The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on crime in Canada and internationally. However, less is known about the impact of the pandemic on police-reported mental-health-related incidents. We explore three types of mental-health-related incidents (suicide and suicide attempts, Mental Health Act apprehensions, and mental health [other]) against property and violent crimes, across 13 police jurisdictions in Canada. Despite an international decline in most crime types during COVID-19, we find general stability across police-reported mental-health-related incidents. These findings suggest that the change in social behaviour that reduced opportunities for crime did not have a similar effect on mental-health-related incidents. It also suggests that calls for increased police budgets to respond to expected increases in mental-health-related incidents may be unjustified.
{"title":"Stumbling from One Disaster to Another: The COVID-19 Pandemic and Mental Health Calls for Police Service across Canada","authors":"Martin Andresen, Tarah Hodgkinson","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0016","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on crime in Canada and internationally. However, less is known about the impact of the pandemic on police-reported mental-health-related incidents. We explore three types of mental-health-related incidents (suicide and suicide attempts, Mental Health Act apprehensions, and mental health [other]) against property and violent crimes, across 13 police jurisdictions in Canada. Despite an international decline in most crime types during COVID-19, we find general stability across police-reported mental-health-related incidents. These findings suggest that the change in social behaviour that reduced opportunities for crime did not have a similar effect on mental-health-related incidents. It also suggests that calls for increased police budgets to respond to expected increases in mental-health-related incidents may be unjustified.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46667190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This special issue examines the study of legitimacy with a focus on racial–ethnic minority relationships in criminal justice system. The violent and senseless death of George Floyd in the United States on 25 May 2020 has galvanized the recent international Black Lives Matter movement and represented one of the many tragedies in the history of the global racialized criminal justice system, Canada included. The criminal justice system of Canada has a disturbing and problematic history of oppression and colonialism. Against this historical backdrop, however, Canada has been able to develop its own research on a number of key themes, voice these concerns on scientific grounds, and pave its own way towards a more inclusive multicultural future. The special issue is part of the efforts during the extraordinary circumstances of the Covid-19 pandemic, which witnessed a short invocation of police emergency powers in Ottawa.Résumé:Ce numéro spécial s'intéresse aux études sur la légitimité du point de vue particulier des relations avec les minorités raciales et ethniques au sein du système de justice pénale. La mort violente et gratuite de George Floyd, le 25 mai 2020 aux États-Unis, a galvanisé le récent mouvement Black Lives Matter sur la scène internationale ; c'est l'une des nombreuses tragédies qui marquent l'histoire d'une justice pénale racialisée partout dans le monde, y compris au Canada. Le système de justice pénale canadien, en effet, a un passé troublant et problématique d'oppression et de colonialisme. Mais sur cet arrière-plan historique, le Canada a su cultiver des recherches sur de nombreux sujets primordiaux, formuler leurs problématiques en s'appuyant sur des données scientifiques et ouvrir lui-même sa voie vers un avenir plus inclusif et multiculturel. Ce numéro spécial est le fruit de ces efforts appliqués aux circonstances extraordinaires de la pandémie de COVID-19, au cours de laquelle le pays a eu recours, brièvement, à la Loi sur les mesures d'urgence à Ottawa.
