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Teacher allocation and school performance in Italy 意大利教师分配与学校表现
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12234
Alex Bryson, Lorenzo Corsini, Irene Martelli

Italy's secondary school system faced budget cuts, which limit availability of new permanent job slots for teachers. The allocation of these slots favours teachers with more seniority such that the age distribution of teachers across schools reflects older teachers' preferences for being close to urban centres. Using schools' distance from main urban centres and population size in the school's vicinity to instrument for non-random exposure of schools to older teachers, we show older teachers are detrimental to pupil attainment. The effect is large: a 6-year increase in the age of teachers leads to a one standard deviation reduction in the graduation mark.

意大利的中学系统面临着预算削减,这限制了为教师提供新的永久职位的机会。这些职位的分配有利于资历更高的教师,因此各个学校教师的年龄分布反映了年长教师更喜欢靠近城市中心。利用学校与主要城市中心的距离和学校附近的人口规模,我们发现年长教师对学校的非随机暴露对学生的成就是有害的。影响是巨大的:教师年龄每增加6年,毕业分数就会降低一个标准差。
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引用次数: 0
Predictors of delayed retirement intention in older Chinese workers 中国老年工人延迟退休意愿的预测因素
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-05 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12233
Wenwen Kong MM, Minmin Ren MM, Yuqin Li PhD Candidate, Danjun Feng PhD

The aim of the current study was to explore delayed retirement intention and its influencing factors in a large sample of older Chinese workers. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among a convenience sample of 2776 older Chinese workers. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed separately for male and female workers to examine the association between work characteristics, family factors, personal health and the neuroticism trait and delayed retirement intention. Results showed that workers had low delayed retirement intention, while female workers were more reluctant to delay retirement than male workers. Job demand-control, job satisfaction, family economic status, family caregiving responsibilities, chronic diseases, physical health, mental health and neuroticism were predictors of male workers' delayed retirement intention, while job effort-reward imbalance, job satisfaction, family caregiving responsibilities and neuroticism were predictors of female workers' delayed retirement intention after controlling for demographic factors.

本研究的目的是在一个大样本的中国老年工人中探讨延迟退休意愿及其影响因素。本研究对2776名中国老年工作者进行了横断面问卷调查。分别对男性和女性职工进行多项logistic回归分析,考察工作特征、家庭因素、个人健康与神经质特质和延迟退休意愿的关系。结果显示,工人的延迟退休意愿较低,而女性工人比男性工人更不愿意延迟退休。工作需求控制、工作满意度、家庭经济状况、家庭照顾责任、慢性病、身体健康、心理健康和神经质是男性延迟退休意愿的预测因子,而工作努力-报酬不平衡、工作满意度、家庭照顾责任和神经质是女性延迟退休意愿的控制因子。
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引用次数: 0
How representative are social partners in Europe? The role of dissimilarity 在欧洲,社会伙伴的代表性如何?差异性的作用
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-02 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12232
Marta Martínez Matute, Pedro S. Martins

Social partners (trade unions and employers' associations [EA]) and their representativeness can shape labour institutions and economic and social outcomes in many countries. In this paper, we argue that, when examining social partners' representativeness, it is important to consider both affiliation rates and dissimilarity measures. The latter concerns the extent to which affiliated and non-affiliated firms or workers are distributed similarly across relevant dimensions, including firm size. In our analysis of the European Company Survey, we find that affiliation density and dissimilarity measures correlate positively across countries, particularly in the case of EA in which we focus. This result also holds across EA when we use more detailed, firm population data for Portugal. We conclude that higher affiliation densities do not necessarily correspond to more representative social partners as they can involve greater dissimilarity between affiliated and non-affiliated firms.

在许多国家,社会伙伴(工会和雇主协会[EA])及其代表性可以塑造劳工制度以及经济和社会成果。在本文中,我们认为,在检查社会伙伴的代表性时,重要的是要考虑隶属率和不相似的措施。后者涉及关联公司和非关联公司或工人在包括公司规模在内的相关维度上的相似分布程度。在我们对欧洲公司调查的分析中,我们发现隶属关系密度和不相似性度量在各个国家之间呈正相关,特别是在我们关注的EA的情况下。当我们使用更详细、更可靠的葡萄牙人口数据时,这一结果也适用于EA。我们的结论是,更高的隶属关系密度并不一定对应于更具代表性的社会伙伴,因为它们可能涉及关联公司和非关联公司之间更大的差异。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of chronic migraine on labour productivity: Evidence from Italy 慢性偏头痛对劳动生产率的影响:来自意大利的证据
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-26 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12230
Sandro Rondinella, Damiano B. Silipo

We use the Italian Statistical Institute survey that comprises about 80,000 questionnaires representative of the overall population between 15 and 90 years old to estimate the impact of chronic migraine on absenteeism and labour productivity. Using an ordinary least squares method to determine the direct effect of chronic migraine on labour productivity, we show that a 10 per cent increase in the number of people with chronic migraine increases absenteeism by 11 per cent and reduces labour productivity by 1.1 per cent per year. However, the effects of chronic migraine on absenteeism and labour productivity vary substantially between regions and sectors. Also, the comorbidity of chronic migraine with other illnesses, especially psychological illnesses, contributes to decreasing labour productivity. Most important, the results obtained at the micro level are similar and even more robust at the macro level. The results refer to a specific country, but we claim they can apply to other countries.

