Advanced Fiber Materials最新文献

The topographical features of biomaterials play pivotal roles in modulating bone regeneration by enhancing the osteogenic potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) through cytoskeletal-nuclear dynamics. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the interplay between topography-induced cell morphology modulation and cytoskeletal-nuclear responses remain poorly understood. In this study, we fabricated electrospun fiber membranes with distinct aligned and random topographies and observed a significant enhancement in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro on the aligned membranes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed the critical involvement of cytoskeletal reorganization, focal adhesion, and the Rap1 signaling pathway in this process. Specifically, cell elongation driven by the aligned topography activated the p130Cas/Crk/Rap1 pathway, which in turn modulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and cytoskeletal rearrangement. This cytoskeletal remodeling induced nuclear deformation and enhanced the nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP), synergistically promoting osteogenesis. Finally, in vivo experiments further confirmed the superior bone regeneration capacity of aligned fiber membranes in a rat calvarial defect model. These findings highlight the importance of the topographic features of aligned fibers in regulating cellular and nuclear morphology to enhance bone regeneration, suggesting a novel and effective strategy for tissue engineering applications.

Natural soft systems capable of reversible shape morphing are ubiquitous in living organisms, enabling remarkable multifunctionality such as continuous motions, dexterous manipulation, and adaptive camouflage. However, replicating these capabilities in synthetic materials remains challenging, primarily due to sophisticated mechanical control, restrictive design flexibility, and limited robustness and scalability. Here, we propose a structure-driven design framework to encode the knitted shells with spatially localized strain constraints for soft robotic systems and mimetic camouflage morphing solely by controlling stitch geometry. By leveraging experiments and theoretical analysis, we decouple the effects of stitch-level topology and yarn composition on fabric macromechanical behavior and achieve programmable mechanical responses in knitted shells through geometric tuning. This also enables robust control of non-Euclidean shape morphing in soft textile robotics, including multi-mode inflatable deformation, sequential motion under a single stimulus, and predefined flat-to-shape Gaussian transformations for dynamic mimetic camouflage. This geometry-informed design strategy can provide new insights into scalable, low-cost and customized soft textile robotics for multifunctional applications, such as tailored wearable devices, camouflage gear skin, and human–robot interactions that are resistant to environmental disturbances.

Graphical Abstract

A structure-driven design framework is presented to encode the knitted shells with customized local strain constraint for soft knit robotic systems and mimetic camouflage morphing. This structure-driven design can provide new insights to develop robust, scalable, and low-cost soft robotics for multifunctional applications in tailored wearable devices, versatile camouflage gear skin, and safe human-machine interactions.

Electrical stimulation could effectively promote the repair of peripheral nerve injuries. However, traditional electrical stimulation requires external devices and connections, inevitably causing unnecessary discomfort and infection risks for patients. Thus, to ensure clinical safety and support neural regeneration, a dual-functional cellulose-based peripheral nerve conduit with both piezoelectric and conductive properties is developed by incorporating barium titanate (BTO) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) onto the surface of expanded bacterial cellulose. The electroactive conduit not only provides suitable mechanical support and stability to ensure structural integrity in vivo, but also encourages macrophage polarization into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype after 2 weeks of post-implantation. Furthermore, the piezoelectric properties provided by BTO convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, which, in synergy with the conductive PEDOT, enables the conduit to stimulate nerve regeneration by mimicking bioelectric signals with an output voltage of 8.22 mV and output current of 2.05 μA at compression distances of 1.0 mm. After implantation into a sciatic nerve defect model, this conduit significantly reduces atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle and accelerates the regeneration of sciatic nerve by facilitating the transmission of neural electrical signals. In summary, this artificial peripheral nerve conduit possesses excellent repair capacity for nerve defects, hence holding attractive prospects for clinical application.

Graphical Abstract

The rejuvenation of bone tissue remains a formidable challenge for osteoporosis (OP) patients who suffer severe bone degeneration or structural deterioration. To reverse the bone loss associated with OP, a dual-enzyme cascade system (PCF@EA) was engineered as a biomimetic engine to regulate bone metabolism imbalance. The bienzyme-driven system was constructed by integrating functionalized polymeric composite fibers with two mineralization-promoting hydrolases: recombinant human ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (rhENPP1) and recombinant human alkaline phosphatase (rhALP). The bienzyme-driven engine efficaciously navigates mitochondria-activated mineralization through an autophagic process, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation, increasing intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi), and facilitating calcium influx. Concurrently, metabolic regulation mediated by the bienzyme-driven engine involves the PI3K–Akt pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glycerophosphate metabolism, significantly down-regulating the mineralization inhibitor pyrophosphate (PPi) while accelerating the formation of phosphate-related metabolites. Moreover, the enzyme-loaded substrates inhibited bone resorption by reducing expression of osteoclast activity markers, including Trap and Cath-K. This bienzymatic cascade strategy has demonstrated efficacy in restoring bone homeostasis in osteoporotic rats, significantly improving defect maturation and catalyzing the recovery of bone mineral density from severe loss back to baseline levels. The unique features of the bienzyme-driven engine provide a promising approach for the therapeutic treatment of degenerative skeletal diseases.