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue on Police Legitimacy with a Focus on Ethnic–Racial Minorities","authors":"Liqun Cao","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This special issue examines the study of legitimacy with a focus on racial–ethnic minority relationships in criminal justice system. The violent and senseless death of George Floyd in the United States on 25 May 2020 has galvanized the recent international Black Lives Matter movement and represented one of the many tragedies in the history of the global racialized criminal justice system, Canada included. The criminal justice system of Canada has a disturbing and problematic history of oppression and colonialism. Against this historical backdrop, however, Canada has been able to develop its own research on a number of key themes, voice these concerns on scientific grounds, and pave its own way towards a more inclusive multicultural future. The special issue is part of the efforts during the extraordinary circumstances of the Covid-19 pandemic, which witnessed a short invocation of police emergency powers in Ottawa.Résumé:Ce numéro spécial s'intéresse aux études sur la légitimité du point de vue particulier des relations avec les minorités raciales et ethniques au sein du système de justice pénale. La mort violente et gratuite de George Floyd, le 25 mai 2020 aux États-Unis, a galvanisé le récent mouvement Black Lives Matter sur la scène internationale ; c'est l'une des nombreuses tragédies qui marquent l'histoire d'une justice pénale racialisée partout dans le monde, y compris au Canada. Le système de justice pénale canadien, en effet, a un passé troublant et problématique d'oppression et de colonialisme. Mais sur cet arrière-plan historique, le Canada a su cultiver des recherches sur de nombreux sujets primordiaux, formuler leurs problématiques en s'appuyant sur des données scientifiques et ouvrir lui-même sa voie vers un avenir plus inclusif et multiculturel. Ce numéro spécial est le fruit de ces efforts appliqués aux circonstances extraordinaires de la pandémie de COVID-19, au cours de laquelle le pays a eu recours, brièvement, à la Loi sur les mesures d'urgence à Ottawa.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"64 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43706287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Racial status, that is, majority/minority identity, affects an individual's confidence in the criminal justice system, and this effect could vary across social contexts. We analyzed people's confidence in the criminal justice system comparatively in 88 societies using the World Values Survey (1981–2020). Results from the hierarchical linear models showed the following patterns: (1) Racial majority members display higher confidence in the criminal justice system than minority members; (2) the majority advantage in confidence is greater when racial diversity increases; (3) the majority advantage is most salient in societies with Black or Arabic majorities. The results suggest that majority members' higher trust in order institutions is associated with perceived advantages and social comparison with minority members. Our findings reveal the profound interactive effects of racial status and context on confidence in the criminal justice system, shed light on racial diversity, and contribute new knowledge to public opinion studies.Résumé:L'appartenance raciale, soit le fait de s'identifier à la majorité ou à une minorité, influence la confiance des individus envers le système de justice pénale et son effet peut varier selon le contexte social. Nous avons comparé la confiance que les gens accordent au système de justice pénale dans 88 sociétés en nous servant des données de l'enquête mondiale sur les valeurs (World Values Survey, 1981-2020). Les résultats obtenus à partir de modèles linéaires hiérarchiques révèlent les récurrences suivantes : (1) les membres de la majorité raciale témoignent d'une confiance plus élevée envers le système de justice pénale que les membres des minorités ; (2) cet écart se creuse lorsque la diversité raciale augmente ; (3) cet écart est le plus marqué dans les sociétés où la majorité est noire ou arabe. Ces résultats suggèrent que la conf ance plus élevée envers l'institution judiciaire des membres de la majorité est associée aux avantages perçus et à la comparaison sociale avec les membres des minorités. Notre travail révèle les effets interactifs profonds de l'origine ethnique et du contexte sur la confiance envers le système de justice pénale, éclaire d'un jour nouveau la diversité raciale et contribue à élargir les connaissances en matière d'opinion publique.
