Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./ekir6605
Kunduz Rozimova
This article analyzes the stages of development of institutions for influencing legislation adopted over the years of independence. The article observer the features and development of each stage.
本文分析了独立以来影响立法的制度的发展阶段。文章观察了各个阶段的特点和发展。
{"title":"THE ROLE OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION IN COMBATING CORRUPTION","authors":"Kunduz Rozimova","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./ekir6605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./ekir6605","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the stages of development of institutions for influencing legislation adopted over the years of independence. The article observer the features and development of each stage.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79028432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./zjvo4151
Shukhratjon Khaidarov
The article examines the theoretical foundations of conditional sentencing, which is defined in Article 72 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as a special form of releasing the guilty from punishment. Some types of conditional sentencing of foreign countries are analyzed in this article, and the author gives relevant theoretical conclusions based on the scientific basis of his opinions, giving examples from practice.
{"title":"PROBATION ISSUES IN CRIMINAL LAW: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE","authors":"Shukhratjon Khaidarov","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./zjvo4151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./zjvo4151","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the theoretical foundations of conditional sentencing, which is defined in Article 72 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as a special form of releasing the guilty from punishment. Some types of conditional sentencing of foreign countries are analyzed in this article, and the author gives relevant theoretical conclusions based on the scientific basis of his opinions, giving examples from practice.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86180126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./ajrc3718
Nodir Usmonov
This article highlights the recommendations of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in the prevention of corruption in public procurement, and examples from the best practices of some OECD member states in preventing corruption in public procurement.
{"title":"OECD RECOMMENDATIONS AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF SOME COUNTRIES ON THE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION IN THE SPHERE OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENTS","authors":"Nodir Usmonov","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./ajrc3718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./ajrc3718","url":null,"abstract":"This article highlights the recommendations of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in the prevention of corruption in public procurement, and examples from the best practices of some OECD member states in preventing corruption in public procurement.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73650480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./rqyu5093
Farhod Takhirov
This article analyzes the concept of theft of other people’s property. Analyzing the views of researchers on the concept and signs of theft, suggestions and recommendations for improving the concept are provided. Moreover, according to the article, the words “to take”, “to take away” can be used for the types of theft such as robbery, stealing, fraud, or larceny; but for extortion and embezzlement, it is not suitable to use these words. Because extortion can be committed by putting the victim in a situation that forces him to give up his property or the right to property, and embezzlement can be committed by giving the property to others without taking it. The owner entrusts the property to the perpetrator of misappropriation or embezzlement, therefore the perpetrator cannot take the property himself, but he can illegally take it out of the control of the owner and use it for his own purposes (in case of appropriation) or in the interests of other persons (embezzlement). The article also argues that partial reimbursement of the value of the stolen property does not exclude the existence of a sign of theft.
{"title":"THE CONCEPT OF THEFT OF ANOTHER’S PROPERTY AND ITS FEATURES","authors":"Farhod Takhirov","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./rqyu5093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./rqyu5093","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the concept of theft of other people’s property. Analyzing the views of researchers on the concept and signs of theft, suggestions and recommendations for improving the concept are provided. Moreover, according to the article, the words “to take”, “to take away” can be used for the types of theft such as robbery, stealing, fraud, or larceny; but for extortion and embezzlement, it is not suitable to use these words. Because extortion can be committed by putting the victim in a situation that forces him to give up his property or the right to property, and embezzlement can be committed by giving the property to others without taking it. The owner entrusts the property to the perpetrator of misappropriation or embezzlement, therefore the perpetrator cannot take the property himself, but he can illegally take it out of the control of the owner and use it for his own purposes (in case of appropriation) or in the interests of other persons (embezzlement). The article also argues that partial reimbursement of the value of the stolen property does not exclude the existence of a sign of theft.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85288792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./fcwi5442
M. Gafurov
This article analyzes the status and importance of the court as one of the subjects of proof in a criminal case. Foreign experience, a review of the legislation and the opinion of scientists on this issue are also analyzed. In particular, neither the legislator organs nor the representatives of the scientific community have a common point of view on the issue whether the court is the subject of proof or not, and if yes, what task it should perform in the process of proof. Even the international experience on this issue is different, in particular, among the CIS member countries, only under the legislation of Kazakhstan, the courts are deprived of the status of a subject of proof, while in Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Belarus present the contrary. There are positive and negative aspects of the status of the court as a subject of proof. In particular, depriving the court of the status of the subject of proof and leaving it exclusively in the status of an arbitrator or observer does not allow determining the truth in the case. Especially when the parties take a passive position in the performance of their tasks, there is a high probability of limiting the right of a person to justice. Based on the analysis, substantiated proposals are presented to determine the status of the court in the process of proving and improving legislation.