我们使用意大利统计研究所的调查,其中包括约80,000份代表15至90岁总人口的问卷,以估计慢性偏头痛对缺勤和劳动生产率的影响。使用普通的最小二乘法来确定慢性偏头痛对劳动生产率的直接影响,我们表明,慢性偏头痛患者人数每增加10%,每年缺勤率就会增加11%,劳动生产率下降1.1%。然而,慢性偏头痛对缺勤率和劳动生产率的影响在不同地区和部门之间差别很大。此外,慢性偏头痛与其他疾病的合并症,特别是心理疾病,有助于降低劳动生产率。最重要的是,在微观层面上获得的结果是相似的,甚至在宏观层面上更加稳健。这些结果只针对一个特定的国家,但我们声称它们可以适用于其他国家。
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引用次数: 0
A skill-specific dynamic labour supply and labour demand framework: A scenario analysis for the Western Balkan countries to 2030 特定技能动态劳动力供给和劳动力需求框架:西巴尔干国家至2030年情景分析
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12231
Sandra M. Leitner

This paper pursues a multiple scenario analysis until 2030 to identify past and potential future labour supply and demand dynamics of four different skill groups in the six Western Balkan (WB6) countries. Simulation results of the baseline scenario show that skill shortages and surpluses would coexist: In all WB6 countries, the low educated would experience labour shortages within or shortly after the projection period while in some WB6 countries there is evidence of growing excess labour among Med-VETs, Med-GENs and the highly educated. Additional scenarios point to important country-specific policy options that can help to mitigate these projected labour market imbalances.

本文对2030年前的多个情景进行了分析,以确定六个西巴尔干国家(WB6)四个不同技能群体过去和未来的劳动力供需动态。基线情景的模拟结果表明,技能短缺和技能过剩将并存:在所有WB6国家中,受教育程度较低的国家将在预测期内或之后不久出现劳动力短缺,而在一些WB6国家中,有证据表明,医学- vet、医学- gen和受过高等教育的人之间的劳动力过剩正在增加。其他情景指出了一些重要的针对具体国家的政策选择,可以帮助缓解这些预计的劳动力市场失衡。
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引用次数: 1
Non-base compensation and the gender pay gap 非基数薪酬和性别薪酬差距
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12229
Boris Hirsch, Philipp Lentge

This paper investigates whether non-base compensation contributes to the gender pay gap (GPG). Using administrative data from Germany, we find in wage decompositions that lower bonus payments to women explain about 10 per cent of the gap at the mean and at different quantiles of the unconditional wage distribution whereas the lower prevalence of shift premia and overtime pay among women is unimportant. Among managers, the contribution of bonuses to the mean gap more than doubles and is steadily rising as one moves up the wage distribution. Our findings suggest that gender differences in bonuses are an important contributor to the GPG, particularly in top jobs.

本文研究非基本薪酬是否会导致性别薪酬差距(GPG)。利用德国的行政数据,我们在工资分解中发现,在无条件工资分配的平均值和不同分位数上,女性较低的奖金支付解释了大约10%的差距,而女性轮班保费和加班费的较低流行率并不重要。在管理人员中,奖金对平均差距的贡献增加了一倍以上,并且随着工资分配的上升而稳步上升。我们的研究结果表明,奖金的性别差异是GPG的一个重要因素,尤其是在高层职位上。
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引用次数: 0
Performance pay, firm size and export market participation: Evidence from matched employer–employee data 绩效薪酬、企业规模和出口市场参与:来自匹配雇主-雇员数据的证据
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-14 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12227
Xulia González, Rosa Loveira, Consuelo Pazó

The objective of this paper is to provide new evidence on the link between firm level characteristics (size and export) and the adoption of performance pay as part of worker remuneration. Our study exploits an employer–employee database with information on more than 200,000 workers at 26,055 Spanish firms. We find that the incidence of performance pay usually increases with firm size (at decreasing rates) and export status. However, we detect a wide variation among occupations, both in the prevalence of the two types of performance pay analysed and their relationship with size and export.