{"title":"Racial Diversity, Majority–Minority Gap, and Confidence in the Criminal Justice System","authors":"Yue Liu, Huiqun Wang, Jinjin Liu, T. Zhang","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2021-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2021-0049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Racial status, that is, majority/minority identity, affects an individual's confidence in the criminal justice system, and this effect could vary across social contexts. We analyzed people's confidence in the criminal justice system comparatively in 88 societies using the World Values Survey (1981–2020). Results from the hierarchical linear models showed the following patterns: (1) Racial majority members display higher confidence in the criminal justice system than minority members; (2) the majority advantage in confidence is greater when racial diversity increases; (3) the majority advantage is most salient in societies with Black or Arabic majorities. The results suggest that majority members' higher trust in order institutions is associated with perceived advantages and social comparison with minority members. Our findings reveal the profound interactive effects of racial status and context on confidence in the criminal justice system, shed light on racial diversity, and contribute new knowledge to public opinion studies.Résumé:L'appartenance raciale, soit le fait de s'identifier à la majorité ou à une minorité, influence la confiance des individus envers le système de justice pénale et son effet peut varier selon le contexte social. Nous avons comparé la confiance que les gens accordent au système de justice pénale dans 88 sociétés en nous servant des données de l'enquête mondiale sur les valeurs (World Values Survey, 1981-2020). Les résultats obtenus à partir de modèles linéaires hiérarchiques révèlent les récurrences suivantes : (1) les membres de la majorité raciale témoignent d'une confiance plus élevée envers le système de justice pénale que les membres des minorités ; (2) cet écart se creuse lorsque la diversité raciale augmente ; (3) cet écart est le plus marqué dans les sociétés où la majorité est noire ou arabe. Ces résultats suggèrent que la conf ance plus élevée envers l'institution judiciaire des membres de la majorité est associée aux avantages perçus et à la comparaison sociale avec les membres des minorités. Notre travail révèle les effets interactifs profonds de l'origine ethnique et du contexte sur la confiance envers le système de justice pénale, éclaire d'un jour nouveau la diversité raciale et contribue à élargir les connaissances en matière d'opinion publique.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"64 1","pages":"26 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69666808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Recent discussions on confidence in the police by race/ethnicity call for shifting the research focus from whether race/ethnicity matters to why and how it matters. The purpose of this article is to decipher the mediating role of the quality of police treatment in a nuanced study of racial impact on confidence in the police. Data were collected from a two-wave random-sample telephone survey of approximately 2400 residents in Houston, TX. The results confirm the expected effect of race/ethnicity on confidence in the police, net of neighborhood contexts and respondents' demographics. More importantly, we found that the three measures tapping into the quality of police treatment during police–resident encounters partially mediate the race/ethnicity effect on views of police. Perceived equal treatment emerged as having the strongest effect. When the combined race/ethnicity sample was divided into three racial/ethnic sub-samples, perceived equal treatment exerted the largest effects on confidence in the police both within and across the groups. Its effect is most pronounced for the Black subsample. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.Résumé:Les débats récents sur la confiance accordée aux forces de l'ordre selon l'appartenance raciale ou ethnique appellent à une réorientation de la recherche : il ne s'agit plus de savoir si l'appartenance raciale ou ethnique compte, mais pourquoi et comment elle compte. Cet article cherche à décrypter le rôle médiateur de la qualité du traitement par la police dans une étude nuancée de l'impact de l'appartenance raciale sur la confiance envers la police. Les données ont été recueillies grâce au sondage téléphonique en deux vagues d'un échantillon aléatoire d'environ 2 400 résidents de Houston, au Texas. Les résultats confirment l'effet anticipé de l'appartenance raciale ou ethnique sur la confiance à l'égard de la police, les variables liées au voisinage et aux données démographiques des répondants et des répondantes étant égales. Surtout, nous avons découvert que les trois mesures qui concernent la qualité du traitement par les policiers et les policières lors de leurs rencontres avec les résidents ne véhiculent que partiellement l'effet de l'appartenance raciale ou ethnique sur la façon de percevoir la police. [Parmi ces facteurs, c]'est la perception d'un traitement égal qui ressort comme le facteur ayant l'effet le plus marqué. Quand l'échantillon combiné des divers groupes raciaux et ethniques est divisé en trois sous-échantillons en fonction de l'appartenance raciale ou ethnique, c'est l'égalité de traitement perçue qui exerce le plus grand effet sur la confiance envers la police, à la fois à l'intérieur des groupes et entre les groupes. Son effet est plus prononcé pour le sous-échantillon formé des personnes noires. Les conséquences de ces résultats pour les recherches et les politiques futures sont ensuite considérées.
