Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.002
Marcos Meo , Jessica Adriana Del Punta , Irene Sánchez , Rodrigo de Luis García , Gustavo Gasaneo , Raúl Martin
Purpose
The purpose of this research is to propose a new method for the easy, inexpensive and objective quantification of nystagmus using eye-tracking records collected during a simple reading task that could be implantable in clinical practice to assess patients with nystagmus.
Methods
This is a prospective, observational pilot study. Eye movements of 4 nystagmus patients and 9 healthy children during a reading task (a paragraph with 82 words) on a 15′’ monitor were collected and compared. Data are time series indicating the gaze position on the screen. Two quantifiers were proposed: IndS (based on the speed of movements) and IndF (based on the variation of the gaze trajectory).
Results
The indices proposed reflect differences in the behavior of eye movements between the two groups. Nystagmus patients present higher values of IndS - indicating smaller number of slow movements (16% of movements with speeds <0.33 1/s for nystagmus and 85% for the control group, with p = 0.01) - and higher values of IndF - indicating higher gaze fluctuation (p = 0.01). Differences were not related with reading speed as show the mean and standard deviation: the nystagmus group required 115±45 s to complete the task and the control group 151±85 s; p = 0.73.
Conclusions
The proposed indices provide a new method that allows an objective assessment of nystagmus, with potential use in clinical and research practice to improve the follow-up of patients by monitoring the nystagmus over time or treatment.
{"title":"A dynamical method to objectively assess infantile nystagmus based on eye tracking. A pilot study","authors":"Marcos Meo , Jessica Adriana Del Punta , Irene Sánchez , Rodrigo de Luis García , Gustavo Gasaneo , Raúl Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The purpose of this research is to propose a new method for the easy, inexpensive and objective quantification of nystagmus using eye-tracking records collected during a simple reading task that could be implantable in clinical practice to assess patients with nystagmus.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This is a prospective, observational pilot study. Eye movements of 4 nystagmus patients and 9 healthy children during a reading task (a paragraph with 82 words) on a 15′’ monitor were collected and compared. Data are time series indicating the gaze position on the screen. Two quantifiers were proposed: IndS (based on the speed of movements) and IndF (based on the variation of the gaze trajectory).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The indices proposed reflect differences in the behavior of eye movements between the two groups. Nystagmus patients present higher values of IndS - indicating smaller number of slow movements (16% of movements with speeds <0.33 1/s for nystagmus and 85% for the control group, with <em>p</em> = 0.01) - and higher values of IndF - indicating higher gaze fluctuation (<em>p</em> = 0.01). Differences were not related with reading speed as show the mean and standard deviation: the nystagmus group required 115±45 s to complete the task and the control group 151±85 s; <em>p</em> = 0.73.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The proposed indices provide a new method that allows an objective assessment of nystagmus, with potential use in clinical and research practice to improve the follow-up of patients by monitoring the nystagmus over time or treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 221-228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d7/a8/main.PMC10323181.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9761191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patti Pics (PP) and Lea Symbols (LS) are commonly used by eye care practitioners worldwide. Although the relationship between the two tests is fairly well understood, the availability of different chart designs (single optotypes, multiple optotypes, multiple optotypes with crowding box) merits futher understanding. The purpose of this study is to explore the agreement between the acuity measures obtained with Patti Pics and Lea Symbols in children and adults and compare their performance with the Sloan Letter (SL) chart in adults.
Methods
Monocular visual acuity was obtained from ninety-three 3 to 5-year-old children using Patti Pics and Lea Symbols. Acuities were also obtained from 113 adults using the same tests under identical conditions. Acuity results obtained with the pediatric tests were compared with the gold-standard Sloan Letter chart in adults. The Bland-Altman method was implemented to compare the level of agreement between tests.
Results
Patti Pics yielded worse visual acuity than the Lea Symbols by approximately half a logMAR line in both children (mean difference: -0.07 ± 0.07 logMAR, p <0.01) and adults (Mean difference: -0.05 ± 0.06 logMAR, p <0.01). The 95% limits of agreement between Lea Symbol acuity and Patti pics acuity in children was ± 0.14 logMAR. Mean difference between the Sloan Letter chart and Lea Symbols acuity was not statistically significant (p = 0.08) in adults but the difference was statistically significant between PP and SL (p<0.001). The 95% limits of agreement between LS and SL and between PP and SL was ± 0.19 logMAR and ± 0.22 logMAR, respectively.
