Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2202944
Q. Mei, Justin Fernandez, Yaodong Gu
The concept of Digital Twin (DT) was firstly proposed by Grieves in 2003 to introduce the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), that each physical product shall develop a digital representation before real manufacturing in the industry (Grieves, 2014). While entering the period of industrial 4.0, a main approach is the smart manufacturing, thus the DT has been widely used and investigated in the academic research and industrial application. Recently, the technology of DT was used in the healthcare-related application (Miller & Spatz, 2022), such as the medical monitor, orthopaedics evaluation and physical activity intervention. While considering the application of smart DT approach into the Research and Development (R&D) of sports footwear, the digitisation of a footwear prototype in a virtual space may be a first step, throughout a complex optimisation process of computation (the pressure-comfort prediction, mechanical calculation, Finite Element simulation, shoe prototype modification and optimisation etc.) (in the second step), and a third step of shoe manufacture.
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Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2199385
L. Reed, T. Brauner, T. Horstmann, S. Wearing
This study used transmission-mode ultrasound (US) to evaluate the effect of shoe stiffness and energy loss on Achilles tendon loading during walking. As the speed of US is governed by the density and elastic modulus of tendon and is proportional to the tensile load to which it is exposed (Pourcelot et al., 2005), it was hypothesized that the US velocity in the Achilles tendon would be greater in footwear with lower midsole stiffness.
本研究使用透射模式超声(US)来评估步行时鞋子刚度和能量损失对跟腱负荷的影响。由于US的速度是由肌腱的密度和弹性模量决定的，并且与它所承受的拉伸载荷成正比(Pourcelot et al.， 2005)，因此假设在中底刚度较低的鞋类中，跟腱中的US速度会更大。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2199401
Remi Hayashi, K. Nishino, Keisuke Kushida, G. Omori
Walking is an important physical activity for living a healthy life. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful disease of the knee joint and one of the factors that inhibit walking. Recently, about 10% of women in their 40s have knee OA, and the rate increases with age, with a reported prevalence of about 80% in women in their 80s in Japan (Yoshimura, N et al. 2009). An increase in varus knee joint moment during walking is one of the causes of knee OA progression (Foroughi, N et al. 2009) and its decrease may be important in delaying the onset of knee OA. Thus, we developed prototype shoes (PTS) that aim to reduce varus knee joint moment by improving cushioning at ground contact and guiding the center of pressure to the medial side, through the hardness and structure of the midsole and outsole.
步行是健康生活的重要体育活动。膝关节骨性关节炎(OA)是一种疼痛的膝关节疾病，也是抑制行走的因素之一。最近，约有10%的40多岁的女性患有膝关节OA，并且这一比例随着年龄的增长而增加，据报道，在日本，80多岁的女性中患病率约为80% (Yoshimura, N et al. 2009)。行走时膝关节内翻力矩的增加是导致膝关节炎进展的原因之一(Foroughi, N et al. 2009)，其减少可能对延缓膝关节炎发病很重要。因此，我们开发了原型鞋(PTS)，旨在通过改善与地面接触时的缓冲，并通过中底和外底的硬度和结构，将压力中心引导到内侧，从而减少膝关节内翻力矩。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2199296
E. Frederick, D. Stefanyshyn, W. Hoogkamer
Since the early 1980s, with the emergence of footwear biomechanics and the focus on performance in running shoe design and engineering, shoes have been thought of as having an ergogenic potential. However, the notion that footwear can have energetic penalties, or, conversely, benefits, first came to light in the 1940s, with reports on the outsized effects of shoe mass and mass distribution on the energetic cost of transport while walking (Russell & Belding, 1946). Catlin and Dressendorfer (1979) extended similar observations to running. This notion of lighter meaning faster, was quickly embellished by the idea that cushioning also might have an ergogenic benefit (Frederick et al., 1986). During this same period, McMahon and Greene (1978) demonstrated that running tracks tuned to runners’ mechanics could enhance performance. So we began to think that mechanically ‘tuning’ shoes might also provide ergogenic benefits. At that moment, the list of potential shoerelated ergogenic factors would have included: making shoes