{"title":"Racial/Ethnic Connection with Confidence in the Police: Equal Treatment Matters","authors":"Ling Ren, Fei Luo, Kyler R. Nielson","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2021-0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2021-0050","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Recent discussions on confidence in the police by race/ethnicity call for shifting the research focus from whether race/ethnicity matters to why and how it matters. The purpose of this article is to decipher the mediating role of the quality of police treatment in a nuanced study of racial impact on confidence in the police. Data were collected from a two-wave random-sample telephone survey of approximately 2400 residents in Houston, TX. The results confirm the expected effect of race/ethnicity on confidence in the police, net of neighborhood contexts and respondents' demographics. More importantly, we found that the three measures tapping into the quality of police treatment during police–resident encounters partially mediate the race/ethnicity effect on views of police. Perceived equal treatment emerged as having the strongest effect. When the combined race/ethnicity sample was divided into three racial/ethnic sub-samples, perceived equal treatment exerted the largest effects on confidence in the police both within and across the groups. Its effect is most pronounced for the Black subsample. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.Résumé:Les débats récents sur la confiance accordée aux forces de l'ordre selon l'appartenance raciale ou ethnique appellent à une réorientation de la recherche : il ne s'agit plus de savoir si l'appartenance raciale ou ethnique compte, mais pourquoi et comment elle compte. Cet article cherche à décrypter le rôle médiateur de la qualité du traitement par la police dans une étude nuancée de l'impact de l'appartenance raciale sur la confiance envers la police. Les données ont été recueillies grâce au sondage téléphonique en deux vagues d'un échantillon aléatoire d'environ 2 400 résidents de Houston, au Texas. Les résultats confirment l'effet anticipé de l'appartenance raciale ou ethnique sur la confiance à l'égard de la police, les variables liées au voisinage et aux données démographiques des répondants et des répondantes étant égales. Surtout, nous avons découvert que les trois mesures qui concernent la qualité du traitement par les policiers et les policières lors de leurs rencontres avec les résidents ne véhiculent que partiellement l'effet de l'appartenance raciale ou ethnique sur la façon de percevoir la police. [Parmi ces facteurs, c]'est la perception d'un traitement égal qui ressort comme le facteur ayant l'effet le plus marqué. Quand l'échantillon combiné des divers groupes raciaux et ethniques est divisé en trois sous-échantillons en fonction de l'appartenance raciale ou ethnique, c'est l'égalité de traitement perçue qui exerce le plus grand effet sur la confiance envers la police, à la fois à l'intérieur des groupes et entre les groupes. Son effet est plus prononcé pour le sous-échantillon formé des personnes noires. Les conséquences de ces résultats pour les recherches et les politiques futures sont ensuite considérées.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"64 1","pages":"49 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49174254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Extant research suggests that crime reality television advances biased narratives about offenders, police officers, and the nature of crime. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the prevalence, severity, and proportionality of police use of force in Under Arrest, a Canadian crime reality television show. Using a content analysis of all 65 Under Arrest episodes, research reveals that police use of physical force is portrayed in nearly half of vignettes, and over half of force used is excessive force. Logistic regression indicates that the racial composition of the suspect pool does not predict use of force when controlling for other relevant variables. However, suspect race is the strongest predictor of excessive force even when controlling for initial crime seriousness, gender, suspect intoxication, and weapon possession. Results indicate that Under Arrest contributes to law and order ideology by portraying police use of force as a necessary and justified tool for controlling crime committed by racialized suspects.Résumé:Des recherches étendues indiquent que la téléréalité à thématique criminelle fait circuler des récits tendancieux sur les contrevenants et les contrevenantes, les agents et les agentes de police et la nature du crime. Notre étude ajoute à ces connaissances en examinant la prédominance, la gravité et la proportionnalité de l'emploi de la force par la police dans Under Arrest, émission de téléréalité canadienne à thématique criminelle. À partir d'une analyse de contenu des 65 épisodes d' Under Arrest, nous montrons que le recours à la force par la police est représenté dans près de la moitié des extraits et que dans plus de la moitié de ces cas, la force employée est excessive. La régression logistique indique que la composition raciale de la liste des suspects n'est pas prédictive de l'usage de la force quand les autres variables significatives sont égales. Toutefois, l'appartenance raciale du suspect est le prédicteur le plus fort de l'emploi d'une force excessive, même quand les variables liées à la gravité du crime initial, au sexe, à l'intoxication et à la possession d'armes sont égales. Les résultats indiquent qu' Under Arrest nourrit l'idéologie de l'ordre public en dépeignant l'emploi de la force par la police comme un outil d'intervention nécessaire et justifié dans le cas de crimes commis par des suspects racialisé·e·s.