{"title":"THE COURT IS AN IMPORTANT PARTICIPANT IN THE PROCESS OF EVIDENCE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS","authors":"M. Gafurov","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./fcwi5442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./fcwi5442","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the status and importance of the court as one of the subjects of proof in a criminal case. Foreign experience, a review of the legislation and the opinion of scientists on this issue are also analyzed. In particular, neither the legislator organs nor the representatives of the scientific community have a common point of view on the issue whether the court is the subject of proof or not, and if yes, what task it should perform in the process of proof. Even the international experience on this issue is different, in particular, among the CIS member countries, only under the legislation of Kazakhstan, the courts are deprived of the status of a subject of proof, while in Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Belarus present the contrary. There are positive and negative aspects of the status of the court as a subject of proof. In particular, depriving the court of the status of the subject of proof and leaving it exclusively in the status of an arbitrator or observer does not allow determining the truth in the case. Especially when the parties take a passive position in the performance of their tasks, there is a high probability of limiting the right of a person to justice. Based on the analysis, substantiated proposals are presented to determine the status of the court in the process of proving and improving legislation.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89326434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./adbr6484
B. Kayumov, R. Daminov
In the world, special attention is paid to the fight against crime, the imposition of punishment on the basis of the principle of justice for crimes committed by the courts, and the liberalization of criminal legislation. In particular, much attention is paid to establishing liability for the legalization of proceeds from crime and preventing its causes and conditions, proper qualification of this crime and increasing liability for its commission, and strengthening the implementation of international standards in national legislation. One of the main factors creating the shadow economy is the legalization of proceeds from crime. The main part of criminal proceeds is legalized by circumventing control and putting them into commercial circulation. There are various ways to legalize income received in this way. Cash and other valuables obtained illegally can be deposited with a bank or spent, for example, on the purchase of the real estate. The property is then sold and the money becomes legal. This article analyzes the views and opinions of various scientists on the concept of money laundering.
{"title":"LAUNDERING OF PROCEEDS FROM CRIMINAL ACTIVITY: BASIC CONCEPTS AND QUALIFICATION ISSUES","authors":"B. Kayumov, R. Daminov","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./adbr6484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./adbr6484","url":null,"abstract":"In the world, special attention is paid to the fight against crime, the imposition of punishment on the basis of the principle of justice for crimes committed by the courts, and the liberalization of criminal legislation. In particular, much attention is paid to establishing liability for the legalization of proceeds from crime and preventing its causes and conditions, proper qualification of this crime and increasing liability for its commission, and strengthening the implementation of international standards in national legislation. One of the main factors creating the shadow economy is the legalization of proceeds from crime. The main part of criminal proceeds is legalized by circumventing control and putting them into commercial circulation. There are various ways to legalize income received in this way. Cash and other valuables obtained illegally can be deposited with a bank or spent, for example, on the purchase of the real estate. The property is then sold and the money becomes legal. This article analyzes the views and opinions of various scientists on the concept of money laundering.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82845389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./wgbv1791
Sardorbek Urazboev, Muhammadrashodhon Odilov
The article analyzes liability for bribery in the presence of aggravating circumstances, difficulties in qualifying criminal acts, and their relationship to the circumstances specified in parts 2 and 3 of Articles 210, 211, and 212 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Some aspects of their qualification and differentiation, signs that affect the qualification of cases, significantly increasing the social danger of this type of crime, an increase in liability in the presence of aggravating circumstances when receiving a bribe, giving a bribe, and mediation in bribery, circumstances exempting from liability, as well as problems encountered in practice are also studied. Based on the results of the analysis of the scientific views of scientists on the topic of the study, recommendations are proposed on the circumstances aggravating liability for bribery.