Conclusion
Patti Pics consistently underestimated visual acuity as compared to Lea Symbols both in children and adults although the differences were not clinically significant. The LS and PP did not yield clinically significant differences in acuities when compared with Sloan letters in adults.
{"title":"Agreement between Lea Symbols and Patti Pics visual acuity in children and adults","authors":"Arjun Sapkota , Sanjeeta Sitaula , Gauri Shankar Shrestha , Niraj Dev Joshi , Bipin Koirala , Nabin Paudel","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Patti Pics (PP) and Lea Symbols (LS) are commonly used by eye care practitioners worldwide. Although the relationship between the two tests is fairly well understood, the availability of different chart designs (single optotypes, multiple optotypes, multiple optotypes with crowding box) merits futher understanding. The purpose of this study is to explore the agreement between the acuity measures obtained with Patti Pics and Lea Symbols in children and adults and compare their performance with the Sloan Letter (SL) chart in adults.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Monocular visual acuity was obtained from ninety-three 3 to 5-year-old children using Patti Pics and Lea Symbols. Acuities were also obtained from 113 adults using the same tests under identical conditions. Acuity results obtained with the pediatric tests were compared with the gold-standard Sloan Letter chart in adults. The Bland-Altman method was implemented to compare the level of agreement between tests.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Patti Pics yielded worse visual acuity than the Lea Symbols by approximately half a logMAR line in both children (mean difference: -0.07 ± 0.07 logMAR, <em>p</em> <0.01) and adults (Mean difference: -0.05 ± 0.06 logMAR, <em>p</em> <0.01). The 95% limits of agreement between Lea Symbol acuity and Patti pics acuity in children was ± 0.14 logMAR. Mean difference between the Sloan Letter chart and Lea Symbols acuity was not statistically significant (<em>p</em> = 0.08) in adults but the difference was statistically significant between PP and SL (<em>p</em><0.001). The 95% limits of agreement between LS and SL and between PP and SL was ± 0.19 logMAR and ± 0.22 logMAR, respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Patti Pics consistently underestimated visual acuity as compared to Lea Symbols both in children and adults although the differences were not clinically significant. The LS and PP did not yield clinically significant differences in acuities when compared with Sloan letters in adults.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 229-235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/46/21/main.PMC10323177.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9756903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2022.08.005
Clara Martínez-Pérez , Belen Pérez-Sánchez , César Villa-Collar
Objective
The main objective of this study was to obtain percentile curves of refractive errors in a Spanish paediatric population aged between 3 and 12 years.
Materials and method
A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted, including children aged between 3 and 12 years who did not present with any known ocular and/or systemic diseases. The convenience sampling method was used to select the sample from three schools and one hospital in the Community of Madrid. The refractive error was obtained using a Retinomax K-plus 3 autorefractometer (RTX; Right Mfg. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th percentiles were calculated using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.24 statistical software (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, United States).
Results
A total of 688 children with a mean age of 7.68 ± 2.17 years were analysed. In the 50th percentile curve, spherical equivalent values started to become myopic at 3 years (SE < –0.50 D) and the 75th percentile curve also turned myopic at 4 years. As a result, it was observed that the spherical equivalent value became more negative with time, starting from the ages indicated above. Therefore, the 90th percentile curve was negative at 11 years.
Conclusion
Percentile curves of refractive errors in a Spanish paediatric population have been presented for the first time in order to help eyecare professionals detect children with refractive errors at an early age.