{"title":"\"Stop Resisting or You're Gonna Get It Again\": Police Use of Force in a Canadian Crime Reality Television Show","authors":"Ethan Pohl","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2021-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2021-0058","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Extant research suggests that crime reality television advances biased narratives about offenders, police officers, and the nature of crime. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the prevalence, severity, and proportionality of police use of force in Under Arrest, a Canadian crime reality television show. Using a content analysis of all 65 Under Arrest episodes, research reveals that police use of physical force is portrayed in nearly half of vignettes, and over half of force used is excessive force. Logistic regression indicates that the racial composition of the suspect pool does not predict use of force when controlling for other relevant variables. However, suspect race is the strongest predictor of excessive force even when controlling for initial crime seriousness, gender, suspect intoxication, and weapon possession. Results indicate that Under Arrest contributes to law and order ideology by portraying police use of force as a necessary and justified tool for controlling crime committed by racialized suspects.Résumé:Des recherches étendues indiquent que la téléréalité à thématique criminelle fait circuler des récits tendancieux sur les contrevenants et les contrevenantes, les agents et les agentes de police et la nature du crime. Notre étude ajoute à ces connaissances en examinant la prédominance, la gravité et la proportionnalité de l'emploi de la force par la police dans Under Arrest, émission de téléréalité canadienne à thématique criminelle. À partir d'une analyse de contenu des 65 épisodes d' Under Arrest, nous montrons que le recours à la force par la police est représenté dans près de la moitié des extraits et que dans plus de la moitié de ces cas, la force employée est excessive. La régression logistique indique que la composition raciale de la liste des suspects n'est pas prédictive de l'usage de la force quand les autres variables significatives sont égales. Toutefois, l'appartenance raciale du suspect est le prédicteur le plus fort de l'emploi d'une force excessive, même quand les variables liées à la gravité du crime initial, au sexe, à l'intoxication et à la possession d'armes sont égales. Les résultats indiquent qu' Under Arrest nourrit l'idéologie de l'ordre public en dépeignant l'emploi de la force par la police comme un outil d'intervention nécessaire et justifié dans le cas de crimes commis par des suspects racialisé·e·s.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"64 1","pages":"115 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46988120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The issue of police legitimacy has increasingly occupied the attention of criminologists in the new millennium. Yet the study of police legitimacy is not without some controversies. This article provides a critical examination of some of the key themes emerging from the scientific literature on police legitimacy, specifically confidence in the police and procedural justice. In doing so, it juxtaposes democratic policing theory to the study of police legitimacy. Among other things, it is posited that the issue of race/ethnicity remains understudied in criminological research in both Canada and the United States. This is particularly true with respect to differential treatment within the criminal justice system across race/ethnic groups. One of the hallmarks of democratic policing is its even-handedness and the fairness of law enforcement interventions. The root cause of ethnic–racial animosity must be explained if we want to understand police legitimacy fully in a society that has formally adopted a multicultural identity. It is concluded that police legitimacy should be understood within the tension between the tall order of democratic principles and the reality of social and ethnic–racial stratification.Résumé:La question de la légitimité policière occupe de plus en plus l'attention des criminologues du nouveau millénaire. Mais l'étude de cette question n'est pas exempte de controverse. Cet article propose une critique de certains des thèmes clés de la littérature scientifique actuelle sur la légitimité policière, en particulier la confiance envers la police et la justice procédurale. Pour ce faire, il confronte la théorie sur le maintien démocratique de l'ordre et l'étude de la légitimité policière. Entre autres choses, nous soutenons que l'enjeu de la race ou de l'appartenance ethnique demeure sous-étudié dans les recherches criminologiques, au Canada comme aux États-Unis. C'est particulièrement vrai en ce qui concerne le traitement différentiel des groupes raciaux ou ethniques au sein du système de justice pénale. Or, l'une des caractéristiques du maintien démocratique de l'ordre est son impartialité et l'équité des interventions policières. Pour bien comprendre la légitimité policière, dans une société qui adopte formellement le multiculturalisme, nous devons expliquer la source de l'animosité ethnoraciale. Nous concluons que pour comprendre la légitimité policière, il faut tenir compte de la tension entre l'imposant défides principes démocratiques et la réalité de la stratification sociale et ethnoraciale.
