Canadian Public Administration-Administration Publique Du Canada最新文献

The research reported here is a case study of mandated consolidation in the organization of Alberta's health care system. Informed by the concept of organizational context, this study illustrates the complexity of factors affecting outcomes of mandated change and draws implications for theory and practice. Consolidation of separate agencies was initiated in 2008. Data were obtained through 2020 via interviews of key informants, reviews of official documents, and searches of news media. Ultimately, the mandate appears to have succeeded, but at substantial and potentially avoidable cost. An understanding of multiple dimensions of context can contribute to successful strategies for change.

In 2020, the issue of racism in Canada moved to the forefront of public attention as systemic racial inequities were revealed and exacerbated by the pandemic and prominent deaths of Black individuals at the hands of the police in the United States and Canada. In Canada, much attention was focused on continued harm caused by existing policies and institutions to diverse populations (Cameron & Tedds, 2023). Thus, the conversation on racism in Canadian society, coupled with the exposure of societal inequities, intensified the scrutiny of systemic challenges and barriers faced by racialized Canadians in government and private sector workplaces, in particular public policies and public administration practices.

For example, Sostero et al. (2020) show that high paid white-collar workers were the main beneficiaries of remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, the pandemic disproportionately affected racialized communities because racialized workers are less likely to be in remote-friendly jobs (Samuel & Robertson, 2021). Governments as employers are no exception. In the federal Public Service of Canada (PSC), Indigenous and Black public servants are over-represented in lower-paying positions (TBS, 2023), and many of them continued going into office during the pandemic. Together with the existing issues in hiring and promotion and a lack of diversity in the public service executive positions, highlighted in the Call to Action on Anti-racism, Equity, and Inclusion in the Federal Public Service (Government of Canada, 2021), the impact of the pandemic on Indigenous, Black, and other racialized public servants in the federal government is yet to be fully understood.

As anti-racism initiatives across governments in Canada are further developed and implemented, it is important to consider a different approach to tackling racism in the PSC. This includes anti-racist considerations in decision-making as well as proactively engaging with Indigenous, Black, and other racialized public servants on potential solutions that are sensitive to their experience. For example, the most recent transformation initiative in the PSC—the transition to hybrid work—may further exacerbate inequities in access to flexible work arrangements by Indigenous, Black, and other racialized public servants, especially by those with intersecting identities, unless an anti-racism lens is applied.

What follows presents anti-racism initiatives and considerations in the PSC to demonstrate the value of applying critical race theory (CRT) in Canadian public administration. It starts with an overview of CRT as a framework and then provides a brief summary of the existing anti-racism initiatives in the Government of Canada. Finally, an emerging anti-racism research agenda is set out more generally for the field of Canadian public administration.

This article is based on the results of a survey carried out in 2019 to document health managers and professionals’ knowledge concerning their linguistic obligations and the tools promoting active offer in the field of mental health in French, in Ontario and Manitoba. The working hypothesis is that knowledge of the obligations and available tools can contribute to a successful offer of services in French. The more professionals and managers understand their obligations, the more tools they can use to fulfill them. The study shows that there is indeed a link between knowledge of obligations and the use of tools to provide an active offer of mental health services in French. It also highlights the key role of tools to provide French services actively.

We report the results of a survey of legal cannabis retail operators in the two largest urban centres of a Canadian province that uses a fully private model to determine the dimensions of competition between retail outlets. We find that, in addition to expected price and location competition, customer loyalty is central in the opinion of retailers. Firms also did not see the illicit market as their primary competition, instead identifying nearby legal retailers as their main competitors. Restrictions on advertising loomed large in the minds of retailers as a policy-based impediment to their success. These results are further supported by visual inspection of the exterior of all stores in one of the urban centres.

This article analyzes the enforcement practices of the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC) and compares them with its predecessor, the Investment Dealers Association of Canada (IDA). The study collected data from IIROC's tribunal cases decided between June 2008 and December 2019 and compared them with data on the IDA's enforcement of complaints from 1984 to 2008. The findings reveal no statistically significant difference in the fines imposed by the two regulatory bodies. Furthermore, IIROC has refrained from issuing lenient penalties such as retaking examinations/courses or mandating terms and conditions for offenders. The results also indicate no significant impact on the number or distribution of offense types committed in the industry over time. Most notably, the Ontario Securities Commission, the Canadian Securities Regulators, and the new Self-Regulatory Organization of Canada should consider these findings when formulating policies concerning the role of self-regulation in the financial markets.

The Global Innovation Clusters’ Initiative (GIC) is an innovation program launched in Canada. This article aims to describe the policy, in particular its key similarities and differences with the Europe's Smart Specialisation (S3) policy initiative, and critically explore the logic behind its inception. The article reveals that although policy implementation practices are bespoke and context-specific, the need to increase coordination between different levels and sectors of policy making is acknowledged to be important for achieving both innovation and local economic development objectives.

The human rights justice system is a politically and legally complex area to navigate with legislative changes and judicial decisions shaping the administration and governance of human rights policies. This article provides a comprehensive examination of the complexities and intricacies of this system by measuring the impact of judicial rulings on the discretionary decision-making of the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal (HRTO). The impact of the Supreme Court of Canada's relevant jurisprudence in Figliola and Penner on the HRTO's discretionary powers to dismiss claims pursuant to section 45.1 of the Ontario Human Rights Code is measured by examining the outcomes of decisions made by the Tribunal. The article presents new empirical data on all early dismissal decisions (N = 1479) from 2008 to 2021 and demonstrates the effects of the Supreme Court's rulings in Figliola and Penner. The findings in this article reveal that both Figliola and Penner had significant impacts on the Tribunal's discretionary decision-making powers.

This study examines the agencies responsible for investigating when a member of the public is seriously injured, is killed or experiences other serious and potentially criminal actions at the hands of police officers in Canada. The article takes a comprehensive approach by examining all police oversight agencies that are responsible for responding to and investigating allegations of police criminality—eight organizations, across nine jurisdictions. The study integrates insights from public administration and police accountability literature and examines the structures and administration of the agencies. The study provides a critical assessment of the state of police oversight for serious incidents in Canada, it identifies agency outputs (including case substantiation), levels of independence, efforts at transparency, and considers the challenges in attempting to hold police accountable in Canada.

Canada mirrors developments in most countries with the growth of government agencies created to deliver public goods—whether it is service delivery, adjudication of disputes, regulatory oversight, enforcement activities—purported to benefit from an arms-length relationship to cabinet. There is a robust comparative literature documenting the “agencification” of the state, yet Canadian studies remain mostly absent. This article draws on the Government of Canada's Public Service Employee Survey (PSES) microdata from 2017, 2011, 2005, and 1999 to test key hypotheses advanced by proponents of agencification, specifically that agencies are more innovative, autonomous, and efficient public organizations. We find that those working in enforcement agencies exhibit few of the purported advantages of agencification. We also observe that in recent years regulatory, adjudicative, and parliamentary agencies consistently surpass conventional department organizations on these metrics. Future research avenues are proposed to explore how governance and oversight reforms may explain this shift.