{"title":"CIRCUMSTANCES AGGRAVATING THE LIABILITY FOR BRIBERY AND SOME ASPECTS OF THEIR QUALIFICATION","authors":"Sardorbek Urazboev, Muhammadrashodhon Odilov","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./wgbv1791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./wgbv1791","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes liability for bribery in the presence of aggravating circumstances, difficulties in qualifying criminal acts, and their relationship to the circumstances specified in parts 2 and 3 of Articles 210, 211, and 212 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Some aspects of their qualification and differentiation, signs that affect the qualification of cases, significantly increasing the social danger of this type of crime, an increase in liability in the presence of aggravating circumstances when receiving a bribe, giving a bribe, and mediation in bribery, circumstances exempting from liability, as well as problems encountered in practice are also studied. Based on the results of the analysis of the scientific views of scientists on the topic of the study, recommendations are proposed on the circumstances aggravating liability for bribery.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77378570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The interurban network of criminal collaboration in Canada is described, and possible explanations for its structure are explored. The data include all police-reported co-offences in the 32 major cities of Canada during 2006–09. Component analysis and graph drawings in network space and in geospace elucidate the structure of the network. Quadratic assignment procedure multiple regressions, repeated separately on the networks of instrumental and noninstrumental co-offences, test hypotheses about possible determinants of the network structure. The cities form one connected component, containing two clusters connected by a link between Toronto and Vancouver. One cluster, centred on the triad of Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa, comprises the cities in Ontario and Quebec, with weak links to cities in the Atlantic provinces. The other cluster, centred on Vancouver, comprises the cities in the four western provinces. The structure is strongly correlated with the residential mobility of the general population, which in turn is strongly correlated with intercity distances. The correlation with mobility is less strong for instrumental than for noninstrumental crimes. The structure of this co-offending network can be explained by criminals' routine activities, namely ordinary residential mobility, but the alternative explanation of purposive interurban criminal collaboration is more plausible for instrumental crime.Résumé:Cet article décrit le réseau interurbain de collaboration criminelle au Canada et avance des éléments pour expliquer sa structure. Les données comprennent tous les cas de codélinquance rapportés par la police pendant la période de 2006 à 2009 dans 32 agglomérations parmi les plus grandes au Canada. Une analyse factorielle et des graphiques de l'espace de réseautage et de l'espace géographique permettent d'expliquer la structure du réseau. Des analyses de régression multiple obtenues par procédure QAP et répétées séparément sur des réseaux de codélinquance instrumentalisante et non instrumentalisante servent à tester des hypothèses sur les déterminants possibles de la structure du réseau. Les villes se regroupent en une composante interconnectée contenant deux grappes reliées par un lien entre Toronto et Vancouver. L'une des grappes, centrée sur la triade formée de Toronto, de Montréal et d'Ottawa, englobe les villes de l'Ontario et du Québec et montre des liens faibles avec des villes des provinces de l'Atlantique. L'autre grappe, centrée sur Vancouver, englobe les villes des quatre provinces de l'Ouest. La structure est fortement corrélée avec la mobilité résidentielle de la population générale, elle-même fortement corrélée à la distance interville. La corrélation avec la mobilité est moins forte dans le cas des crimes instrumentaux que dans le cas des crimes non instrumentaux. La structure de ce réseau de codélinquance peut s'expliquer par les activités routinières des criminels, à savoir la mobilité résidentielle ordinaire, mais
{"title":"The Interurban Network of Criminal Collaboration in Canada","authors":"P. Carrington, Alexander V. Graham","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The interurban network of criminal collaboration in Canada is described, and possible explanations for its structure are explored. The data include all police-reported co-offences in the 32 major cities of Canada during 2006–09. Component analysis and graph drawings in network space and in geospace elucidate the structure of the network. Quadratic assignment procedure multiple regressions, repeated separately on the networks of instrumental and noninstrumental co-offences, test hypotheses about possible determinants of the network structure. The cities form one connected component, containing two clusters connected by a link between Toronto and Vancouver. One cluster, centred on the triad of Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa, comprises the cities in Ontario