{"title":"Police Legitimacy in Ethnic–Racially and Economically Stratified Democracies","authors":"Liqun Cao","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2022-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2022-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The issue of police legitimacy has increasingly occupied the attention of criminologists in the new millennium. Yet the study of police legitimacy is not without some controversies. This article provides a critical examination of some of the key themes emerging from the scientific literature on police legitimacy, specifically confidence in the police and procedural justice. In doing so, it juxtaposes democratic policing theory to the study of police legitimacy. Among other things, it is posited that the issue of race/ethnicity remains understudied in criminological research in both Canada and the United States. This is particularly true with respect to differential treatment within the criminal justice system across race/ethnic groups. One of the hallmarks of democratic policing is its even-handedness and the fairness of law enforcement interventions. The root cause of ethnic–racial animosity must be explained if we want to understand police legitimacy fully in a society that has formally adopted a multicultural identity. It is concluded that police legitimacy should be understood within the tension between the tall order of democratic principles and the reality of social and ethnic–racial stratification.Résumé:La question de la légitimité policière occupe de plus en plus l'attention des criminologues du nouveau millénaire. Mais l'étude de cette question n'est pas exempte de controverse. Cet article propose une critique de certains des thèmes clés de la littérature scientifique actuelle sur la légitimité policière, en particulier la confiance envers la police et la justice procédurale. Pour ce faire, il confronte la théorie sur le maintien démocratique de l'ordre et l'étude de la légitimité policière. Entre autres choses, nous soutenons que l'enjeu de la race ou de l'appartenance ethnique demeure sous-étudié dans les recherches criminologiques, au Canada comme aux États-Unis. C'est particulièrement vrai en ce qui concerne le traitement différentiel des groupes raciaux ou ethniques au sein du système de justice pénale. Or, l'une des caractéristiques du maintien démocratique de l'ordre est son impartialité et l'équité des interventions policières. Pour bien comprendre la légitimité policière, dans une société qui adopte formellement le multiculturalisme, nous devons expliquer la source de l'animosité ethnoraciale. Nous concluons que pour comprendre la légitimité policière, il faut tenir compte de la tension entre l'imposant défides principes démocratiques et la réalité de la stratification sociale et ethnoraciale.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"64 1","pages":"25 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42259396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Subcultural codes against compliance with the police, or "snitching," have factored prominently in public and law enforcement discourses related to urban violence and crime prevention. However, scholarship on these issues focuses almost entirely on the United States. This study investigates attitudes toward compliance with the police and perceptions of snitching among a sample of a Black youths who reside in socially and economically marginalized neighbourhoods in Toronto. Drawing on 32 in-depth interviews, I examine how perceptions of community safety and experiences with policing have impacted young people's willingness to report crimes and comply with police investigations. Contrary to popular discourses, being seen speaking with police or providing information did not necessarily constitute snitching. Rather, consistent with prior research, a complex set of variables, including age, gender, and the perceived seriousness of the crime, all factored in determining what constituted snitching and when someone was considered a snitch. My findings challenge the essentializing nature of popular discourses on snitching while also highlighting how diminished perceptions of police legitimacy and efficacy have impacted young people's willingness to report crimes and comply with police investigations. Finally, I discuss the implications of my findings for efforts to reform the police and improve police–community relations.Résumé:Les codes infraculturels qui s'opposent à la collaboration avec la police et la considèrent comme de la dénonciation ou du rapportage occupent une place importante dans le discours public et policier sur la violence urbaine et la prévention du crime. Cependant, la recherche sur cet enjeu porte presque exclusivement sur les États-Unis. Notre étude examine les attitudes envers la collaboration avec la police et la perception de la dénonciation dans un échantillon de jeunes Noir·e·s de quartiers socialement et économiquement marginalisés de Toronto. À partir de 32 entrevues détaillées, j'étudie la manière dont la perception de la sécurité communautaire et l'expérience antérieure des interventions policières influencent la volonté des jeunes à signaler les crimes et à coopérer aux enquêtes policières. Contrairement à ce que véhicule le discours populaire, le fait d'être vu·e en train de parler avec la police ou de fournir de l'information n'est pas nécessairement considéré comme de la délation. En fait, conformément aux résultats de recherches antérieures, un ensemble complexe de variables, dont l'âge, le sexe et la gravité perçue du crime est considéré pour déterminer ce qui constitue de la délation et qui est considéré comme un délateur – stool, snitch, balance ou indic. Mes résultats remettent en cause le caractère essentialisant des discours populaires sur la dénonciation, en même temps qu'ils soulignent que la diminution perçue de la légitimité et de l'efficacité de la police influence la volonté des jeunes à signaler de
