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Economic and Social Disparities across Subnational Regions of South America: A Spatial Convergence Approach 南美洲各亚国家地区的经济和社会差异:一种空间趋同方法
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-01-04 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-021-00181-0
Carlos Gustavo Mendez, Felipe Santos‐Marquez
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引用次数: 3
Wage Bargaining Coordination, Taxation and Labor Costs: The Effects of Fiscal Devaluation 工资议价协调、税收与劳动力成本:财政贬值的影响
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-01-03 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-021-00180-1
Holzner, Mario, Vizek, Maruška, Vukšić, Goran

This study empirically investigates the effects of fiscal devaluation—i.e., a tax shift from employers’ social security contributions to value added tax—on real labor costs on a sample of 23 countries, members of the European Union, over the period between 2001 and 2018. Our results show that fiscal devaluation indeed reduces real labor costs, as suggested in the literature on fiscal devaluations. The effects turn out to be the strongest, and mostly statistically significant, for countries with intermediate and low degrees of wage bargaining coordination, stressing the importance of labor market institutions. For these countries, we find that both value added tax hikes and cuts in employers’ social security contributions help to reduce real labor costs. Countries with a high degree of wage bargaining coordination, where the impact of fiscal devaluation is weaker, should be able to influence real labor costs via coordinated incomes policy, so that the potentially needed labor costs adjustments can be managed even without the implementation of fiscal devaluations.

本研究对财政贬值的影响进行了实证研究。在2001年至2018年期间,对23个欧盟成员国的样本进行了调查,从雇主的社会保障缴款转向对实际劳动力成本征收增值税。我们的研究结果表明,财政贬值确实降低了实际劳动力成本,正如有关财政贬值的文献所表明的那样。结果证明,在工资谈判协调程度中低的国家,这种影响是最强的,而且在统计上大多是显著的,这强调了劳动力市场制度的重要性。对于这些国家,我们发现提高增值税和削减雇主的社会保障缴款都有助于降低实际劳动力成本。工资谈判协调程度高的国家,财政贬值的影响较弱,应该能够通过协调的收入政策影响实际劳动力成本,这样即使不实施财政贬值,也可以管理潜在需要的劳动力成本调整。
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引用次数: 1
40 Years of Dutch Disease Literature: Lessons for Developing Countries. 40年的荷兰病文献:对发展中国家的教训。
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-23 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-021-00177-w
Edouard Mien, Michaël Goujon

This paper surveys the "Dutch disease" literature in developing and emerging countries. It describes the original model of Dutch disease and some main extensions proposed in the theoretical literature, focusing on the ones that match developing countries' conditions. It then reviews various empirical studies that have been conducted and provides evidence that the Dutch disease is still an issue for many developing countries. Finally, it discusses the gaps in the theoretical and empirical literature for understanding the suitable policy instruments to cope with Dutch disease.

本文对发展中国家和新兴国家的“荷兰病”文献进行了综述。它描述了荷兰病的原始模型和理论文献中提出的一些主要扩展,重点是符合发展中国家条件的模型。然后,它审查了已经进行的各种实证研究,并提供证据表明,荷兰病仍然是许多发展中国家的一个问题。最后,它讨论了理论和实证文献中的差距,以了解应对荷兰病的适当政策工具。
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引用次数: 14
Fiscal Consolidation, Social Sector Expenditures and Twin Deficit Hypothesis: Evidence from Emerging and Middle-Income Countries. 财政整合、社会部门支出和双赤字假说:来自新兴和中等收入国家的证据。
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-022-00183-6
Amine Lahiani, Ameni Mtibaa, Foued Gabsi

Following the present scale of fiscal imbalances, governments often implement fiscal consolidation programs to restore macroeconomic stability. This paper empirically explores the connections between social expenditure, current account and fiscal consolidations using the system-GMM estimator, on a panel of 23 emerging and middle-income countries for the 2009-2018 period. Our results confirm that government social expenditure decreases once fiscal austerity measures are implemented, practically when they are spending-driven. Fiscal consolidation may hurt important social expenditure allocation mainly on education and health components. Furthermore, we find that fiscal consolidation improves the current account deficit, providing support for the twin deficits hypothesis. These findings indicate that fiscal consolidation will eventually contribute to medium- and long-term external debt stability through the current account improvement. However, the exclusion of key growth determinants such as human capital can lead to many inefficiencies such as weak competition in the provision of social services (Jafarov and Gunnarsson in Government spending on health care and education in Croatia: Efficiency and reform options, working paper 136, International Monetary Fund, 2008). We suggest rationalizing social spending and devoting the country's revenue to necessary and economically productive projects. The efficient use of resources will thus ensure better quality of education and health care services. This calls for good governance, an adequate administration and effective delivery structures.

