Communication & Sport最新文献

英文中文

Show HBCU Referee Bias the Red Card: Testing Communication Theory in Division I Women’s College Soccer 向 HBCU 裁判偏袒出示红牌：检验一级女子足球联赛中的沟通理论

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2024-03-16 DOI: 10.1177/21674795241239562

Andrew Dix

The current study focused on the red cards and yellow cards that referees gave to historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in Division I women’s college soccer for their in-game communicative actions. These cards are distributed to players who are perceived to have engaged in a reckless play or an action that involved excessive force. Within the United States, HBCUs are institutions of higher education that historically and primarily serve students who are of African American descent. Thus, the strong Black woman collective (SBWC) theory of communication was the theoretical frame because this study focused on small groups that were mostly comprised of African American women. Previous studies on referee bias were summarized in the literature review. Publicly available data on 19,360 soccer games were then analyzed. The findings indicated that referees gave more red cards to HBCU women’s college soccer teams relative to predominantly White institution (PWI) women’s college soccer teams at a statistically significant level. Yellow cards were also disproportionately distributed to HBCUs relative to PWIs. Implications for communication theory were noted in the study discussion as were interpretations on why referee bias against HBCUs continues to occur.

本研究的重点是，在女子大学足球甲级联赛中，裁判向历史上著名的黑人大学（HBCUs）在比赛中的交流行为出示的红牌和黄牌。这些牌是发给那些被认为有鲁莽行为或过度使用武力行为的球员的。在美国，HBCUs 是历史上主要为非裔美国人后代服务的高等教育机构。因此，强势黑人女性集体（SBWC）传播理论是本研究的理论框架，因为本研究关注的是主要由非洲裔美国女性组成的小团体。文献综述中总结了以往关于裁判偏见的研究。然后分析了 19360 场足球比赛的公开数据。研究结果表明，相对于白人占主导地位的院校（PWI）女子大学足球队而言，裁判给 HBCU 女子大学足球队的红牌更多，这在统计学上具有显著意义。相对于白人院校，黄牌也不成比例地分配给了高地白种人大学。研究讨论中指出了传播理论的意义，并解释了为什么裁判对高地白种人大学的偏见仍在继续。

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引用次数: 0

Immortal 38: How the Media Afterlife of Slovak Ice Hockey Legend Pavol Demitra Created a Marble Hero 不朽的 38：斯洛伐克冰球传奇帕沃尔-德米特拉的媒体生涯如何造就了一位大理石英雄

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1177/21674795241235085

Peter Mikuláš, Alice Nemcova Tejkalova

In this paper we focus on the posthumous media image of the deceased professional ice hockey player Pavol Demitra. He was a world-famous athlete, starring in both the NHL and KHL, but this paper primarily focuses on his fame in Slovakia, his native country. Demitra became a legend in his own lifetime, but his story only gained its true shape after he had died. The media played a dominant role in this deeper reflection of Demitra’s life. First, we monitored the Slovak media in the ten years following his tragic death. Next, we focused on the quantitative analysis of two categories, heroism and cultural and societal overlaps, which formed the basis of Demitra’s fame legacy. Through our third step, a qualitative frame analysis, we demonstrated how the media dealt with athlete’s framing. The results showed how Demitra was put on a pedestal and, in some aspects, immortalized as a divine, heroic statue made of marble. At the same time, his legacy has continued thanks to his son Lucas, a successful athlete, keeping the name alive.

