcs.2023.39.2.06
Ga Yeong Ryu, J. Y. Kim, K. Han
The animal glue used as a vehicle in dancheong easily rots, thereby not allowing easy storage and usability. Therefore, the study explored a method of delaying the rate of rotting through a method of adding preservatives to the animal glue, which increases resistance against microorganisms. For the preservative, the study selected the best condition in terms of preservative efficacy out of three conditions (Phenoxyethanol, Phenoxyethanol : Ethylhexylglycerin (9 : 1), alum) through the use of biological experimentation. Consequently, the study found that the exclusive use of phenoxyethanol demonstrated the highest level of preservative effect. The preservative efficacy under this condition was proportional to the mixing concentration of the preservative, and in particular, the initial growth rate of mold was roughly 1.4 to 2 times lower than the condition where no preservatives were added. Based on these results, a material properties evaluation and a weathering test were used to observe the impact of phenoxyethanol on the material properties and the colored layer of the animal glue. Ultimately, the impact of phenoxyethanol on the viscosity, pH of animal glue, and chromaticity of the colored layer was small. Discoloration and flaking characteristic due to degradation was similar to a condition of not applying phenoxyethanol. The study confirmed phenoxyethanol to be stable in term s of the m aterial properties and the colored layer of the anim al glue for up to a m axim um of 20% of the weight of the animal glue. Simultaneously, phenoxyethanol was confirmed to improve the preservative efficacy of the animal glue.
在丹青用作交通工具的动物胶很容易腐烂,因此不便于储存和使用。因此,本研究探索了一种通过在动物胶中添加防腐剂来延缓腐烂速度的方法,这种方法可以增加对微生物的抵抗力。对于防腐剂,本研究通过生物实验,从苯氧乙醇、苯氧乙醇:乙基己基甘油(9:1)、明矾三种条件中,选择了保存效果最好的条件。因此,研究发现,仅使用苯氧乙醇表现出最高水平的防腐效果。该条件下的防腐效果与防腐剂的混合浓度成正比,特别是霉菌的初始生长速度比未添加防腐剂的条件约低1.4 ~ 2倍。在此基础上,通过材料性能评价和风化试验,观察了苯氧乙醇对材料性能和动物胶着色层的影响。最终,苯氧乙醇对动物胶的粘度、pH值和着色层色度的影响很小。降解引起的变色和剥落特性与不使用苯氧乙醇的情况相似。该研究证实,苯氧乙醇在动物胶的材料性能和有色层方面是稳定的,最高可达动物胶重量的20%。同时,证实了苯氧乙醇能提高动物胶的防腐效果。
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引用次数: 0
A Conservation and Material Study of the Fire-fighting Nozzle Culture Heritage 消防喷头文化遗产的保护与材料研究
IF 0.8 0 ART Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.12654/jcs.2023.39.2.01
Seo Hyun Baek, Seong U Park, Ye Eun Cho, Bo A Rhee, Sangdoo Ahn
Fire-fighting culture heritage refer to tangible items and materials that contain stories related to fire-fighting. Among the fire-fighting items, the nozzles, which play a large part in extinguishing fires, are of great conservation value because few of them are left as culture heritage. In this study, conservation treatment was performed while observing the surface and corrosion state of two nozzle culture heritage used for fire-fighting. The processes were recorded by reflectance transformation imaging technique. In addition, the material characteristics were examined through observation of surface microstructure and component analysis of a total of 3 samples, including 2 of these relics and 1 of recently produced nozzle. As a result, it was confirmed that most of the rust on the nozzle surface was atacamite, and that nantokite remained partially. The base metal of the nozzle was presumed to be red brass among the types of brass, considering that it contains Cu as the main element, 2 to 15% of Zn, 5% or less of Sn, and 8% or less of Pb as additional alloying elements. In addition, the crystal segregation did not disappear and the solid solution was generated as a heterogeneous dendrite, indicating that the brass casting used as a fire nozzle was rapidly cooled.
消防文化遗产是指含有消防故事的有形物品和材料。在消防物品中,在灭火中起着重要作用的水枪,由于很少被作为文化遗产留下,因此具有很高的保护价值。在本研究中,对两个消防用喷嘴文物的表面和腐蚀状态进行了观察,并进行了养护处理。用反射变换成像技术记录了这一过程。此外,通过对3个样品的表面微观结构观察和成分分析,对材料特性进行了研究,其中2个是这些遗物,1个是新生产的喷嘴。结果,证实了喷嘴表面的大部分锈迹是atacamite,而nantokite部分保留。考虑到铜的主要成分是铜,锌的含量在2 ~ 15%之间,Sn的含量在5%以下,附加合金元素Pb的含量在8%以下,因此推测该喷嘴的母材为黄铜中的红黄铜。此外,晶体偏析没有消失,并以非均相枝晶的形式生成固溶体,表明用作火喷嘴的黄铜铸件被快速冷却。
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引用次数: 0
Scientific Characterization of Coloration Pigments and Deterioration Diagnosis on the Surface for the Gilt-bronze Seated Bodhisattva at Cheongyang Unjangam Hermitage, Korea 韩国清阳云江庵金青铜坐像表面着色颜料的科学表征及变质诊断
IF 0.8 0 ART Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.12654/jcs.2023.39.2.04
C. Lee, Joon-Sik Chae, H. Yang
The gilt-bronze seated Bodhisattva in Unjangam hermitage is known as an artifact of the 14th century. The main deteriorations of the statue are cracks, peeling and exfoliation in gold-gilding layers and coloration pigments. This is a factor that not only degrades aesthetics but can also cause additional damages. Ultrasonic velocity of the statue was mean 2,140 m/sec, showing low physical properties at the lowest part of the left and right sides. Surface on the body and coronal of the statue was gold gilding and colorfully colored by pigments. In the statue, Ti and Ca are highly detected in bottom pigment layers. This is affected by shell whitewash and modern titanium white, and the black pigment seems to have been used for black ink. In red, components of iron oxides, copper oxide and Pb3O4 were detected. Blue is considered as patina, and green pigments are divided into green and dark green depending on the saturation, and containing Cr2O4 and CaCO3 as the main components were used. The surface on the statue uses Cu-bearing gold and modern synthetic pigments, the overall color is dull and it does not match the formality and era. Therefore, it is necessary to repair it according to the production period and original form based on historical studies.