lighter, appropriately cushioned, and perhaps tuning their compliance to a runners’ lower limb mechanics. More than a decade later, Stefanyshyn and Nigg (2000) added another critically important idea to this general theory of shoe-generated ergogenic benefits. Their proposal that joint energy could be conserved or perhaps redirected by using stiff moderator plates to enhance performance and reduce overall energetic cost was quite radical at the time, and it foreshadowed the development of Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT). Impressive in its performance (Hoogkamer et al., 2018) the Nike Vaporfly 4% ushered in a new era of AFT in 2017. Researchers and developers at Nike exploited these fundamental concepts of ergonomic benefits in running shoes by incorporating lightweight, highly resilient cushioning materials and stiff moderator plates. These technologies were packaged in a unique geometry, specifically a shoe with a sizeable stack height and pronounced forefoot rocker, to help maximise the effects as well as alleviate some potential negative side-effects that can arise from some of these technologies (Farina et al., 2019). Interestingly, the 4% improvement in running economy with the Vaporfly shoes aligns well with a cumulative result of published effects associated with each of these individual concepts, namely; 1% effect of mass, 2% effect of cushioning and 1% effect of moderator plates. The Vaporfly has revitalised performance running footwear and garnered tremendous interest from: (1) biomechanics researchers trying to better understand the performance increasing mechanisms; for example ‘Is it the foam?’, ‘Is it the plate?’, ‘What internal mechanisms are affected?’ (2) footwear manufacturers trying to develop their own performance running models that are competitive with the Vaporfly, and (3) governing bodies interested in ‘Maintaining the integrity of the sport’. With AFT now common place in road running, innovation efforts have
自20世纪80年代初以来，随着鞋类生物力学的出现以及对跑鞋设计和工程性能的关注，鞋子被认为具有人体健康的潜力。然而，20世纪40年代，关于鞋子质量和质量分布对步行时运输的能量成本产生巨大影响的报告首次揭示了鞋子可能会带来能量损失，或者相反，带来好处的概念(Russell & Belding, 1946)。Catlin和Dressendorfer(1979)将类似的观察扩展到跑步。这种更轻意味着更快的概念，很快就被缓冲也可能对人体产生好处的想法所修饰(Frederick et al.， 1986)。在同一时期，McMahon和Greene(1978)证明了适应跑步者力学的跑道可以提高成绩。因此，我们开始考虑机械地“调节”鞋子也可能对人体有益。在那个时候，潜在的与鞋有关的人体健康因素包括:使鞋子更轻，适当的缓冲，也许调整它们符合跑步者的下肢力学。十多年后，Stefanyshyn和Nigg(2000)为鞋子产生的人体健康益处的一般理论增加了另一个至关重要的观点。他们的建议是，关节能量可以通过使用刚性减压板来保存或重新定向，以提高性能并降低总体能量成本，这在当时是相当激进的，它预示着先进鞋类技术(AFT)的发展。令人印象深刻的表现(Hoogkamer等人，2018)，耐克Vaporfly 4%在2017年迎来了一个新的AFT时代。耐克的研究人员和开发人员通过将轻质、高弹性的缓冲材料和坚硬的缓冲板结合在跑鞋中，利用了这些符合人体工程学的基本概念。这些技术被包装在一个独特的几何形状中，特别是一个具有相当大的堆叠高度和明显的前足杆的鞋子，以帮助最大限度地提高效果，并减轻一些技术可能产生的潜在负面副作用(Farina等人，2019)。有趣的是，使用Vaporfly跑鞋跑步经济性提高了4%，这与与每个单独概念相关的已发表效果的累积结果非常吻合，即;1%的质量效应，2%的缓冲效应和1%的慢化剂板效应。Vaporfly重新激活了跑鞋的性能，并引起了人们的极大兴趣:(1)生物力学研究人员试图更好地理解性能提高机制;比如“是因为泡沫吗?”、“是盘子的问题吗?”、“什么内部机制受到了影响?”(2)鞋类制造商试图开发自己的性能跑步模型，与Vaporfly竞争;(3)管理机构对“维护运动的完整性”感兴趣。随着AFT现在在道路跑步中普遍存在，创新的努力已经转移到跟踪钉鞋和越野跑鞋上。对于赛道鞋钉，要求通常与道路跑鞋相似
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Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2199414
M. Hill, A. Healy, P. Chatzistergos, N. Chockalingam
Therapeutic footwear is a frequently used assistive product for children with mobility impairments (Hill et al., 2019). There are several types of therapeutic footwear, with stability therapeutic footwear designed to limit extreme movements of the lower limb to maintain a controlled displacement of the centre of force during gait. A recent study established expert consensus, gained through a standardised Delphi process, on the ideal design characteristics of children’s off-the-shelf stability therapeutic footwear (OSSTF) (Hill et al. 2021). The characteristics were classified into two groups, stability and ergonomics. Some design characteristics were suggested to relate to the stiffness of the components of OSSTF in specific regions of the footwear. With stability thought to be enhanced with increased resistance to movement (stiffness) in a mediolateral direction (e.g., through increased height and length of the heel counter), and ergonomics thought to be enhanced by a lowered resistance to movement (lower stiffness) in an anterior-posterior direction (e.g., through the flexibility of the outsole at the forefoot).