在本文中，我们将重点关注已故职业冰球运动员帕沃尔-德米特拉（Pavol Demitra）的遗世媒体形象。他是一名世界著名的运动员，曾在国家冰球联盟（NHL）和斯洛伐克冰球联盟（KHL）效力，但本文主要关注他在其祖国斯洛伐克的声誉。德米特拉在他的一生中成为了一个传奇，但他的故事只有在他去世后才真正成型。媒体在深入反映德米特拉的一生中发挥了主导作用。首先，我们对他不幸去世后十年间的斯洛伐克媒体进行了监测。接下来，我们重点对英雄主义和文化与社会重叠这两个类别进行了定量分析，这两个类别构成了德米特拉名声遗产的基础。通过第三步，即定性框架分析，我们展示了媒体如何处理运动员的框架。结果显示，德米特拉是如何被推上神坛的，在某些方面，他是如何作为大理石制成的神圣英雄雕像而永垂不朽的。同时，由于他的儿子卢卡斯是一名成功的运动员，他的名字得以延续。

引用次数: 0

Competing Together, Nations Apart: Identity and Nationality at the 2023 World Baseball Classic 同场竞技，民族分离：2023 年世界棒球经典赛的身份与国籍

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1177/21674795241237230

Zachary W. Arth, Mackenzie P. Pike, Patrick C. Gentile, Brandon Bruce, Daniel Capuano

The 2023 World Baseball Classic (WBC) featured over 600 players representing 20 countries. Due to relaxed eligibility requirements, over one quarter of the players represented countries that differed from their birth nation. Through the lens of Social Identity Theory, the guiding research question of this study asked how identity is enacted and discussed when player nationality either aligns or does not align with the country they represent in the WBC. All WBC games featured on Fox networks were analyzed and any phrase describing a player was transcribed and coded utilizing a performance, personality, and physicality taxonomy resulting in 5937 phrases attributed to 547 players. Results indicate that those with aligned birth countries and WBC teams were depicted more positively with a higher rate of comments about their talent, experience, and composure. Those with misaligned teams and nationalities were described in greater detail regarding their backgrounds and connection to their WBC team. U.S.-born players representing a different country received significantly more comments pertaining to their U.S. roots; the reverse was true for those born abroad as their birth countries were more often referenced when they aligned with their WBC team thus suggesting a degree of in- and out-grouping by the commentators.

2023 年世界棒球经典赛（WBC）有代表 20 个国家的 600 多名球员参加。由于资格要求放宽，超过四分之一的球员所代表的国家与其出生国不同。通过社会认同理论的视角，本研究的指导性研究问题是：当球员的国籍与他们在 WBC 中代表的国家一致或不一致时，认同是如何形成和讨论的。本研究分析了福克斯电视网播出的所有 WBC 比赛，并对任何描述球员的短语进行了转录和编码，采用了表现、个性和体能分类法，最终得出了归属于 547 名球员的 5937 个短语。结果表明，那些出生国和世界职业棒球锦标赛球队一致的球员被描述得更积极，对他们的天赋、经验和沉着的评论率也更高。而那些球队和国籍不一致的球员则被更详细地描述了他们的背景以及与世界职业棒球锦标赛球队的联系。出生在美国、代表不同国家的球员获得的有关其美国根源的评论明显较多；而出生在国外的球员则相反，当他们与自己的世界羽联球队一致时，他们的出生国被提及的次数更多，这表明评论员在一定程度上进行了内部和外部分组。

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引用次数: 0

Narrative Storytelling as a Fan Conversion Tool in the Netflix Docuseries Drive to Survive 讲述叙事故事是 Netflix Docuseries《求生之路》中的粉丝转化工具

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1177/21674795241238158

Caroline Soble, Mark Lowes

This paper explores how narrative storytelling converts individuals into sport fans. Data were collected through content analysis of Netflix’s Formula 1: Drive to Survive. Rhetorical criticism was applied to narrative elements identified in this popular docuseries. The conceptual framework drew from existing theories to detail how narrative storytelling effectively engages audiences and facilitates information exchange to achieve sport fandom. Findings show that the main narrative elements used in Drive to Survive were the plot types of adventure, ascension/descension, rivalry, and sacrifice, as well as the character type of hero. These narrative elements fostered sport fan conversion by providing multiple opportunities for information exchange, emotional connection, and inter-fan relationships. Ultimately, this study provides insight into conversion-through-narrative, strengthening the theoretical link between narrative storytelling and sport fandom by examining how narrative elements function in a successful case of sport fan conversion.