{"title":"Percentile curves of refractive errors in a Spanish paediatric population","authors":"Clara Martínez-Pérez , Belen Pérez-Sánchez , César Villa-Collar","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The main objective of this study was to obtain percentile curves of refractive errors in a Spanish paediatric population aged between 3 and 12 years.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and method</h3><p>A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted, including children aged between 3 and 12 years who did not present with any known ocular and/or systemic diseases. The convenience sampling method was used to select the sample from three schools and one hospital in the Community of Madrid. The refractive error was obtained using a Retinomax K-plus 3 autorefractometer (RTX; Right Mfg. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th percentiles were calculated using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.24 statistical software (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, United States).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 688 children with a mean age of 7.68 ± 2.17 years were analysed. In the 50th percentile curve, spherical equivalent values started to become myopic at 3 years (SE < –0.50 D) and the 75th percentile curve also turned myopic at 4 years. As a result, it was observed that the spherical equivalent value became more negative with time, starting from the ages indicated above. Therefore, the 90th percentile curve was negative at 11 years.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Percentile curves of refractive errors in a Spanish paediatric population have been presented for the first time in order to help eyecare professionals detect children with refractive errors at an early age.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 175-181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/48/19/main.PMC10323184.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9816369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2022.07.002
Tanja B. Hansen , Joaquim Torner-Jordana , Line Kessel
Purpose
To describe the prevalence and severity of photosensitivity in patients with albinism, and to compare with ocular features and how this correlated with use and choice of optical filters.
Methods
Cross-sectional study on 81 participants with ocular or oculocutaneous albinism. An ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and evaluation of iris translucency and fundus hypopigmentation was performed. Participants were offered optical rehabilitation with testing of a wide panel of filters. The associations between ocular characteristics, subjective photosensitivity complaints, and filter choice were evaluated.
Results
Photosensitivity was rated as “some” to “worst imaginable” in 77.8% of participants. Severity of photosensitivity correlated significantly with fundus hypopigmentation (p = 0.04) but not with iris translucency (p = 0.14) and it was worse in those with poor visual acuity but there was no association between photosensitivity and contrast vision. Seventy-four new pairs of spectacles were prescribed in the study. All outdoor spectacles contained a filter, whereas 26.5% of new indoor spectacles did not. Relatively neutral filter colors (gray, brown or a combination of gray and brown with other colors) and low transmission were preferred.
Discussion
Photosensitivity is common in albinism, but research targeting treatment is limited. Color and neutral filters with a low light transmission were preferred, with participants having a large number of spectacles, presumably to meet their needs in different situations.
{"title":"Photosensitivity and filter efficacy in albinism✰","authors":"Tanja B. Hansen , Joaquim Torner-Jordana , Line Kessel","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2022.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To describe the prevalence and severity of photosensitivity in patients with albinism, and to compare with ocular features and how this correlated with use and choice of optical filters.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Cross-sectional study on 81 participants with ocular or oculocutaneous albinism. An ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and evaluation of iris translucency and fundus hypopigmentation was performed. Participants were offered optical rehabilitation with testing of a wide panel of filters. The associations between ocular characteristics, subjective photosensitivity complaints, and filter choice were evaluated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Photosensitivity was rated as “some” to “worst imaginable” in 77.8% of participants. Severity of photosensitivity correlated significantly with fundus hypopigmentation (<em>p</em> = 0.04) but not with iris translucency (<em>p</em> = 0.14) and it was worse in those with poor visual acuity but there was no association between photosensitivity and contrast vision. Seventy-four new pairs of spectacles were prescribed in the study. All outdoor spectacles contained a filter, whereas 26.5% of new indoor spectacles did not. Relatively neutral filter colors (gray, brown or a combination of gray and brown with other colors) and low transmission were preferred.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Photosensitivity is common in albinism, but research targeting treatment is limited. Color and neutral filters with a low light transmission were preferred, with participants having a large number of spectacles, presumably to meet their needs in different situations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 214-220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49746398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the low-power, high-frequency electrical current treatment administered by the Rexon-Eye device, in a cohort of patients affected by mixed-type dry eye disease (DED) of medium to severe level.
Patients and methods
In this prospective, non-randomized, interventional clinical study, eighteen mixed type DED patients were treated. Treatment was a specific type of electrotherapy, Quantum Molecular Resonance (QMR®), administered by means of the Rexon-Eye® device (Resono Ophthalmic, Sandrigo, Italy) with a protocol of one 20-min session per week, for 4 weeks. Patients were examined at baseline and one month after the last treatment, utilizing the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and clinical signs: non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT), Oxford staining, meibum quality, meibography, meibomian gland expressibility, tear meniscus height (TMH), Schirmer's test, ocular inflammation expressed by MMP-9 concentration.