and Quebec, with weak links to cities in the Atlantic provinces. The other cluster, centred on Vancouver, comprises the cities in the four western provinces. The structure is strongly correlated with the residential mobility of the general population, which in turn is strongly correlated with intercity distances. The correlation with mobility is less strong for instrumental than for noninstrumental crimes. The structure of this co-offending network can be explained by criminals' routine activities, namely ordinary residential mobility, but the alternative explanation of purposive interurban criminal collaboration is more plausible for instrumental crime.Résumé:Cet article décrit le réseau interurbain de collaboration criminelle au Canada et avance des éléments pour expliquer sa structure. Les données comprennent tous les cas de codélinquance rapportés par la police pendant la période de 2006 à 2009 dans 32 agglomérations parmi les plus grandes au Canada. Une analyse factorielle et des graphiques de l'espace de réseautage et de l'espace géographique permettent d'expliquer la structure du réseau. Des analyses de régression multiple obtenues par procédure QAP et répétées séparément sur des réseaux de codélinquance instrumentalisante et non instrumentalisante servent à tester des hypothèses sur les déterminants possibles de la structure du réseau. Les villes se regroupent en une composante interconnectée contenant deux grappes reliées par un lien entre Toronto et Vancouver. L'une des grappes, centrée sur la triade formée de Toronto, de Montréal et d'Ottawa, englobe les villes de l'Ontario et du Québec et montre des liens faibles avec des villes des provinces de l'Atlantique. L'autre grappe, centrée sur Vancouver, englobe les villes des quatre provinces de l'Ouest. La structure est fortement corrélée avec la mobilité résidentielle de la population générale, elle-même fortement corrélée à la distance interville. La corrélation avec la mobilité est moins forte dans le cas des crimes instrumentaux que dans le cas des crimes non instrumentaux. La structure de ce réseau de codélinquance peut s'expliquer par les activités routinières des criminels, à savoir la mobilité résidentielle ordinaire, mais ","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"64 1","pages":"101 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44188496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:We examine income-generating strategies of "getting by" in a sample of young adults who have an offending record. First, we examine if human capital, conventional social capital, and criminal social capital are associated with decisions to supplement legal income with income from informal or illegal activities. Second, we explore which of those factors differentiate supplementing with informal activities from supplementing with illicit activities. Random effects linear probability models are used to analyze a subsample of the Pathways to Desistance Study, a longitudinal data set of adolescents who have begun the transition to adulthood. We find that, among individuals in low-wage jobs, neither conventional social capital nor conventional human capital was related to supplementing legal work with informal work. Criminal social capital and low legal wages in the prior year increased the probability of supplementing legal work with illicit income-generating activities. The current study corroborates previous findings that many individuals are engaged in various income-generating activities. Different mechanisms are associated with decisions to supplement licit work with informal work as opposed to supplementing licit work with income-generating crime.Résumé:Nous examinons ici les stratégies générant de revenus qui relèvent de « la débrouille » dans un échantillon de jeunes adultes ayant un historique de délinquance. Premièrement, nous essayons de voir s'il est possible d'associer le capital humain, le capital social classique et le capital social criminel aux décisions de supplémenter un revenu licite par un revenu provenant d'activités informelles ou illégales. Deuxièmement, nous explorons ces facteurs afin de déterminer ceux qui différencient les suppléments provenant d'activités informelles de ceux qui proviennent d'activités illicites. Des modèles linéaires à effet aléatoire ont été employés pour analyser un sous-échantillon de l'étude Pathways to Desistance, qui fournit des données longitudinales sur des adolescent e·s·ayant commencé leur transition vers l'âge adulte. Nous montrons que, pour les individus qui occupent des emplois à faible rémunération, ni le capital social ni le capital humain au sens classique ne sont liés aux activités visant à compléter le revenu légal par un travail informel. Le capital social criminel et les emplois légaux, mais peu payés, observés pendant l'année précédente augmentent la probabilité que le travail légal soit complété par des activités illicites de production de revenus. Cette étude corrobore des travaux antérieurs qui montraient que beaucoup d'individus prennent part à diverses activités productrices de revenus. Les décisions de suppléer le travail légal soit par du travail informel, soit par des activités criminelles productrices de revenus reposent sur des mécanismes différents.
