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SOY volume 38 issue 2 Cover and Back matter 大豆杂志第38卷第2期封面和封底
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0265052522000164
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引用次数: 0
ALGORITHMIC ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE MAKING 正在形成的算法问责制
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0265052522000073
Deborah G. Johnson
Abstract Algorithms are now routinely used in decision-making; they are potent components in decisions that affect the lives of individuals and the activities of public and private institutions. Although use of algorithms has many benefits, a number of problems have been identified with their use in certain domains, most notably in domains where safety and fairness are important. Awareness of these problems has generated public discourse calling for algorithmic accountability. However, the current discourse focuses largely on algorithms and their opacity. I argue that this reflects a narrow and inadequate understanding of accountability. I sketch an account of accountability that takes accountability to be a social practice constituted by actors, forums, shared beliefs and norms, performativity, and sanctions, and aimed at putting constraints on the exercise of power. On this account, algorithmic accountability is not yet constituted; it is in the making. The account brings to light a set of questions that must be addressed to establish it.
摘要算法现在经常用于决策;它们是影响个人生活和公私机构活动的决定的有力组成部分。虽然使用算法有很多好处,但在某些领域,特别是在安全性和公平性很重要的领域,已经发现了许多问题。对这些问题的认识促使公众呼吁对算法问责。然而,目前的讨论主要集中在算法及其不透明性上。我认为,这反映了对问责制的狭隘和不充分的理解。我概述了问责制,认为问责制是一种社会实践,由行动者、论坛、共同的信仰和规范、表演和制裁组成,旨在对权力的行使施加约束。因此,算法问责尚未构成;它正在形成中。这一说法暴露了一系列问题,必须加以解决才能确立这一说法。
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引用次数: 1
PUBLIC TRUST AND BIOTECH INNOVATION: A THEORY OF TRUSTWORTHY REGULATION OF (SCARY!) TECHNOLOGY 公众信任与生物技术创新:可信监管理论(可怕!)技术
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0265052522000036
C. Wolf
Abstract Regulatory agencies aim to protect the public by moderating risks associated with innovation, but a good regulatory regime should also promote justified public trust. After introducing the USDA 2020 SECURE Rule for regulation of biotech innovation as a case study, this essay develops a theory of justified public trust in regulation. On the theory advanced here, to be trustworthy, a regulatory regime must (1) fairly and effectively manage risk, must be (2) “science based” in the relevant sense, and must in addition be (3) truthful, (4) transparent, and (5) responsive to public input. Evaluated with these norms, the USDA SECURE Rule is shown to be deeply flawed, since it fails appropriately to manage risk, and similarly fails to satisfy other normative requirements for justified trust. The argument identifies ways in which the SECURE Rule itself might be improved, but more broadly provides a normative framework for the evaluation of trustworthy regulatory policy-making.
监管机构旨在通过缓和与创新相关的风险来保护公众,但良好的监管制度还应促进合理的公众信任。在介绍了美国农业部2020年生物技术创新监管安全规则作为案例研究之后,本文发展了一种合理的公众信任监管理论。根据这里提出的理论,要想值得信赖,监管制度必须(1)公平有效地管理风险,必须(2)在相关意义上“以科学为基础”,此外还必须(3)真实,(4)透明,(5)对公众意见作出反应。用这些规范来评估,美国农业部安全规则显示出严重的缺陷,因为它不能适当地管理风险,同样也不能满足合理信任的其他规范要求。该论点指出了安全规则本身可能得到改进的方式,但更广泛地为评估值得信赖的监管政策制定提供了一个规范性框架。
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引用次数: 2
FISCAL EQUIVALENCE: PRINCIPLE AND PREDATION IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 财政对等:公共司法中的原则与掠夺
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0265052521000303
Emily C. Skarbek
Abstract Fiscal equivalence in the public administration of justice requires local police and courts to be financed exclusively by the populations that benefit from their services. Within a polycentric framework, broad based taxation to achieve fiscal equivalence is a desirable principle of public finance because it conceptually allows for the provision of justice to be determined by constituent’s preferences, and increases the political accountability of service providers to constituents. However, the overproduction of justice services can readily occur when the benefits of the justice system are not enjoyed equally. Paradoxically, the same properties that make fiscal equivalence desirable by imposing restraint and control between constituents and local government also create internal pressures for agents of the state to engage in predatory, revenue-generating behavior.