Results
Subjective benefit in OSDI was reported (p = 0.013). Improvement was also observed in NIBUT (p < 0.001), Oxford staining (p = 0.002), expressible meibomian glands number (p = 0.001) and meibum quality (p < 0.001). A remarkable benefit was present in inflammation, as evidenced by the reduction of MMP-9 (p = 0.003). Changes, although not statistically significant, were also present in TMH (p = 0.076) and Schirmer's test (p = 0.675), whereas no change was observed in meibography score. No adverse event was reported.
Conclusion
In this mixed-type DED patients’ cohort, Rexon-Eye proved to be effective and safe in improving subjective and objective ocular parameters, as well as capable to normalize inflammatory markers.
{"title":"Evaluating the efficacy of Quantum Molecular Resonance (QMR) electrotherapy in mixed-type dry eye patients","authors":"Alexandra Trivli , Efthymios Karmiris , Georgios Dalianis , Alfredo Ruggeri , Chryssa Terzidou","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the low-power, high-frequency electrical current treatment administered by the Rexon-Eye device, in a cohort of patients affected by mixed-type dry eye disease (DED) of medium to severe level.</p></div><div><h3>Patients and methods</h3><p>In this prospective, non-randomized, interventional clinical study, eighteen mixed type DED patients were treated. Treatment was a specific type of electrotherapy, Quantum Molecular Resonance (QMR®), administered by means of the Rexon-Eye® device (Resono Ophthalmic, Sandrigo, Italy) with a protocol of one 20-min session per week, for 4 weeks. Patients were examined at baseline and one month after the last treatment, utilizing the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and clinical signs: non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT), Oxford staining, meibum quality, meibography, meibomian gland expressibility, tear meniscus height (TMH), Schirmer's test, ocular inflammation expressed by MMP-9 concentration.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Subjective benefit in OSDI was reported (<em>p</em> = 0.013). Improvement was also observed in NIBUT (<em>p</em> < 0.001), Oxford staining (<em>p</em> = 0.002), expressible meibomian glands number (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and meibum quality (<em>p</em> < 0.001). A remarkable benefit was present in inflammation, as evidenced by the reduction of MMP-9 (<em>p</em> = 0.003). Changes, although not statistically significant, were also present in TMH (<em>p</em> = 0.076) and Schirmer's test (<em>p</em> = 0.675), whereas no change was observed in meibography score. No adverse event was reported.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In this mixed-type DED patients’ cohort, Rexon-Eye proved to be effective and safe in improving subjective and objective ocular parameters, as well as capable to normalize inflammatory markers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 128-134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10104789/pdf/main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10105782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2022.04.001
Mohammed Abdul-Kabir, Eldrick Adu Acquah, Ebenezer Justice Quainoo
Purpose
To determine the fixation disparity and refractive error of first-year optometry students to ascertain any relationship between them and also identify any association between fixation disparity and visual symptoms at near.
Method
It was an analytical cross-sectional study involving 85 participants aged 17 to 27 years (18.60 ± 1.37), 41% of whom were males. Subjective refraction was done at 3 m and fixation disparity was measured with and without spectacle correction using the Wesson Fixation Disparity Card. All analysis was set within a 95% confidence interval with a p-value ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results
Refractive error ranged from 0.25 SEQ (spherical equivalent) to 5.50 SEQ. Mean fixation disparity ranged from 2.9 ± 2.6 to 3.9 ± 2.8 min arc. There was no statistically significant correlation between refractive error and fixation disparity without correction (r = −0.180, p = 0.098) and with correction (r = 0.155, p = 0.157). For fixation disparity in the ortho and exo direction, mean fixation disparity with correction of participants who experienced headaches during or after reading (5.1 ± 2.6 min arc) was significantly higher (p = 0.032) than participants who did not (2.0 ± 2.6 min arc).