{"title":"Getting By: Low Wages and Income Supplementation","authors":"Alexandra V. Nur, Holly Nguyen","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:We examine income-generating strategies of \"getting by\" in a sample of young adults who have an offending record. First, we examine if human capital, conventional social capital, and criminal social capital are associated with decisions to supplement legal income with income from informal or illegal activities. Second, we explore which of those factors differentiate supplementing with informal activities from supplementing with illicit activities. Random effects linear probability models are used to analyze a subsample of the Pathways to Desistance Study, a longitudinal data set of adolescents who have begun the transition to adulthood. We find that, among individuals in low-wage jobs, neither conventional social capital nor conventional human capital was related to supplementing legal work with informal work. Criminal social capital and low legal wages in the prior year increased the probability of supplementing legal work with illicit income-generating activities. The current study corroborates previous findings that many individuals are engaged in various income-generating activities. Different mechanisms are associated with decisions to supplement licit work with informal work as opposed to supplementing licit work with income-generating crime.Résumé:Nous examinons ici les stratégies générant de revenus qui relèvent de « la débrouille » dans un échantillon de jeunes adultes ayant un historique de délinquance. Premièrement, nous essayons de voir s'il est possible d'associer le capital humain, le capital social classique et le capital social criminel aux décisions de supplémenter un revenu licite par un revenu provenant d'activités informelles ou illégales. Deuxièmement, nous explorons ces facteurs afin de déterminer ceux qui différencient les suppléments provenant d'activités informelles de ceux qui proviennent d'activités illicites. Des modèles linéaires à effet aléatoire ont été employés pour analyser un sous-échantillon de l'étude Pathways to Desistance, qui fournit des données longitudinales sur des adolescent e·s·ayant commencé leur transition vers l'âge adulte. Nous montrons que, pour les individus qui occupent des emplois à faible rémunération, ni le capital social ni le capital humain au sens classique ne sont liés aux activités visant à compléter le revenu légal par un travail informel. Le capital social criminel et les emplois légaux, mais peu payés, observés pendant l'année précédente augmentent la probabilité que le travail légal soit complété par des activités illicites de production de revenus. Cette étude corrobore des travaux antérieurs qui montraient que beaucoup d'individus prennent part à diverses activités productrices de revenus. Les décisions de suppléer le travail légal soit par du travail informel, soit par des activités criminelles productrices de revenus reposent sur des mécanismes différents.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"64 1","pages":"35 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43312955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Assessing offenders' decision-making and stubborn persistence in crime has been an important challenge for criminologists. In this study, we focus on a key dimension of micro-anomie: exaggerated aspirations. An inmate survey in Quebec's penitentiaries provided key information on inmates' earnings during the three years prior to their current incarceration. Respondents' criminal aspirations were elicited by asking them the amount of legitimate earnings that would "persuade" them to abandon their involvement in market and property offences. The disjuncture between their criminal aspirations and their likely prospects in conformity is found to have had a direct and significant impact on their risk-taking during the window period, controlling for low self-control predispositions and other related factors. Self-reported stakes in crime and conformity were used to identify their actual risk preferences during the window period. Findings also suggest that avoidance strategies minimizing losses caused by missed criminal opportunities may provide key insights on criminal aspirations, risk preferences, and likely duration of viable criminal careers.Résumé:Pour les criminologues, l'évaluation du processus décisionnel d'une contrevenante et de sa