{"title":"The effect of design characteristics on the mechanical stiffness of children's off-the-shelf stability therapeutic footwear","authors":"M. Hill, A. Healy, P. Chatzistergos, N. Chockalingam","doi":"10.1080/19424280.2023.2199414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2023.2199414","url":null,"abstract":"Therapeutic footwear is a frequently used assistive product for children with mobility impairments (Hill et al., 2019). There are several types of therapeutic footwear, with stability therapeutic footwear designed to limit extreme movements of the lower limb to maintain a controlled displacement of the centre of force during gait. A recent study established expert consensus, gained through a standardised Delphi process, on the ideal design characteristics of children’s off-the-shelf stability therapeutic footwear (OSSTF) (Hill et al. 2021). The characteristics were classified into two groups, stability and ergonomics. Some design characteristics were suggested to relate to the stiffness of the components of OSSTF in specific regions of the footwear. With stability thought to be enhanced with increased resistance to movement (stiffness) in a mediolateral direction (e.g., through increased height and length of the heel counter), and ergonomics thought to be enhanced by a lowered resistance to movement (lower stiffness) in an anterior-posterior direction (e.g., through the flexibility of the outsole at the forefoot).","PeriodicalId":45905,"journal":{"name":"Footwear Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43032449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2199297
Shariman Ismadi Ismail, F. G. Lysdal, N. A. A. Halim, H. Nunome, U. Kersting
Shariman Ismadi Ismail, Filip Gertz Lysdal, Nur Asmidar A. Halim, Hiroyuki Nunome and Uwe Gustav Kersting Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia; Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
Shariman Ismadi Ismail、Filip Gertz Lysdal、Nur Asmidar A.Halim、Hiroyuki Nunome和Uwe Gustav Kersting马来西亚沙阿阿拉姆马拉科技大学体育科学与娱乐学院；联合王国特威克纳姆圣玛丽大学联合健康与表现科学体育学院；日本福冈，福冈大学体育与健康科学学院；丹麦奥尔堡奥尔堡大学健康科学与技术系体育科学；德国科隆，德国体育大学生物力学和骨科研究所
{"title":"Does altering the lateral edge friction of the shoes when used on two different playing surfaces can affects agility test performance among netball players?","authors":"Shariman Ismadi Ismail, F. G. Lysdal, N. A. A. Halim, H. Nunome, U. Kersting","doi":"10.1080/19424280.2023.2199297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2023.2199297","url":null,"abstract":"Shariman Ismadi Ismail, Filip Gertz Lysdal, Nur Asmidar A. Halim, Hiroyuki Nunome and Uwe Gustav Kersting Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia; Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany","PeriodicalId":45905,"journal":{"name":"Footwear Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47998324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2199386
J. Reeves, L. Baker, Bee Chambers, S. Dixon
Despite the importance of physical activity for all, there has been little research on the footwear needs of older adults in sports with multi-directional movements. User involvement work found comfort, width and cushioning were key for older adults in a court sports shoe, with reports of running shoes sometimes chosen instead due to superior comfort and cushioning (Reeves et al., 2022). Since footwear selection may affect injury risk, it is important to identify population specific needs for sports. This may be most relevant for older females, who are more susceptible to injuries in old age than males (WHO, 2008).
尽管体育活动对所有人来说都很重要，但关于老年人在多方向运动中对鞋子的需求的研究却很少。用户参与研究发现，舒适度、宽度和缓冲是老年人穿着球场运动鞋的关键，有报道称，有时选择跑鞋是因为更舒适和缓冲(Reeves et al.， 2022)。由于鞋类的选择可能会影响受伤风险，因此确定人群对运动的特定需求是很重要的。这可能与老年女性最为相关，她们在老年时期比男性更容易受伤(世卫组织，2008年)。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2199259
E. Honert, Milena Singletary, Kathryn Harrison, Daniel F. Feeney
Footwear uppers are of high interest to researchers, yet there are few investigations performed on the topic (Honert et al., 2020). A recent study showed that footwear closures can impact heel hold, foot eversion velocity, and running speed while trail running (Honert et al., 2023). It is beneficial to evaluate footwear on ecologically valid terrain; yet outcome metrics can only be obtained from wearable sensors. The benefit of in-lab studies is the myriad of measurements available to evaluate footwear, at the cost of overly constraining protocols that limit generalizability. For instance, the Distal Rearfoot power estimates foot and shoe dissipation due to the heel fat pad and shoe cushioning (Honert et al., 2022). Theoretically, a poor fitting shoe would move around the foot more resulting in more energy dissipation as compared to a better fitting shoe. It is currently unknown if this biomechanical measure is sensitive to footwear fit.