Conclusion
Myopia is common among first-year optometry students. Refractive error has no significant effect on fixation disparity. Headache is significantly associated with exo fixation disparity at near.
{"title":"Fixation disparity and refractive error among first-year optometry students","authors":"Mohammed Abdul-Kabir, Eldrick Adu Acquah, Ebenezer Justice Quainoo","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To determine the fixation disparity and refractive error of first-year optometry students to ascertain any relationship between them and also identify any association between fixation disparity and visual symptoms at near.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>It was an analytical cross-sectional study involving 85 participants aged 17 to 27 years (18.60 ± 1.37), 41% of whom were males. Subjective refraction was done at 3 m and fixation disparity was measured with and without spectacle correction using the Wesson Fixation Disparity Card. All analysis was set within a 95% confidence interval with a <em>p</em>-value ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Refractive error ranged from 0.25 SEQ (spherical equivalent) to 5.50 SEQ. Mean fixation disparity ranged from 2.9 ± 2.6 to 3.9 ± 2.8 min arc. There was no statistically significant correlation between refractive error and fixation disparity without correction (<em>r</em> = −0.180, <em>p</em> = 0.098) and with correction (<em>r</em> = 0.155, <em>p</em> = 0.157). For fixation disparity in the ortho and exo direction, mean fixation disparity with correction of participants who experienced headaches during or after reading (5.1 ± 2.6 min arc) was significantly higher (<em>p</em> = 0.032) than participants who did not (2.0 ± 2.6 min arc).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Myopia is common among first-year optometry students. Refractive error has no significant effect on fixation disparity. Headache is significantly associated with exo fixation disparity at near.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 100-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10104788/pdf/main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9306395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2022.05.001
Matjaž Mihelčič , Anja Podlesek
Significance
Cognitive involvement in reading causes variations in the tonus of autonomic nerve system. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of short-term cognitive load on accommodation and pupils’ absolute values and temporal variability in test persons performing three different types of tasks.
Purpose
We aimed to show how cognitive tasks of different type and difficulty level affect accommodation and pupil behavior during a short time interval.
Methods
Participants (n = 58; mean age 16.4 years, SD = 0.56) performed reading from a 10-inch LCD screen placed at 40 cm distance. Three different types of tasks (numerical, textual, and the Stroop task), each at three different levels of cognitive load were introduced. Participants had 90 s to complete each task. Accommodative and pupillary responses were measured with videoretinoscope Power Refractor 3 at 50 Hz.
Results
Pupil size was largest in the Stroop task (M = 5.20 mm, SD = 0.75 mm), followed by the numerical tasks (M = 5.02 mm, SD = 0.72 mm) and textual tasks (M = 4.78 mm, SD = 0.71 mm). Accommodative fluctuations – measured as accommodation SD – were largest in the textual tasks (M = 0.67 D, SD = 0.34 D), followed by the numerical tasks (M = 0.61 D, SD = 0.40 D) and the Stroop task (M = 0.52 D, SD = 0.21 D).
Conclusions
In our experiment, short-term cognitive load was associated with altered pupillary and accommodative response to near tasks. In conflicting tasks (Stroop) or in performing continuing calculations, the pupils were larger; in tasks requiring logical reasoning, the accommodative fluctuations were greater. These effects can potentially be associated with current near-point stress and myopia growth models.