云江庵的金铜菩萨坐像被认为是14世纪的文物。铜像的主要损坏是镀金层和颜料的开裂、剥落和脱落。这不仅会降低美感,还会造成额外的损害。雕像的超声速度平均为2140 m/sec,左右两侧底部的物性较低。雕像的身体和冠的表面是镀金的,并用颜料着色。在雕像中,在底层颜料层中检测到大量的Ti和Ca。这是受贝壳白洗和现代钛白粉的影响,黑色颜料似乎已经用于黑色墨水。红色部分为氧化铁、氧化铜和Pb3O4。蓝色被认为是铜绿,绿色颜料根据饱和度分为绿色和深绿色,并以含Cr2O4和CaCO3为主要成分。雕像表面采用含铜金和现代合成颜料,整体色泽暗淡,不符合形式和时代。因此,有必要在历史研究的基础上,根据其生产时期和原始形态对其进行修复。
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引用次数: 0
A Study on the Applicability of Cathodic Protection for the Outdoor Sculptures Corrosion 室外雕塑腐蚀阴极防护的适用性研究
IF 0.8 0 ART Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.12654/jcs.2023.39.2.03
Dae Geon Beom, Song Yi Song, K. Chung
In this study, we proposed the sacrificial anode cathodic protection method as a countermeasure to reduce the corrosion of the steel sculptures under outdoor conditions and proved the anticorrosive effect experimentally. To affix the Mg sacrificial anode and the steel plate specimen, an adhesive bonding strength test was conducted with three types of conductive adhesives. Hence, the suitability of the conductive epoxy adhesive was confirmed, and a C-clamp experiment was conducted to supplement the connection. In addition, by applying a sacrificial anode suitable for the soil where the artwork is installed, the field applicability was reviewed through an artificial determination of resistance to cyclic corrosion conditions test(salt fog/dry/humid) to prove the suitability of the cathodic protection method by sacrificial anode. Hence, corrosion monitoring is in progress by test-laying steel plate specimens in an outdoor sculpture park to identify natural deterioration. In the future, based on the results of the outdoor exposure test, we plan to determine the proper method of bonding the sacrificial anode and the steel sculpture, and the replacement period of the sacrificial anode.
在本研究中,我们提出了牺牲阳极阴极保护方法作为减少室外条件下钢雕塑腐蚀的对策,并通过实验验证了其防腐效果。为了将Mg牺牲阳极与钢板试样进行粘接,采用3种导电胶粘剂进行了粘接强度试验。因此,确认导电环氧胶粘剂的适用性,并进行C-clamp实验来补充连接。此外,通过应用适合艺术品安装土壤的牺牲阳极,通过人工测定耐循环腐蚀条件试验(盐雾/干燥/潮湿)来审查现场适用性,以证明牺牲阳极阴极保护方法的适用性。因此,腐蚀监测正在进行中,通过在室外雕塑公园试验铺设钢板试件来识别自然劣化。在未来,我们计划根据室外暴露试验的结果,确定牺牲阳极与钢雕塑的合适粘结方法,以及牺牲阳极的更换周期。
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引用次数: 0
Insect Identification and Signs of Damage on Organic Monuments from Ancient Egypt-Saqqara 古埃及萨卡拉有机遗迹的昆虫鉴定和破坏迹象
IF 0.8 0 ART Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.36868/ijcs.2023.02.10
M. Abdallah
Organic monuments are very susceptible to insect damage. The cumulative effects of this damage can ultimately destroy the organic object. Therefore, it is important to constantly monitor collections for evidence of insect activity. This study aims to iden
有机纪念碑很容易受到昆虫的破坏。这种损害的累积效应最终会破坏有机物体。因此,不断监测昆虫活动的证据是很重要的。本研究旨在证明
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引用次数: 0
The Importance of Flora in the Perception of Attractiveness for Tourism- Case of Ojców National Park (Southern Poland) 植物群在旅游吸引力感知中的重要性——以Ojców国家公园为例(波兰南部)
IF 0.8 0 ART Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.36868/ijcs.2023.02.14
P. Różycki, Kinga KOSTRAKIEWICZ-GIERAŁT
Research on the importance of flora in the perception of the attractiveness as a tourism destination of Ojców National Park was conducted in the second half of July 2021 with a direct diagnostic survey method using a questionnaire. A total of 205 people w
2021年7月下半月,采用问卷调查的直接诊断调查方法,对植物群在Ojców国家公园旅游目的地吸引力感知中的重要性进行了研究。共有205人
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引用次数: 0
Objects-Performances are the Key to Revitalizing the Historical Centers of Small Towns 对象-表演是小城镇历史中心振兴的关键
IF 0.8 0 ART Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.36868/ijcs.2023.02.05
N. Leshchenko, V. Tovbych
This paper рrοрοsеs a methodology of the attractive disclosure of the historical centers of small towns with highlighting the «objects-performances» as the main places of attraction and activating various types of «urban performance» based on traditions,
本文提出了一种对小城镇历史中心进行吸引力披露的方法,突出“对象表演”作为主要的吸引力场所,并在传统的基础上激活各种类型的“城市表演”。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Conservation Science
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