{"title":"Biomechanical features of fit of a trail shoe with different uppers during graded running","authors":"E. Honert, Milena Singletary, Kathryn Harrison, Daniel F. Feeney","doi":"10.1080/19424280.2023.2199259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2023.2199259","url":null,"abstract":"Footwear uppers are of high interest to researchers, yet there are few investigations performed on the topic (Honert et al., 2020). A recent study showed that footwear closures can impact heel hold, foot eversion velocity, and running speed while trail running (Honert et al., 2023). It is beneficial to evaluate footwear on ecologically valid terrain; yet outcome metrics can only be obtained from wearable sensors. The benefit of in-lab studies is the myriad of measurements available to evaluate footwear, at the cost of overly constraining protocols that limit generalizability. For instance, the Distal Rearfoot power estimates foot and shoe dissipation due to the heel fat pad and shoe cushioning (Honert et al., 2022). Theoretically, a poor fitting shoe would move around the foot more resulting in more energy dissipation as compared to a better fitting shoe. It is currently unknown if this biomechanical measure is sensitive to footwear fit.","PeriodicalId":45905,"journal":{"name":"Footwear Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49324359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2199696
U. Kersting, Leon Robertz, Patrick Mai, Johanna Robbin, Mario Fleiter, H. Schlarb, Jasper Kwasny
It has been estimated that there are between 130 to 300 million soccer players organized on a club level in the world (FIFA 2019; Kristenson et al., 2013) with potentially many more playing in unorganized settings. Historically, the game evolved being played on natural grass while maintenance cost, climatic factors and consistency, among other factors, have led to increased installments of artificial turf surfaces. Further, it has been noted that game play and tactics have changed to faster passing and more variable play, e.g., in the midfield (Anderson et al. 2008). Shoe manufacturers implement the shifted demands into soccer boot design while a scientific assessment of such alterations remains rare.
{"title":"Effects of stud design on performance and joint loading during agility tasks including ball handling in soccer","authors":"U. Kersting, Leon Robertz, Patrick Mai, Johanna Robbin, Mario Fleiter, H. Schlarb, Jasper Kwasny","doi":"10.1080/19424280.2023.2199696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2023.2199696","url":null,"abstract":"It has been estimated that there are between 130 to 300 million soccer players organized on a club level in the world (FIFA 2019; Kristenson et al., 2013) with potentially many more playing in unorganized settings. Historically, the game evolved being played on natural grass while maintenance cost, climatic factors and consistency, among other factors, have led to increased installments of artificial turf surfaces. Further, it has been noted that game play and tactics have changed to faster passing and more variable play, e.g., in the midfield (Anderson et al. 2008). Shoe manufacturers implement the shifted demands into soccer boot design while a scientific assessment of such alterations remains rare.","PeriodicalId":45905,"journal":{"name":"Footwear Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45043124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2199279
Colin R. Firminger, M. Asmussen
Cyclists face a high risk of developing Achilles and/or patellar tendinopathy (de Bernardo et al. 2012), which are painful overuse injuries with lengthy recovery times. While tendinopathies likely occur from both biological and mechanical factors, they may be characterized using mechanical fatigue principles (Edwards, 2018). Peak Achilles (AT) and patellar (PT) tendon strains represent pertinent metrics to examine overuse injury risk, as both are highly correlated with fatigue life (i.e. the number of repetitive loading cycles to tissue failure). Cycling cleat fore/aft positioning is an extrinsic intervention to potentially alter peak AT/PT strains, yet its effect remains unknown. From a performance standpoint, cycling cleat position may also affect the energetic cost of cycling as altered tendon strains may influence muscle contraction dynamics (Lichtwark & Wilson, 2007). We hypothesized that posterior cleat positioning would reduce peak AT and PT tendon strains by shortening the moment arms of these tendons and that posterior cleat positioning would increase the energetic cost of cycling, due to suboptimal muscle contraction dynamics.
{"title":"Cycling cleat positioning affects Achilles tendon strain, but at what cost?","authors":"Colin R. Firminger, M. Asmussen","doi":"10.1080/19424280.2023.2199279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2023.2199279","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclists face a high risk of developing Achilles and/or patellar tendinopathy (de Bernardo et al. 2012), which are painful overuse injuries with lengthy recovery times. While tendinopathies likely occur from both biological and mechanical factors, they may be characterized using mechanical fatigue principles (Edwards, 2018). Peak Achilles (AT) and patellar (PT) tendon strains represent pertinent metrics to examine overuse injury risk, as both are highly correlated with fatigue life (i.e. the number of repetitive loading cycles to tissue failure). Cycling cleat fore/aft positioning is an extrinsic intervention to potentially alter peak AT/PT strains, yet its effect remains unknown. From a performance standpoint, cycling cleat position may also affect the energetic cost of cycling as altered tendon strains may influence muscle contraction dynamics (Lichtwark & Wilson, 2007). We hypothesized that posterior cleat positioning would reduce peak AT and PT tendon strains by shortening the moment arms of these tendons and that posterior cleat positioning would increase the energetic cost of cycling, due to suboptimal muscle contraction dynamics.","PeriodicalId":45905,"journal":{"name":"Footwear Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48489886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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