{"title":"Cognitive workload affects ocular accommodation and pupillary response","authors":"Matjaž Mihelčič , Anja Podlesek","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Cognitive involvement in reading causes variations in the tonus of autonomic nerve system. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of short-term cognitive load on accommodation and pupils’ absolute values and temporal variability in test persons performing three different types of tasks.</p></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>We aimed to show how cognitive tasks of different type and difficulty level affect accommodation and pupil behavior during a short time interval.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants (<em>n</em> = 58; mean age 16.4 years, <em>SD</em> = 0.56) performed reading from a 10-inch LCD screen placed at 40 cm distance. Three different types of tasks (numerical, textual, and the Stroop task), each at three different levels of cognitive load were introduced. Participants had 90 s to complete each task. Accommodative and pupillary responses were measured with videoretinoscope Power Refractor 3 at 50 Hz.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Pupil size was largest in the Stroop task (<em>M</em> = 5.20 mm, <em>SD</em> = 0.75 mm), followed by the numerical tasks (<em>M</em> = 5.02 mm, <em>SD</em> = 0.72 mm) and textual tasks (<em>M</em> = 4.78 mm, <em>SD</em> = 0.71 mm). Accommodative fluctuations – measured as accommodation <em>SD</em> – were largest in the textual tasks (<em>M</em> = 0.67 D, <em>SD</em> = 0.34 D), followed by the numerical tasks (<em>M</em> = 0.61 D, <em>SD</em> = 0.40 D) and the Stroop task (<em>M</em> = 0.52 D, <em>SD</em> = 0.21 D).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In our experiment, short-term cognitive load was associated with altered pupillary and accommodative response to near tasks. In conflicting tasks (Stroop) or in performing continuing calculations, the pupils were larger; in tasks requiring logical reasoning, the accommodative fluctuations were greater. These effects can potentially be associated with current near-point stress and myopia growth models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 107-115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10104792/pdf/main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9312341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2022.07.001
Achim Fieß , Stephanie D. Grabitz , Eva Mildenberger , Michael S. Urschitz , Agnes Fauer , Ulrike Hampel , Joanna Wasielica-Poslednik , Fred Zepp , Norbert Pfeiffer , Alexander K. Schuster
Purpose
Prematurity, prenatal growth restriction, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are associated with altered ocular geometry, such as a steeper corneal shape in childhood, but it is unclear whether perinatal history affects corneal thickness development, so this study investigated whether corneal thickness in adulthood is affected by perinatal history.
Marterials and Methods
The Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study (GPES) is a retrospective cohort study with a prospective ophthalmologic examination in Germany. The corneal thickness was measured by Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam HR, Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), and the relationship between perinatal parameters respective birth weight percentile and corneal thickness at different locations was assessed using uni- and multivariable linear regression models. Covariates included age, sex, mean corneal radius, white-to-white distance, gestational age, birth weight percentile, ROP occurrence, and treatment. The main outcome measures were corneal thickness at the apex, the pupil center, and the corneal periphery.
Results
The corneal thickness was measured in 390 participants (754 eyes, mean age 29.7+/-8.7 years, 224 females). In multivariable analyses, a lower birth weight percentile was associated with a lower corneal thickness at the apex (B = 0.20, p = 0.003) and the pupil (B = 0.19, p = 0.007). These effects diminished towards the corneal periphery and were not observed beyond the 4-mm diameter circle around the thinnest corneal position. Neither gestational age, ROP occurrence, or ROP treatment affected the corneal thickness.
Conclusion
A lower birth weight percentile in subjects born preterm as a proxy for restricted fetal growth is associated with corneal thickness thinning in adults aged 18 to 52 years, indicating that corneal thickness development, particularly in the corneal center, may originate in the fetal stage.
{"title":"A lower birth weight percentile is associated with central corneal thickness thinning: Results from the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study (GPES)","authors":"Achim Fieß , Stephanie D. Grabitz , Eva Mildenberger , Michael S. Urschitz , Agnes Fauer , Ulrike Hampel , Joanna Wasielica-Poslednik , Fred Zepp , Norbert Pfeiffer , Alexander K. Schuster","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Prematurity, prenatal growth restriction, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are associated with altered ocular geometry, such as a steeper corneal shape in childhood, but it is unclear whether perinatal history affects corneal thickness development, so this study investigated whether corneal thickness in adulthood is affected by perinatal history.</p></div><div><h3>Marterials and Methods</h3><p>The Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study (GPES) is a retrospective cohort study with a prospective ophthalmologic examination in Germany. The corneal thickness was measured by Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam HR, Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), and the relationship between perinatal parameters respective birth weight percentile and corneal thickness at different locations was assessed using uni- and multivariable linear regression models. Covariates included age, sex, mean corneal radius, white-to-white distance, gestational age, birth weight percentile, ROP occurrence, and treatment. The main outcome measures were corneal thickness at the apex, the pupil center, and the corneal periphery.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The corneal thickness was measured in 390 participants (754 eyes, mean age 29.7+/-8.7 years, 224 females). In multivariable analyses, a lower birth weight percentile was associated with a lower corneal thickness at the apex (<em>B</em> = 0.20, <em>p</em> = 0.003) and the pupil (<em>B</em> = 0.19, <em>p</em> = 0.007). These effects diminished towards the corneal periphery and were not observed beyond the 4-mm diameter circle around the thinnest corneal position. Neither gestational age, ROP occurrence, or ROP treatment affected the corneal thickness.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>A lower birth weight percentile in subjects born preterm as a proxy for restricted fetal growth is associated with corneal thickness thinning in adults aged 18 to 52 years, indicating that corneal thickness development, particularly in the corneal center, may originate in the fetal stage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 143-150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10104790/pdf/main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9300425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.004
John Buch, Leilani Sonoda, Jessica Cannon
Purpose
Evaluate the performance of a photochromic contact lens in various lighting conditions throughout the day, including those indoor and outdoor environments where the photochromic contact lens is in a less active or inactive state.