公共司法行政中的财政对等要求地方警察和法院完全由受益于其服务的人口提供资金。在多中心框架内,广泛征税以实现财政对等是公共财政的理想原则,因为它在概念上允许由选民的偏好决定司法的提供,并增加了服务提供者对选民的政治问责制。但是,如果不能平等地享受司法制度的好处,就很容易出现司法服务过剩的情况。矛盾的是,通过在选民和地方政府之间施加约束和控制而使财政对等成为可取的相同属性,也为国家代理人从事掠夺性、创收行为创造了内部压力。
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引用次数: 2
TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE 技术与过渡司法
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0265052522000103
C. Murphy
Abstract Transitional justice refers to the process of dealing with widespread wrongdoing characteristically committed during the course of conflict and/or repression. Examples of such processes include criminal trials, truth commissions, reparations, and memorials. Technology is altering the forms that widespread wrongdoing takes. Technology is also altering the form of processes of transitional justice themselves. This essay provides a map of these changes and their normative implications.
摘要过渡时期司法是指处理冲突和/或镇压过程中普遍存在的不法行为的过程。这类程序的例子包括刑事审判、真相委员会、赔偿和纪念馆。科技正在改变普遍存在的不法行为的形式。技术也在改变过渡时期司法程序本身的形式。本文提供了这些变化及其规范含义的地图。
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引用次数: 0
THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE 行政国家
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0265052521000194
Mario I. Juarez-Garcia, D. Schmidtz
Abstract There has always been a tension, in theory, between the public accountability and the professional efficiency of the agencies of the administrative state. How has that tension been handled? What would it be like for it to be well handled?
从理论上讲,行政国家机构的公共责任与专业效率之间一直存在着一种紧张关系。这种紧张关系是如何处理的?如果处理得好,会是什么样子?
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引用次数: 0
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND VALUE 科学、技术、价值
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0265052522000012
D. Schmidtz
Abstract Technological innovations and scientific discoveries do not occur in a vacuum but instead leave us needing to reimagine what we thought we knew about the human condition.
技术创新和科学发现不是凭空出现的,而是让我们需要重新想象我们对人类状况的认识。
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引用次数: 0
SOY volume 38 issue 2 Cover and Front matter 大豆杂志第38卷第2期封面和封面问题
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0265052522000152
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引用次数: 0
THE FIDUCIARY SOCIAL CONTRACT 信托社会契约
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0265052521000212
Gary Lawson
Abstract The United States Constitution is, in form and fact, a kind of fiduciary instrument, and government officials acting pursuant to that document are subject to the background rules of fiduciary obligation that underlie all such documents. One of the most basic eighteenth-century fiduciary rules was the presumptive rule against subdelegation of discretionary authority. The rule was presumptive only; there were recognized exceptions that permitted subdelegation when it was specifically authorized by the instrument of agency, when it was validated by custom or tradition, and when it was necessary for accomplishment of the agent’s authorized purposes. To what extent might that third exception justify broad subdelegation of legislative authority by Congress to administrative agencies? Part of the answer, which is beyond the aims of this essay, depends on ascertaining the nature of the job entrusted to Congress under the Constitution, which means ascertaining the scope of Congress’s delegated powers. Another part of the answer depends on the extent to which expertise can and may serve as justification for entrusting others with tasks with which one has previously been entrusted. What would a responsible fiduciary approach to expertise—whether for purposes of advice or subdelegation—look like in the modern administrative state? The answer requires a careful examination of the idea of expertise and how it can be applied, and misapplied, in modern governance. This essay offers only the briefest introduction to that problem by trying to frame the questions that responsible fiduciaries need to ask before subdelegating authority. Such questions include: (1) What are the limits of the principal’s own knowledge? (2) What reason is there to think that gaps in that knowledge can, even in principle, be filled by experts? (3) Will application of expert knowledge lead in any particular instance lead to better decisions, given the ubiquitous problem of second-best? and (4) Have you picked the right experts, and will they actually apply expertise rather than using their claim to expertise as a cover for pursuing other goals? These questions in the context of the modern administrative state are just one aspect of a broader problem of nonexperts trying to evaluate—both before and after the fact—the work product of experts.
