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Born to care (or not): How gender role attitudes affect occupational sorting 生而关心(或不关心):性别角色态度如何影响职业分类
IF 0.6 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12261
Carlianne Patrick, Heather Stephens, Amanda Weinstein

Occupation segregation explains a significant portion of the gender wage gap, with women working in lower paid female-dominated occupations. We examine how childhood and adolescent exposure to gender biased norms about work influence this occupational sorting. We document that early life exposure to traditional gender role attitudes, which view women's role as caretakers, increase women's likelihood of employment in care occupations and decrease the likelihood for men, thereby increasing the gender care occupation gap. A decomposition of the factors affecting this sorting shows that a primary channel is through differences in the choice of post-secondary field of study or major. Our results suggest that traditional gender role attitudes may work to segment the labor market for men and women and contribute to the gender wage gap. This suggests that more egalitarian gender role attitudes which increase the share of men entering care occupations would increase wages for both men and women, lowering the gender wage gap.

职业隔离是造成男女工资差距的一个重要原因,女性从事以女性为主的低薪职业。我们研究了童年和青少年时期接触到的带有性别偏见的工作规范是如何影响这种职业分类的。我们发现,女性在早期生活中受到传统性别角色观念的影响,认为女性的角色是照顾者,这增加了女性从事护理职业的可能性,而降低了男性从事护理职业的可能性,从而加大了护理职业的性别差距。对影响这种排序的因素进行分解后发现,一个主要渠道是通过中学后学习领域或专业选择的差异。我们的研究结果表明,传统的性别角色观念可能会导致男女劳动力市场的分割,并造成性别工资差距。这表明,更平等的性别角色态度会增加男性进入护理行业的比例,从而提高男性和女性的工资,缩小性别工资差距。
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引用次数: 0
Non-routine tasks and ICT tools in telework 远程工作中的非日常任务和信息与传播技术工具
IF 0.6 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-01-07 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12262
Toshihiro Okubo

Telework has spread during the pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Using a unique individual-level survey in Japan, we investigate how telework has changed the way people live and work and what impediments hamper telework use. As a result, we find that telework allows workers to spend more time on leisure and their families. Compared with routine task workers, non-routine (abstract) task workers are more suited to telework. However, once engaged in telework, non-routine task workers have fewer opportunities to communicate with coworkers, which is a serious impediment that tends to hamper work performance and compromise mental health.

在冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行期间,远程工作得到了推广。通过在日本进行的一项独特的个人层面调查,我们研究了远程工作如何改变了人们的生活和工作方式,以及哪些因素阻碍了远程工作的使用。结果我们发现,远程工作使工人有更多的时间用于休闲和家庭。与日常任务工作者相比,非日常(抽象)任务工作者更适合远程工作。然而,一旦参与远程工作,非例行任务工作者与同事交流的机会就会减少,这是一个严重的障碍,往往会影响工作表现和心理健康。
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引用次数: 0
Minimum wage and spillover effects in a minimum wage society 最低工资社会中的最低工资和溢出效应
IF 0.6 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12259
Sinem Sefil-Tansever, Ensar Yılmaz

Minimum wage policies are widely implemented in developing countries, but their consequences remain uncertain. This study empirically investigates the impact of the minimum wage on monthly income inequality and its spillover effects in Turkey between 2004 and 2022, utilizing comprehensive micro data. We aim to shed light on the impact of national minimum wage policies by examining their diverse influences on the wage structure within the country. Our findings reveal that the minimum wage significantly reduces income disparities, particularly among formal workers at the lower and upper end of the wage distribution. While wage gaps below the median wage decline, those above it experience a slower growth rate, ultimately leading to wage convergence. Notably, this effect is more pronounced during macroeconomic instability from 2016 to 2022, compared with the relatively stable period of 2004–15. Moreover, the outcomes differ depending on individual attributes like gender, age, education, and other relevant factors. Furthermore, we observe tentative evidence of a lighthouse effect to some degree: the minimum wage seems to exert an equalizing influence on the wage structure of workers in the informal sector beyond a certain percentile.