poursuite obstinée d'activités criminelles est un défi majeur. Dans cette étude, nous nous penchons sur une dimension centrale de la microanomie, soit les aspirations disproportionnées. Un sondage auprès des détenues des pénitenciers du Québec fournit des informations cruciales sur les revenus de ces personnes au cours des trois années précédant leur incarcération. Les aspirations criminelles des répondantes ont été déterminées par leur réponse à une question concernant le montant des revenus licites qui les « persuaderait » de renoncer à prendre part à des infractions contre les biens ou les marchés. En contrôlant différentes variables, dont la prédisposition à l'autocontrôle, nous montrons que la disjonction entre les aspirations criminelles et les perspectives probables en conformité avec la loi ont eu un effet direct et considérable sur leur prise de risque pendant la période étudiée. La perception, telle que rapportée par les sujets, des enjeux de la criminalité et de la conformité a servi à déterminer leurs préférences réelles en matière de risque pendant la période. Les résultats montrent également que les stratégies d'évitement qui minimisent les pertes dues à des occasions criminelles manquées ouvrent des pistes de recherche très riches sur les aspirations criminelles, les préférences en matière de risque et la durée probable d'un parcours criminel viable.
{"title":"Anomie Reconsidered: Exaggerated Aspirations, Risk-Taking and Criminal Achievement","authors":"Pierre Tremblay, C. Morselli, Mathieu Charest","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Assessing offenders' decision-making and stubborn persistence in crime has been an important challenge for criminologists. In this study, we focus on a key dimension of micro-anomie: exaggerated aspirations. An inmate survey in Quebec's penitentiaries provided key information on inmates' earnings during the three years prior to their current incarceration. Respondents' criminal aspirations were elicited by asking them the amount of legitimate earnings that would \"persuade\" them to abandon their involvement in market and property offences. The disjuncture between their criminal aspirations and their likely prospects in conformity is found to have had a direct and significant impact on their risk-taking during the window period, controlling for low self-control predispositions and other related factors. Self-reported stakes in crime and conformity were used to identify their actual risk preferences during the window period. Findings also suggest that avoidance strategies minimizing losses caused by missed criminal opportunities may provide key insights on criminal aspirations, risk preferences, and likely duration of viable criminal careers.Résumé:Pour les criminologues, l'évaluation du processus décisionnel d'une contrevenante et de sa poursuite obstinée d'activités criminelles est un défi majeur. Dans cette étude, nous nous penchons sur une dimension centrale de la microanomie, soit les aspirations disproportionnées. Un sondage auprès des détenues des pénitenciers du Québec fournit des informations cruciales sur les revenus de ces personnes au cours des trois années précédant leur incarcération. Les aspirations criminelles des répondantes ont été déterminées par leur réponse à une question concernant le montant des revenus licites qui les « persuaderait » de renoncer à prendre part à des infractions contre les biens ou les marchés. En contrôlant différentes variables, dont la prédisposition à l'autocontrôle, nous montrons que la disjonction entre les aspirations criminelles et les perspectives probables en conformité avec la loi ont eu un effet direct et considérable sur leur prise de risque pendant la période étudiée. La perception, telle que rapportée par les sujets, des enjeux de la criminalité et de la conformité a servi à déterminer leurs préférences réelles en matière de risque pendant la période. Les résultats montrent également que les stratégies d'évitement qui minimisent les pertes dues à des occasions criminelles manquées ouvrent des pistes de recherche très riches sur les aspirations criminelles, les préférences en matière de risque et la durée probable d'un parcours criminel viable.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"64 1","pages":"34 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42283392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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