Methods
Data from two clinical trials of a photochromic contact lens were analyzed to evaluate its performance in various light environments. Both studies involved a photochromic test lens (ACUVUE® OASYS with Transitions™ Light Intelligent Technology™) and a similar non-photochromic control lens (ACUVUE® OASYS 2-week with HYDRACLEAR® PLUS). The studies were both multi-visit, multi-site, 2-treatment by 3-period randomized crossover (i.e., Test/Control/Control or Control/Test/Test) dispensing studies, with follow-up visits after each 2-week dispensing period.
Results
A total of 250 subjects were dispensed lenses across both studies, of which 237 total subjects completed. In situations where exposure to an activating light source is common (e.g., outdoors), the Test lens was preferred nearly 6:1 over the control lens. In situations where exposure to an activating light source is less common – indoors, driving at night, using digital devices –, the Test lens was still preferred over the control lens by margins of 4:1, nearly 4:1, and over 3:1 respectively. The Test lens was superior with respect to quality of vision, ability to see comfortably, clarity of vision, reduction of squinting while using computers and reduction of bright light while driving at night.
Conclusion
The photochromic test contact lens was rated superior to a non-photochromic control lens in environmental situations where the lens is in a less active or inactive state.
目的评估光致变色隐形眼镜在一天中的各种照明条件下的性能，包括那些光致变色镜片处于不太活跃或不活跃状态的室内和室外环境。方法对光致变色隐形眼镜的两项临床试验数据进行分析，评价其在不同光照环境下的性能。这两项研究都涉及光致变色测试镜片（ACVUE®OASYS with Transitions™ 轻智能技术™) 和类似的非光致变色控制镜片（ACVUE®OASYS 2周，带HYDRACLEAR®PLUS）。这两项研究都是通过3周期随机交叉（即试验/对照/对照或对照/试验/试验）进行的多访视、多部位、2次治疗的配药研究，每2周配药期后进行随访。结果在两项研究中，共有250名受试者被分配了镜片，其中237名受试人完成了镜片分配。在暴露于激活光源的情况下（例如，室外），测试透镜比对照透镜优选接近6:1。在暴露于激活光源的情况下不太常见——室内、夜间驾驶、使用数字设备——测试镜头仍然比控制镜头更受欢迎，分别为4:1、接近4:1和超过3:1。测试镜片在视觉质量、舒适视觉能力、视觉清晰度、使用电脑时减少斜视以及夜间驾驶时减少明亮光线方面都很出色。结论光致变色测试隐形眼镜在镜片处于较低活性或非活性状态的环境中优于非光致变色对照镜片。
{"title":"Unexpected vision performance with photochromic contact lenses in normal and low light conditions: An analysis of two randomized trials","authors":"John Buch, Leilani Sonoda, Jessica Cannon","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Evaluate the performance of a photochromic contact lens in various lighting conditions throughout the day, including those indoor and outdoor environments where the photochromic contact lens is in a less active or inactive state.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Data from two clinical trials of a photochromic contact lens were analyzed to evaluate its performance in various light environments. Both studies involved a photochromic test lens (ACUVUE® OASYS with Transitions™ Light Intelligent Technology™) and a similar non-photochromic control lens (ACUVUE® OASYS 2-week with HYDRACLEAR® PLUS). The studies were both multi-visit, multi-site, 2-treatment by 3-period randomized crossover (i.e., Test/Control/Control or Control/Test/Test) dispensing studies, with follow-up visits after each 2-week dispensing period.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 250 subjects were dispensed lenses across both studies, of which 237 total subjects completed. In situations where exposure to an activating light source is common (e.g., outdoors), the Test lens was preferred nearly 6:1 over the control lens. In situations where exposure to an activating light source is less common – indoors, driving at night, using digital devices –, the Test lens was still preferred over the control lens by margins of 4:1, nearly 4:1, and over 3:1 respectively. The Test lens was superior with respect to quality of vision, ability to see comfortably, clarity of vision, reduction of squinting while using computers and reduction of bright light while driving at night.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The photochromic test contact lens was rated superior to a non-photochromic control lens in environmental situations where the lens is in a less active or inactive state.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 135-142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10104794/pdf/main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9676416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.002