美国宪法在形式上和事实上都是一种信义文书,根据该文件行事的政府官员必须遵守所有此类文件所依据的信义义务的背景规则。18世纪最基本的信义规则之一是反对自由裁量权次委托的推定规则。这条规则只是假定的;有一些公认的例外情况,即在代理文书明确授权的情况下,在惯例或传统认可的情况下,以及在为实现代理人所授权的目的所必需的情况下,允许分委托。第三个例外在多大程度上可以证明国会将立法权广泛地下放给行政机构是合理的?部分答案超出了本文的目的,它取决于确定宪法赋予国会的工作的性质,这意味着确定国会授权的范围。答案的另一部分取决于专业知识在多大程度上能够并且可能成为将自己之前被委托的任务委托给他人的理由。在现代行政国家中,一个负责任的受托人的专业方法——无论是出于建议还是次级委托的目的——会是什么样子?要回答这个问题,需要仔细研究专业知识的概念,以及如何在现代治理中应用和误用专业知识。本文仅对该问题进行了最简短的介绍,试图构建负责任的受托人在下放权力之前需要提出的问题。这些问题包括:(1)校长自身知识的极限是什么?(2)有什么理由认为,即使在原则上,专家也可以填补知识上的空白?(3)考虑到普遍存在的次优问题,在任何特定情况下,专家知识的应用会导致更好的决策吗?(4)你是否选择了合适的专家,他们是否会真正运用他们的专业知识,而不是用他们声称的专业知识作为追求其他目标的幌子?在现代行政国家的背景下,这些问题只是一个更广泛的问题的一个方面,即非专家试图在事实之前和之后评估专家的工作成果。
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引用次数: 0
RICHARD T. ELY, THE GERMAN HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, AND THE “SOCIO-TELEOLOGICAL” ASPIRATION OF THE NEW DEAL PLANNERS 理查德·t·伊利(Richard t. ely),德国历史经济学派,以及新政规划者的“社会目的论”抱负
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0265052521000224
T. J. Miller
Abstract Richard T. Ely was one of the most important architects of the administrative welfare state in the United States. His astonishingly influential career was the product of a fundamental re-thinking of the origin and nature of the state. Repudiating the social compact theory of the American founding in favor of a self-consciously “new,” “German,” and frankly “social” conception of the state ordered toward the realization of a collective vision of human perfection, Ely conceived the task of social reform as extending social control over the hereditary and environmental determinants of human character. In the early 1930s, Ely’s vision of social reform would inspire some of his boldest students, especially M. L. Wilson, to formulate a sweeping vision of social planning that would not only inform his little known and rather coyly named Division of Subsistence Homesteads, but also his efforts at the National Resources Board (NRB)—the nation’s first ever agency for comprehensive national planning.
理查德·t·伊利是美国行政福利国家最重要的缔造者之一。他惊人的影响力的职业生涯是一个根本性的重新思考国家的起源和性质的产物。伊莱否定了美国建国时的社会契约理论,支持一种自觉的“新的”、“德国的”、坦率的“社会的”国家概念,以实现人类完美的集体愿景,他认为社会改革的任务是扩大对人类性格的遗传和环境决定因素的社会控制。在20世纪30年代早期,伊利的社会改革愿景激励了他的一些最大胆的学生,尤其是m·l·威尔逊,他们制定了一个全面的社会规划愿景,这不仅影响了他鲜为人知的、名字很含蓄的“生存家园划分”,也影响了他在国家资源委员会(NRB)——美国第一个全面的国家规划机构——所做的努力。
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