面对目前的财政失衡规模,政府往往会实施财政整顿计划,以恢复宏观经济稳定。本文在2009-2018年期间对23个新兴和中等收入国家进行了实证研究,使用系统- gmm估计器探讨了社会支出、经常账户和财政整顿之间的联系。我们的研究结果证实,一旦实施财政紧缩措施,政府的社会支出就会减少,实际上,当这些措施是支出驱动的时候。财政整顿可能损害主要用于教育和卫生部分的重要社会支出分配。此外,我们发现财政整顿改善了经常账户赤字,为双赤字假说提供了支持。这些研究结果表明,财政整顿最终将通过改善经常账户来促进中长期外债稳定。然而,排除人力资本等关键增长决定因素可能导致许多低效现象,例如在提供社会服务方面竞争薄弱(Jafarov和Gunnarsson关于克罗地亚政府在保健和教育方面的支出:效率和改革选择,工作文件136,国际货币基金组织,2008年)。我们建议使社会开支合理化,把国家的收入用于必要的和具有经济效益的项目。因此,有效利用资源将确保提高教育和保健服务的质量。这需要善治、适当的行政管理和有效的执行结构。
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引用次数: 4
Economic Growth and Productivity Performance in Central Asia. 中亚的经济增长和生产力表现。
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-09-10 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-021-00156-1
Mirzobobo Yormirzoev

This paper analyzes patterns of long-term economic performance in all five Central Asian countries. We first look at sources of economic growth based on a simple growth accounting exercise. Our findings show that under the period of study total factor productivity growth rates were modest ranging from 1.7% for Kazakhstan, 1.4% for Uzbekistan, and 0.8% for Tajikistan and Turkmenistan to-0.4% for the Kyrgyz Republic. The second part of the paper is connected with exploring productivity level analysis across all Central Asian countries by decomposing differences in output per worker into differences in capital intensity and productivity. Results reflect different levels of productivity performance in the region compared with Japan and South Korea as frontier economies for the analysis.

本文分析了中亚五国的长期经济表现模式。我们首先根据一个简单的增长核算来研究经济增长的来源。我们的研究结果表明,在研究期间,全要素生产率增长率适中,哈萨克斯坦为1.7%,乌兹别克斯坦为1.4%,塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦为0.8%,吉尔吉斯共和国为0.4%。本文的第二部分是通过将人均产出的差异分解为资本密集度和生产率的差异来探索所有中亚国家的生产率水平分析。与作为分析前沿经济体的日本和韩国相比,结果反映了该地区不同水平的生产率表现。
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引用次数: 6
Growth Factors in Developed Countries: A 1960-2019 Growth Accounting Decomposition. 发达国家的增长要素:1960-2019年增长核算分解。
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-021-00170-3
Gilbert Cette, Aurélien Devillard, Vincenzo Spiezia

Using a new and original database, our paper contributes to the growth accounting literature with three original aspects: First, it covers a long period from the early 60's to 2019, just before the COVID-19 crisis; second, it analyzes a large set of economies (30 plus the Euro Area) at the country level; finally, it singles out the growth contribution of information and communications technologies (ICTs) capital as well as robots. Our findings show that the main drivers of labor productivity growth over the whole 1960-2019 period appear to have been education, total factor productivity (TFP), non-ICT and non-robot capital deepening. The relative contribution of ICT capital is found to be declining from the mid-2000s, although our country-level economy dataset does not make it possible to estimate the TFP contribution of ICTs. The contribution of robots to productivity growth through capital deepening and TFP appears to be significant in Germany and Japan in the sub-period 1975-1995, in France and Italy in 1995-2005, and in several Eastern European countries in 2005-2019. Our findings also confirm the slowdown in TFP in most countries from at least 1995 onwards. This slowdown is mainly accounted for by a decrease in the contributions of non-ICT non-robot capital deepening and TFP.