本文的目的是为企业层面特征(规模和出口)与采用绩效薪酬作为工人薪酬的一部分之间的联系提供新的证据。我们的研究利用了一个雇主-雇员数据库,其中包含26,055家西班牙公司的20多万名员工的信息。我们发现,绩效薪酬的发生率通常随着公司规模(以递减的速率)和出口状况而增加。然而,我们发现职业之间存在很大差异,无论是在分析的两种绩效薪酬的流行程度,还是它们与规模和出口的关系。
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引用次数: 0
The role of manager's gender in mentoring: Evidence in the United Kingdom 管理者性别在指导中的作用:来自英国的证据
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12228
Xiaocheng Hu

This article studies the role of managers' gender as a determinant of mentoring relationships between managers and employees in British firms by using data collected from the 2004 and 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Past literature suggests a rather mixed figure with datasets collected from either one point in time or in a single firm. Using longitudinal data collected from hundreds of British firms, this study shows that the results are inconsistent between classical pooled ordinary least squares (POLS) and fixed effects (FEs) regression models. The significant associations found in POLS regressions disappeared when firm FEs are included. This finding should encourage researchers to go beyond gender differences in mentoring relationships which often are the results of conventional stereotyping.

本文通过使用2004年和2011年职场雇佣关系调查收集的数据,研究了管理者性别在英国公司中作为管理者和员工之间师徒关系的决定因素的作用。过去的文献表明,从一个时间点或单个公司收集的数据集是一个相当复杂的数字。利用从数百家英国公司收集的纵向数据,本研究表明,经典的汇集普通最小二乘(POLS)和固定效应(FEs)回归模型的结果不一致。当纳入企业FEs时,POLS回归中发现的显著关联消失。这一发现应该鼓励研究人员超越师徒关系中的性别差异,这通常是传统刻板印象的结果。
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引用次数: 1
Worse than a double whammy: The intersectional causes of wage inequality between women of colour and White men over time 比双重打击更糟糕的是:长期以来有色人种女性和白人男性之间工资不平等的交叉原因
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-25 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12226
Erin E. George, Jessica Milli, Sophie Tripp

We evaluate the causes of the wage gap at the intersection of race, ethnicity and gender over time in the United States. We analyse the wage gaps for women of colour along three dimensions: relative to White women, relative to men of their respective race/ethnicity, and relative to White men. Using the American Community Survey, we replicate earlier findings based on the Current Population Survey data which show that, on average, Black women face an unexplained wage gap relative to White men that goes beyond the simple addition of the separate unexplained gender and racial wage gaps. This can be seen persistently between 1980 and 2019, and we find it is true across the entire wage distribution but especially notable at higher centiles. From 1990 through 2019, Black and Hispanic women saw stalled progress, while White women continued to make steady progress closing the wage gap relative to White men.

我们评估了美国长期以来种族、民族和性别交叉的工资差距的原因。我们从三个方面分析了有色人种女性的工资差距:相对于白人女性,相对于各自种族/民族的男性,以及相对于白人男性。利用美国社区调查,我们基于当前人口调查数据复制了早期的发现,这些发现表明,平均而言,黑人女性相对于白人男性面临着无法解释的工资差距,这超出了单独的无法解释的性别和种族工资差距的简单相加。这种情况在1980年至2019年期间持续存在,我们发现在整个工资分布中都是如此,但在较高百分位数的人群中尤为明显。从1990年到2019年,黑人和西班牙裔女性的进步停滞不前,而白人女性在缩小与白人男性的工资差距方面继续取得稳步进展。
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引用次数: 0
Diverse effects of shorter potential unemployment benefit duration on labor market outcomes in Germany 德国潜在失业救济金期限缩短对劳动力市场结果的不同影响
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-13 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12221
Inna Petrunyk, Christian Pfeifer

This paper explores diverse effects of an unemployment benefit (UB) reform in Germany on labor market outcomes of individuals with health impairment. The reform induced substantial reductions in potential duration of regular UB for older workers, which is exploited in a difference-in-differences setting. The results provide evidence for a decrease in days in UB, an increase in days in employment, and an increase in days in unemployment assistance. The effects on UB and employment are smaller and the effects on unemployment assistance are larger for unemployed and non-employed individuals than for individuals who were employed before medical rehabilitations.

本文探讨了德国失业救济金(UB)改革对健康受损个体劳动力市场结果的不同影响。改革导致老年工人正常工作的潜在持续时间大幅减少,这是在差异中差异的情况下利用的。结果提供了在UB的天数减少,就业天数增加,失业援助天数增加的证据。与医疗康复前就业的个人相比,失业和非就业个人对UB和就业的影响较小,对失业援助的影响更大。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Labour-England
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