最低工资政策在发展中国家广泛实施,但其后果仍不确定。本研究利用全面的微观数据,实证调查了 2004 年至 2022 年土耳其最低工资对月收入不平等的影响及其溢出效应。我们旨在通过研究国家最低工资政策对国内工资结构的不同影响,揭示其影响。我们的研究结果表明,最低工资极大地缩小了收入差距,尤其是工资分布较低和较高一端的正式工的收入差距。虽然低于中位数工资的工资差距有所缩小,但高于中位数工资的工资差距增长速度却有所放缓,最终导致工资趋同。值得注意的是,与 2004-15 年相对稳定的时期相比,在 2016-2022 年宏观经济不稳定时期,这种效应更为明显。此外,个人属性(如性别、年龄、教育程度和其他相关因素)不同,结果也不同。此外,我们还观察到灯塔效应在一定程度上的初步证据:最低工资似乎对超过一定百分位数的非正规部门工人的工资结构产生了均衡影响。
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引用次数: 0
Personality and public sector employment in Finland 芬兰的个性和公共部门就业
IF 0.6 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12260
Terhi Maczulskij, Jutta Viinikainen

Using long-term Finnish register data on labor market outcomes, we examine how personality traits predict the sorting of individuals into public and private sector employment. Our findings suggest that personality-based sectoral sorting primarily occurs during the selection of educational fields. Once education and occupation are controlled for, public sector employment is negatively related to self-confidence among males and extraversion among females. We also find that pecuniary incentives and shifts between the sectors may partly explain these relationships. Overall, our empirical results, combined with values that we use as theoretical mechanisms, suggest that values may serve as mediators explaining our results.

我们利用芬兰有关劳动力市场结果的长期登记数据,研究了个性特征如何预测个人在公共部门和私营部门的就业分类。我们的研究结果表明,基于个性的部门排序主要发生在教育领域的选择过程中。一旦对教育和职业进行了控制,公共部门就业与男性的自信心和女性的外向性呈负相关。我们还发现,金钱激励和部门之间的转移可能在一定程度上解释了这些关系。总之,我们的实证结果与作为理论机制的价值观相结合,表明价值观可能是解释我们的结果的中介。
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引用次数: 0
Couples' joint retirement by household type: Evidence from Finland 按家庭类型划分的夫妻共同退休:来自芬兰的证据
IF 0.6 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2023-07-16 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12253
Mika Haapanen, Jaakko Pehkonen, Ville Seppälä

This study examines joint retirement in Finland. Employing a regression discontinuity design, the study leverages the exogenous variation provided by the eligibility age for earnings-related pensions. The analysis yields three key findings. First, reaching the eligibility age has a significant effect on an individual's retirement. Second, male spouses' retirement at the age of 63 has a spillover effect on their female spouses. Third, disaggregated analyses show that older spouses in low-income households delay their retirement, older male (female) spouses with female (male) primary earners postpone their retirement, and younger female spouses with male primary earners expedite their retirement.

本研究考察了芬兰的共同退休制度。采用回归不连续设计,研究利用外生变量提供的资格年龄与收入相关的养老金。分析得出了三个关键发现。首先,达到资格年龄对个人的退休有重大影响。第二,男性配偶在63岁退休对其女性配偶有溢出效应。第三,分类分析表明,低收入家庭中年龄较大的配偶推迟退休,女性(男性)主要收入者的年龄较大的男(女)配偶推迟退休,男性主要收入者的年龄较小的女性配偶加快退休。
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引用次数: 0
Work strains and disabilities in French workers: A career-long retrospective study 法国工人的工作压力和残疾:一项职业生涯回顾性研究
IF 0.6 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2023-07-16 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12252
Thomas Barnay, Éric Defebvre

This study aims to estimate the causal impact of detrimental working conditions on the self-reported disabilities in France. Using a retrospective lifelong panel, we implement a mixed econometric strategy that relies on difference-in-differences and matching methods to take into account for selection biases as well as unobserved heterogeneity. Deleterious effects from exposure on disability are found, depending on the nature and magnitude of the strains. These results provide insights into the debate on legal retirement age postponement and justify policies being enacted early in individuals' careers, but also schemes that are more focused on psychosocial risk factors.

本研究旨在估计法国有害工作条件对自我报告残疾的因果影响。使用回顾性终身研究小组,我们实施了一种混合计量经济学策略,该策略依赖于差异中的差异和匹配方法,以考虑选择偏差和未观察到的异质性。暴露对残疾的有害影响取决于菌株的性质和大小。这些结果为关于法定退休年龄推迟的辩论提供了见解,并为在个人职业生涯早期制定政策提供了理由,但也为更关注社会心理风险因素的计划提供了理由。
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引用次数: 0
The link between routine tasks and job polarization: A task measurement problem? 日常任务和工作两极分化之间的联系:一个任务衡量问题?
IF 0.6 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12251
Simon Walo

The routine task intensity of occupations is a concept frequently used to analyse the impact of technological change on employment. However, existing studies disagree on whether it can explain the observed job polarization in advanced economies. This article first shows that these seemingly contradictory results can be explained by the different routine task measurements used in these studies. Subsequently, the validity of these measurements is discussed. Preliminary results suggest that all measurements have conceptual weaknesses but that some appear more valid than others. Job polarization may therefore be explained by occupations' routine task intensity, but only to a limited extent.