本文使用了一个全新的原始数据库,为增长会计文献做出了三个方面的贡献:首先,它涵盖了从60年代初到2019年(COVID-19危机之前)的很长一段时间;其次,它在国家层面上分析了一大批经济体(30个加上欧元区);最后,报告特别指出了信息和通信技术(ict)资本以及机器人对经济增长的贡献。我们的研究结果表明,在整个1960-2019年期间,劳动生产率增长的主要驱动力似乎是教育、全要素生产率(TFP)、非ict和非机器人资本深化。信息通信技术资本的相对贡献从2000年代中期开始下降,尽管我们的国家级经济数据集无法估计信息通信技术对全要素生产率的贡献。机器人通过资本深化和TFP对生产率增长的贡献在德国和日本(1975-1995年)、法国和意大利(1995-2005年)以及一些东欧国家(2005-2019年)似乎都很显著。我们的研究结果还证实,至少从1995年开始,大多数国家的全要素生产率有所放缓。这种放缓的主要原因是非ict非机器人资本深化和TFP的贡献下降。
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引用次数: 10
Real Exchange Rate Misalignments and Currency Crises in the Former Soviet Union Countries. 前苏联国家实际汇率失调与货币危机。
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-25 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-021-00178-9
Viktar Dudzich

The paper explores the utility of real exchange rate misalignments from their equilibrium for identification of currency crises in the former Soviet Union countries. We estimate equilibrium exchange rates for 10 former Soviet Republics employing behavioural equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) and natural real exchange rate (NATREX) concepts and pooled mean group estimator. Subsequently, we compare the estimated misalignments before, during and after the currency crisis episodes and regress the misalignments on crisis-related variables. The results indicate that the misalignments tended to increase before the crises and visibly reduced after, thus serving as potentially viable predictors of such events.

本文从均衡角度探讨了实际汇率失调对前苏联国家货币危机识别的效用。我们使用行为均衡汇率(BEER)和自然实际汇率(NATREX)概念和集合平均群估计器估计了10个前苏联共和国的均衡汇率。随后,我们比较了货币危机发生前、期间和之后的估计偏差,并对危机相关变量的偏差进行了回归。结果表明,在危机发生前,失调倾向于增加,危机发生后明显减少,因此可以作为此类事件的潜在可行预测指标。
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引用次数: 1
Socio-Economic and Political Challenges of EU Member Countries: Grasping the Policy Direction of the European Semester. 欧盟成员国的社会经济和政治挑战:把握欧洲学期的政策方向。
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-11 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-021-00171-2
Sara Casagrande, Bruno Dallago

The European Semester (ES) and the country-specific recommendations (CSRs) have been introduced with the purpose to promote flexibility and adaptation to national circumstances in the governance of fiscal policies. To assess whether the ES has contributed to reconcile economic and social objectives, we measured, through the distance to frontier (DTF) score methodology, the distance of each member country from a benchmark based on EU aims and values defined in the EU treaties. Results show that EU member countries are far from the benchmark and CSRs have not prevented a progressive deterioration of stability and cohesion from an economic, political and social perspective. A content analysis of the CSRs issued from 2011 to 2018 and a comparison with the DTF scores reveal a weak connection between member countries' performance and CSRs. Despite the social content of many CSRs, we actually observe a "commodification" of their goals. CSRs promote a society functional to flexible and competitive markets, and compatible with the requirements of fiscal discipline and sustainability. This neoliberal approach apparently played a role in the EU deterioration and makes the "socialization" of the ES a process with ambiguous implications for European citizens.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1057/s41294-021-00171-2.

引入欧洲学期(ES)和国别建议(CSRs)的目的是促进财政政策治理的灵活性和对国情的适应性。为了评估ES是否有助于协调经济和社会目标,我们通过边界距离(DTF)得分方法测量了每个成员国与基于欧盟目标和欧盟条约中定义的价值观的基准的距离。结果表明,欧盟成员国与基准相去甚远,从经济、政治和社会的角度来看,社会责任并没有阻止稳定和凝聚力的逐步恶化。对2011年至2018年发布的社会责任报告的内容分析以及与DTF分数的比较显示,成员国的表现与社会责任之间的联系很弱。尽管许多企业社会责任的内容是社会的,但我们实际上观察到它们的目标是“商品化”的。企业社会责任促进社会适应灵活和竞争的市场,并符合财政纪律和可持续性的要求。这种新自由主义方法显然在欧盟的恶化中发挥了作用,并使欧盟的“社会化”成为一个对欧洲公民具有模糊含义的过程。补充信息:在线版本包含补充资料,可在10.1057/s41294-021-00171-2获得。
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引用次数: 3
Short-Term Harm, Long-Term Prosperity? Democracy, Corruption and Foreign Direct Investments in Sino-African Economic Relations 短期危害,长期繁荣?中非经济关系中的民主、腐败与外国直接投资
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-11-23 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-021-00176-x
Sargis Karavardanyan
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引用次数: 2
Civil War, Famine and the Persistence of Human Capital: Evidence from Tajikistan 内战、饥荒与人力资本的持续:来自塔吉克斯坦的证据
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-11-12 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-021-00174-z
L. Grogan
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引用次数: 0
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Comparative Economic Studies
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