High-performance flexible pressure sensors are crucial electronic components for a diverse array of Internet of Things applications. In real-world scenarios, flexible sensors demonstrate significant promise by effectively detecting subtle anomalous signals from any direction. This study presents a straightforward preparation process for a biodegradable omnidirectional intelligent sensing carpet, inspired by the multi-contact structure of anthozoans. The developed sensor is constructed from conductive polyaniline (PANI) that has been modified through in situ polymerization on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) multi-contact structured materials (CNTs@PANI), combined with an eco-friendly bio-based polyurethane urea (BDPU) flexible substrate. This unique combination enables omnidirectional and stable pressure detection, making it suitable for intelligent monitoring applications of home carpets. The resulting smart carpet based on a pressure sensor exhibits remarkable performance characteristics, including high sensitivity, low monitoring limit, and rapid response and recovery times. Importantly, the sensor notably demonstrates omnidirectional responsiveness, effectively detecting signals from multiple directions while ensuring consistent sensing performance even after self-healing during subsequent use. This sensor also supports the recovery and reuse of the CNTs@PANI conductive materials within it. This innovative, efficient, and versatile sensor is anticipated to find widespread application in multi-scenario monitoring systems.

Graphic Abstract

Inspired by the multi-contact structures of anthozoans, this study presents a biodegradable omnidirectional intelligent sensing carpet, incorporating conductive polyaniline modified via in situ polymerization on carbon nanotubes, and featuring a flexible substrate made from bio-based polyurethane urea.

Passive cooling strategy with zero-energy consumption is effective in preventing people from heat stress. However, most of the existing radiative cooling textiles are fabricated with non-degradable hydrophobic synthetic polymers and lack the functions of sweat management. Herein, a hierarchically designed dual Janus nanofibrous textile with superior thermal-wet management capability is proposed by targeted selection of spinning solvents with different properties during electrospinning. The embedded Al₂O₃ nanoparticles and BN nanosheets in silk fibroin nanofibers endow the textile with high solar reflectivity (97.12%) and infrared emissivity (98.69%), alongside improved in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivity (1.593 and 0.1187 W·K⁻¹·m⁻¹, respectively). Benefiting from the asymmetric characteristics of the two sides in terms of fiber diameter and wettability, the nanofibrous textile exhibits unparalleled water transport index (({text{R}})=1028.93%) and exceptional water vapor transmission rate (141.34 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹). The textile integrates radiative cooling, rapid heat conduction, and unidirectional sweat evaporation, achieving a cooling effect exceeding 9 °C under direct sunlight when worn. Moreover, the Janus textile has good biocompatibility, satisfactory wearability and air breathability, ensuring its comfort in wearable applications. Computer simulations complement experimental results, providing insights into the deep-seated mechanisms of nanofiber formation, Mie scattering, and water transport. This innovative design offers promising prospects for the development of next-generation passive-cooling textiles.

Highlights

• Biodegradable silk fibroin replaces petroleum polymers for passive-cooling textiles.

• Tunable spinnability is achieved through solvent surface tension/rheology control.

• Asymmetric pore structures enhance unidirectional sweat transport of Janus textiles.

• Heat conduction, radiation and evaporation together contribute to multimode cooling.

• Multiscale simulations elucidate nanofiber formation, radiative cooling, and rapid-drying mechanisms.

Graphical Abstract

Vascular grafts are commonly used to treat acute injuries and chronic atherosclerotic diseases of the vasculature. However, the pathological environment of injured vessels is characterized by oxidative stress and severe inflammatory flares, which usually lead to insufficient vascular regeneration and poor pathological remodeling, with far from satisfactory graft results. Here, we innovatively engineered a nanocarbon supporting porous Ru-porphyrin-based nanobiocatalyst functionalized vascular graft (SPPorRu@PCL) via electrospinning technology. Our studies demonstrate that the SPPorRu@PCL has ultrafast and broad-spectrum reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability due to the highly active π-conjugated Ru–N catalytic site, π–π stacking effect, and porous structure of loaded SPPorRu, which synergistically enhances its electron transfer ability and catalytic kinetics. Strikingly, in vitro cellular experiments demonstrate that the SPPorRu@PCL is effective in alleviating oxidative stress, reducing damage of DNA and mitochondrial, and promoting cell adhesion for human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a high-ROS environment. Implantation of SPPorRu@PCL in vascular-injured rats further demonstrates its superior biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory and provascular repair capabilities. This work provides important insights into the application of the porous nanocarbon and the π-conjugated porphyrin-based Ru–N coordination nanobiocatalyst assembled on nanocarbons in catalytically scavenging ROS and offers new strategies to design high-performance artificial antioxidant functionalized vascular grafts for the treatment of blood vessel injury diseases.