职业的日常任务强度是一个经常用于分析技术变革对就业的影响的概念。然而,现有的研究对它是否可以解释发达经济体中观察到的就业两极分化存在分歧。本文首先表明,这些看似矛盾的结果可以通过这些研究中使用的不同常规任务测量来解释。随后,讨论了这些测量的有效性。初步结果表明,所有的测量都有概念上的弱点,但有些测量似乎比其他测量更有效。因此,工作极化可以用职业的日常任务强度来解释,但只是在有限的程度上。
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引用次数: 0
Career arduousness and instability: Both matter for health beyond 50 职业的艰辛和不稳定:两者都对50岁以上的健康至关重要
IF 0.6 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12246
Vincent Vandenberghe

This paper explores the long-term consequences of career arduousness and career instability for both physical and mental health in the European context. One of its strengths is to link what happens during the entire career and the health status at an older age. The paper finds a positive link between career arduousness (i.e. the sum of job demands individuals have been exposed to during their entire career) and late-life mental and physical ill health, but also evidence that career instability (i.e. career gaps, job insecurity, displacements, unemployment spells) could matter as much as arduousness per se. And this has implications for pension policy inter alia.

本文探讨了在欧洲背景下,职业艰苦和职业不稳定对身心健康的长期影响。它的优势之一是将整个职业生涯中发生的事情与老年时的健康状况联系起来。论文发现,职业辛苦度(即个人在整个职业生涯中所面临的工作要求总和)与晚年身心健康状况之间存在正相关,但也有证据表明,职业不稳定性(即职业空白期、工作不安全感、流离失所、失业期)可能与辛苦度本身一样重要。这对养老金政策也有影响。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of periodic interviews on unemployment duration: Evidence from the 2017 Finnish reform 定期面试对失业时间的影响:来自2017年芬兰改革的证据
IF 0.6 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12245
Jussi Huuskonen

In 2017, a Finnish policy reform intensified the Public Employment Services' practice of periodically interviewing unemployed jobseekers. This study used high-quality administrative data to analyse the effect of interviews on unemployment duration. We used a difference-in-differences approach that exploited regional variations in treatment intensity. Our results show that a 10 percentage point increase in interview probability increased the monthly hazard rate of employment by 3.1 per cent, with the effect being strongest among jobseekers aged 25–34 and jobseekers with a low education level. Also, our results demonstrate a strong effect on participation in active labour market programmes.

2017年,芬兰的一项政策改革加强了公共就业服务机构定期面试失业求职者的做法。这项研究使用了高质量的行政数据来分析面试对失业时间的影响。我们使用了差异中的差异方法,利用了治疗强度的区域差异。我们的研究结果表明,面试概率增加10个百分点,每月就业风险率增加3.1%,其中25-34岁的求职者和低教育水平的求职者的影响最大。此外,我们的研究结果表明,对参与积极的劳动力市场方案有很大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Wage differences according to workers' origin: The role of working more upstream in GVCs 根据工人出身的工资差异:在全球价值链中更上游工作的作用
IF 0.6 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12244
Valentine Fays, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx

This article examines the impact of a firm's position in Global Value Chains (GVCs) on wages according to workers' origin. Based on a unique linked employer–employee dataset regarding the Belgian manufacturing industry covering the 2002–2010 timespan, our estimates show that firms that are more upstream in the value chain pay on average significantly higher wages. However, the wage premium associated with upstreamness is also found to be unequally shared among workers. Unconditional quantile regressions and decomposition methods suggest that high-wage workers born in developed countries benefit the most from being employed higher up the value chain, while workers born in developing countries appear to be unfairly rewarded.

本文根据工人的出身考察了企业在全球价值链中的地位对工资的影响。基于2002年至2010年比利时制造业的一个独特的雇主-雇员关联数据集,我们的估计表明,价值链上游的公司平均工资要高得多。然而,与上游相关的工资溢价也被发现在工人之间分配不均。无条件的分位数回归和分解方法表明,出生在发达国家的高薪工人从价值链上游的就业中受益最大,而出生在发展中国家的工人似乎得到了不公平的奖励。
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引用次数: 0
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Labour-England
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