摘要:在与城市暴力和犯罪预防相关的公共和执法话语中，反对服从警察或“告密”的亚文化规范占据了突出地位。然而，关于这些问题的学术研究几乎全部集中在美国。本研究调查了居住在多伦多社会和经济边缘化社区的黑人青年对服从警察的态度和对告密的看法。通过32次深度访谈，我研究了对社区安全和警务经验的看法如何影响年轻人报告犯罪和遵守警方调查的意愿。与流行的说法相反，被看到与警察交谈或提供信息并不一定构成告密。相反，与之前的研究一致，一系列复杂的变量，包括年龄、性别和犯罪的严重程度，都是决定什么构成告密以及何时被视为告密的因素。我的研究结果挑战了关于举报的流行话语的本质，同时也强调了对警察合法性和有效性的认知减少如何影响了年轻人报告犯罪和遵守警方调查的意愿。最后，我讨论了我的研究结果对改革警察和改善警察与社区关系的影响。刑事诉讼法:刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法。在此之前，我们已经研究过了，在此之前的排他性问题是如何解决的États-Unis。诺特·海姆斯特·海姆斯特·海姆斯特·海姆斯特·海姆斯特·海姆斯特·海姆斯特·海姆斯·海姆斯特·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·海姆斯·多伦多À 32个企业中的某一方与职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯中的某一职业生涯。contrcontrance ance que vachicule le disdispopulpopule, le fait d'être vu . e ' train de parler ' avec ' police ' de fournir de l'information '， ' concontrance ance ' vachicule comme de la danciation。事实上，符合运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输运输。这些人的健康状况会导致他们的健康状况，他们的健康状况会影响他们的健康，他们的健康状况会影响他们的健康，他们的健康状况会影响他们的健康，他们的健康状况会影响他们的健康，他们的健康状况会影响他们的健康，他们的健康状况会影响他们的健康。最后，我要说明的是，我的职业生涯与我的职业生涯有关，我的职业生涯与我的职业生涯有关，我的职业生涯与我的职业生涯有关。
{"title":"\"It Just Makes You Have More Problems\": An Examination of Anti-snitching Codes among Black Youths in Toronto","authors":"Julius Haag","doi":"10.3138/cjccj.2021-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2021-0061","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Subcultural codes against compliance with the police, or \"snitching,\" have factored prominently in public and law enforcement discourses related to urban violence and crime prevention. However, scholarship on these issues focuses almost entirely on the United States. This study investigates attitudes toward compliance with the police and perceptions of snitching among a sample of a Black youths who reside in socially and economically marginalized neighbourhoods in Toronto. Drawing on 32 in-depth interviews, I examine how perceptions of community safety and experiences with policing have impacted young people's willingness to report crimes and comply with police investigations. Contrary to popular discourses, being seen speaking with police or providing information did not necessarily constitute snitching. Rather, consistent with prior research, a complex set of variables, including age, gender, and the perceived seriousness of the crime, all factored in determining what constituted snitching and when someone was considered a snitch. My findings challenge the essentializing nature of popular discourses on snitching while also highlighting how diminished perceptions of police legitimacy and efficacy have impacted young people's willingness to report crimes and comply with police investigations. Finally, I discuss the implications of my findings for efforts to reform the police and improve police–community relations.Résumé:Les codes infraculturels qui s'opposent à la collaboration avec la police et la considèrent comme de la dénonciation ou du rapportage occupent une place importante dans le discours public et policier sur la violence urbaine et la prévention du crime. Cependant, la recherche sur cet enjeu porte presque exclusivement sur les États-Unis. Notre étude examine les attitudes envers la collaboration avec la police et la perception de la dénonciation dans un échantillon de jeunes Noir·e·s de quartiers socialement et économiquement marginalisés de Toronto. À partir de 32 entrevues détaillées, j'étudie la manière dont la perception de la sécurité communautaire et l'expérience antérieure des interventions policières influencent la volonté des jeunes à signaler les crimes et à coopérer aux enquêtes policières. Contrairement à ce que véhicule le discours populaire, le fait d'être vu·e en train de parler avec la police ou de fournir de l'information n'est pas nécessairement considéré comme de la délation. En fait, conformément aux résultats de recherches antérieures, un ensemble complexe de variables, dont l'âge, le sexe et la gravité perçue du crime est considéré pour déterminer ce qui constitue de la délation et qui est considéré comme un délateur – stool, snitch, balance ou indic. Mes résultats remettent en cause le caractère essentialisant des discours populaires sur la dénonciation, en même temps qu'ils soulignent que la diminution perçue de la légitimité et de l'efficacité de la police influence la volonté des jeunes à signaler de","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"64 1","pages":"71 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48227398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./alnk6100
Jasurbek Аtaniyazov, Sh Z Ikramov
This article examines the existing procedural problems of applying circumstances that exclude the criminality of the act, and the legal regulatory aspects of registration as grounds for refusal in the proceedings. The study used methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparative legal analysis and etc. During the research work, advanced foreign experience, scientific and theoretical views, and investigative and judicial practice were studied, as a result of which proposals and recommendations were developed for making appropriate amendments and additions to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan and other legislative acts.