Clara Martínez-Pérez , César Villa-Collar , Jacinto Santodomingo-Rubido , Lakshmi Shinde , Nilesh Thite , James S. Wolffsohn
Objective
An international survey evaluated the opportunities and threats related to contact lens practice reported by eye care professionals worldwide. This study reports on the results specifically found in Spain and how these compare with those from other regions of the world.
Methods
A questionnaire was distributed to eye care practitioners around the world through professional associations. The questionnaire consisted of 9, 5 and 12 questions about opportunities, interventions, and potential threats related to contact lens practice, respectively.
Results
A total of 2,408 responses were obtained from practitioners worldwide, of which 436 responses were obtained from Spanish practitioners. Spain was found among the regions with the highest perception of opportunities (median: 6.5/10) along with Australasia, North America, Europe, and South America. Spanish (median: 7.3/10), along with South American practitioners, also reported the highest perception of threats. Continuously updating of knowledge/skills, recommending contact lens wearing options to potential patients, creating an efficient recall system for follow-up examinations and being competent in managing contact lens-related complications were reported as important interventions for contact lens practice growth by Spanish eye care practitioners.
Conclusions
Spain is one of the regions in the world with the highest perception of both opportunities and threats regarding future contact lens practice. As such, Spanish practitioners consider it important to continuously update knowledge/skills and to recommend and educate patients on the benefits of contact lens wear. Online sales were found to be one of the most important concerns reported by both Spanish and eye care practitioners worldwide.
{"title":"Opportunities and threats to contact lens practice in Spain","authors":"Clara Martínez-Pérez , César Villa-Collar , Jacinto Santodomingo-Rubido , Lakshmi Shinde , Nilesh Thite , James S. Wolffsohn","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>An international survey evaluated the opportunities and threats related to contact lens practice reported by eye care professionals worldwide. This study reports on the results specifically found in Spain and how these compare with those from other regions of the world.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A questionnaire was distributed to eye care practitioners around the world through professional associations. The questionnaire consisted of 9, 5 and 12 questions about opportunities, interventions, and potential threats related to contact lens practice, respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 2,408 responses were obtained from practitioners worldwide, of which 436 responses were obtained from Spanish practitioners. Spain was found among the regions with the highest perception of opportunities (median: 6.5/10) along with Australasia, North America, Europe, and South America. Spanish (median: 7.3/10), along with South American practitioners, also reported the highest perception of threats. Continuously updating of knowledge/skills, recommending contact lens wearing options to potential patients, creating an efficient recall system for follow-up examinations and being competent in managing contact lens-related complications were reported as important interventions for contact lens practice growth by Spanish eye care practitioners.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Spain is one of the regions in the world with the highest perception of both opportunities and threats regarding future contact lens practice. As such, Spanish practitioners consider it important to continuously update knowledge/skills and to recommend and educate patients on the benefits of contact lens wear. Online sales were found to be one of the most important concerns reported by both Spanish and eye care practitioners worldwide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 116-127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10104793/pdf/main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9307058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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