Graphical Abstract

Smart textiles, enabled by innovations in functional fibers and advanced material design, are revolutionizing thermal management within the human micro-environment. This review comprehensively examines the latest advancements in wearable passive thermal management (PTM) technologies, which synergistically regulate body temperature and harvest wasted thermal energy. By elucidating heat transfer mechanisms—including radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation—we emphasize the critical role of textiles in modulating these pathways to achieve personal thermal comfort and energy sustainability. Key material strategies, such as radiative-controlled fibers for solar reflection and infrared emission, phase change materials (PCMs) for latent heat storage, and thermally conductive/insulative fibers for dynamic regulation, have been explored. The integration of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) into textiles is highlighted, demonstrating their potential to convert body heat into electrical energy through Seebeck and thermogalvanic effects. Emerging technologies, including Janus fabrics with switchable radiative properties and humidity-responsive fibers, further enhance adaptability across diverse environments. Notably, the incorporation of machine learning frameworks and AI-driven design paradigms has accelerated the development of predictive thermal models and optimized nanostructures, bridging laboratory innovations with industrial scalability. Challenges in durability, comfort, and large-scale manufacturing are critically addressed, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration. This review underscores the transformative potential of fiber-based PTM systems in reducing the reliance on energy-intensive heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, advancing sustainable micro-environment solutions, and powering next-generation wearable electronics. Future perspectives emphasize intelligent material systems, ethical AI integration, and multifunctional textile architectures to realize personalized comfort and global energy sustainability.

Graphical Abstract

Overview of wearable passive thermal management systems

The development of intelligent textiles that integrate impact protection with real-time sensing capabilities is of critical importance for next-generation wearable protective systems. Despite extensive usage of conventional protective films/elastomers, their inherent planar geometries compromise wearing comfort, and the universal absence of real-time impact detection/location capabilities restricts application prospects. To address these challenges, an intelligent shear-stiffening-based mechanoluminescent fiber (ML-TPS) is developed through integrated wet-spinning and coating technology. This fiber combines a shear-stiffening polymer core with a ZnS:Cu/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mechanoluminescent coating, synergistically enabling excellent impact resistance and spatiotemporal force visualization. The resultant 4 mm-thick ML-TPS fabric maintains exceptional flexibility, breathability, and high impact energy dissipation (efficiency > 90%) while demonstrating rapid damage localization (response time < 6 ms) and quantitative impact assessment (R² = 0.95 linear correlation), surpassing conventional materials in temporal resolution. The fabricated visual sensing matrix enables visual localization, showing unique advantages in scenarios requiring rapid impact response, such as sports protection and personal safety. Finally, the multi-scenario applicability of ML-TPS fibers is demonstrated through human motion monitoring and underwater warning validation. This work provides a new paradigm for developing active protection-type intelligent wearable systems.

Graphical abstract

To enhance the comfort and impact resistance of protective materials while enabling real-time impact visualization, ML-TPS fibers consisting of ZnS:Cu/PDMS shell layers and shear-stiffening polymer cores were developed. Smart textiles based on these fibers offer efficient protection and instant impact localization, making them ideal for rapid-response applications, such as sports safety and personal protection. Finally, the versatility of ML-TPS fibers across various scenarios is demonstrated through human motion monitoring and impact-triggered early warning capabilities.

Biomass-derived self-supporting carbon materials are considered promising cathodes for zinc-ion capacitors owing to their structural tunability and cost-effectiveness. Natural ramie fibers form a 3D interpenetrating network, which provides excellent mechanical support for flexible electrodes. However, conventional high-temperature activation often induces structural collapse. Although surface etching preserves flexible frameworks, it limits pore development, resulting in underutilized surface area and poor pore-carrier compatibility. These limitations create a trade-off between electrochemical performance and structural flexibility. This study presents a top–down intercalation activation strategy for precise pore regulation in natural plant fiber-derived carbon. To completely preserve the flexible fiber skeleton, this approach successfully constructs an interconnected hierarchical channel system, which effectively reduces the ion diffusion barrier. Consequently, the flexible electrode exhibits abundant defect structures and a high specific surface area of 2477 m² g⁻¹, which is 50 times that of directly carbonized ramie fibers. These features significantly increase the number of active sites available for charge storage. The assembled zinc-ion hybrid capacitor exhibits an excellent specific capacity of 212 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.2 A g⁻¹ and an energy density of 168 Wh kg⁻¹, and retains 91% of its capacity after 50,000 cycles. Notably, the assembled flexible device maintains normal operations under multi-angle bending conditions, indicating excellent stability. The proposed strategy provides an innovative approach for the precise regulation of pore size in biomass-derived carbon fibers and enables the efficient preparation of other cellulose-based self-supporting carbon materials.

Graphical Abstract