{"title":"PROCEDURAL PROBLEMS OF APPLYING THE INSTITUTION OF CIRCUMSTANCES EXCLUDING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE ACT","authors":"Jasurbek Аtaniyazov, Sh Z Ikramov","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./alnk6100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./alnk6100","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the existing procedural problems of applying circumstances that exclude the criminality of the act, and the legal regulatory aspects of registration as grounds for refusal in the proceedings. The study used methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparative legal analysis and etc. During the research work, advanced foreign experience, scientific and theoretical views, and investigative and judicial practice were studied, as a result of which proposals and recommendations were developed for making appropriate amendments and additions to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan and other legislative acts.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85886330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./daef1752
krom Ergashev
This scientific article provides a systematic analysis of the legal basis of legal responsibility for violation of tax discipline. So far, the scientific basis for legal responsibility for tax discipline violations has not been thoroughly studied. In recent years, the issue of legal responsibility for violations of tax discipline in Uzbekistan has not been sufficiently studied from legal and economic points of view. The author tried to illuminate the issue of the theoretical aspects of legal liability for violations of tax discipline. The author also analyzes the content of the concepts of “financial responsibility for tax violation”, “administrative responsibility for violation of tax discipline” and “criminal responsibility for violation of tax discipline”, which are relevant today. The author’s comparative analysis of the legislation of foreign countries served to reflect the special characteristics of the article.
{"title":"THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TAX VIOLATIONS AND THEIR COMMITMENT","authors":"krom Ergashev","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./daef1752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./daef1752","url":null,"abstract":"This scientific article provides a systematic analysis of the legal basis of legal responsibility for violation of tax discipline. So far, the scientific basis for legal responsibility for tax discipline violations has not been thoroughly studied. In recent years, the issue of legal responsibility for violations of tax discipline in Uzbekistan has not been sufficiently studied from legal and economic points of view. The author tried to illuminate the issue of the theoretical aspects of legal liability for violations of tax discipline. The author also analyzes the content of the concepts of “financial responsibility for tax violation”, “administrative responsibility for violation of tax discipline” and “criminal responsibility for violation of tax discipline”, which are relevant today. The author’s comparative analysis of the legislation of foreign countries served to reflect the special characteristics of the article.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89742922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./mpua3668
D. Suyunova
The article analyzes the responsibility for crimes against women under the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. For the first time, the norms of the Criminal Code are evaluated from the point of view of finding the features of legal regulation due to the gender and family differences of subjects in it. The analysis of criminal legislation concerning crimes against women helped not only to see the real content of criminal law norms, but also to analyze gaps in the law, and where legal regulation is insufficiently socially conditioned. The study of the genesis of criminal law norms on responsibility for crimes against women also made it possible to trace changes in the law concerning such objects of criminal law protection as life, health, gender freedom and gender integrity, honor, and dignity of a woman, the interests of the family and its members. The paper makes some comparisons with the legislation of foreign countries of criminal liability for crimes against women and presents practical recommendations for improving the criminal legislation of Uzbekistan.
{"title":"FEATURES OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN","authors":"D. Suyunova","doi":"10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./mpua3668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./mpua3668","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the responsibility for crimes against women under the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. For the first time, the norms of the Criminal Code are evaluated from the point of view of finding the features of legal regulation due to the gender and family differences of subjects in it. The analysis of criminal legislation concerning crimes against women helped not only to see the real content of criminal law norms, but also to analyze gaps in the law, and where legal regulation is insufficiently socially conditioned. The study of the genesis of criminal law norms on responsibility for crimes against women also made it possible to trace changes in the law concerning such objects of criminal law protection as life, health, gender freedom and gender integrity, honor, and dignity of a woman, the interests of the family and its members. The paper makes some comparisons with the legislation of foreign countries of criminal liability for crimes against women and presents practical recommendations for improving the criminal legislation of Uzbekistan.","PeriodicalId":46586,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","volume":"376 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77337823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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