本文探讨了叙事故事如何将个人转化为体育迷。数据是通过对 Netflix 的《一级方程式赛车》（Formula 1：Drive to Survive》的内容分析收集数据。修辞学批评被应用于这部热门纪录片中的叙事元素。概念框架借鉴了现有的理论，详细说明了叙事故事如何有效地吸引受众并促进信息交流，从而实现体育粉丝的目标。研究结果表明，《生死时速》中使用的主要叙事元素是冒险、上升/下降、竞争和牺牲等情节类型，以及英雄人物类型。这些叙事元素为信息交流、情感联系和粉丝间关系提供了多种机会，从而促进了体育粉丝的转化。最终，本研究通过研究叙事元素如何在体育迷转化的成功案例中发挥作用，深入探讨了通过叙事进行转化的问题，加强了叙事故事与体育迷之间的理论联系。

引用次数: 0

Racing With a Purpose: Sustainability in Formula E 有目的的赛车：电动方程式赛车的可持续性

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1177/21674795241233558

Walker J. Ross, Michael Pfahl, Sylvia Trendafilova

This study examined the seasonal sustainability reporting of Formula E for its content, variation, and linearity. Formula E was chosen since it was built as a sustainable sport enterprise rather than one which integrated sustainability into existing operations and for the accessibility of its annual sustainability reports. Using an exploratory approach for content and variation, and the Green Waves of sport sustainability for linearity, eight seasons of sustainability reports from Formula E were collected and examined via content analysis. Findings revealed the major content areas for Formula E concerned event management, car design, and community engagement with these initiatives classified as internal or external efforts. Reports were inconsistent in their structure, language, scope, and focus. The Green Waves suggest that while some efforts progress, others may regress according to strategy or the initiative’s life cycle. Formula E is progressing overall in their sustainability efforts, but exemplifies the lack of an end point to sustainability efforts. It is suggested that better coordination could yield higher strategic success and recognition.

本研究从内容、变化和线性等方面考察了电动方程式赛车的季节性可持续发展报告。之所以选择电动方程式赛车，是因为它是作为一家可持续发展的体育企业而建立的，而不是一家将可持续发展融入到现有运营中的企业，同时也因为其年度可持续发展报告的可及性。在内容和变化方面使用了探索性方法，在线性方面使用了体育可持续发展绿波，通过内容分析收集并研究了电动方程式赛车八个赛季的可持续发展报告。研究结果表明，电动方程式赛车的主要内容涉及赛事管理、赛车设计和社区参与，这些举措被划分为内部或外部努力。报告的结构、语言、范围和重点都不一致。绿波 "表明，在一些工作取得进展的同时，另一些工作可能会根据战略或计划的生命周期出现倒退。E 级方程式赛车公司在可持续发展方面的努力总体上取得了进展，但却缺乏可持续发展努力的终点。有专家建议，加强协调可以取得更大的战略成功和认可。

引用次数: 0

Loved It, Miss It, Would Never Go Back: Why U.S. Local Television Sports Broadcasters are Leaving the Industry 喜欢它，怀念它，再也不会回去：美国地方电视体育广播公司为何纷纷离开这一行业

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1177/21674795241234822

Kevin Hull

For decades, one of the most recognizable public faces of a local television news station was the sports anchor. However, as newsrooms across the United States struggle with employee burnout, sports departments have not been immune to low job satisfaction and high turnover. The purpose of this study is to examine what factors are causing sportscasters at local television stations to leave the profession. A survey of sports broadcasters who had left their positions at a television station for a job outside of broadcasting revealed that they felt overworked and underpaid, and many placed the blame for their problems directly on newsroom management.

几十年来，体育主播是地方电视新闻台最知名的公众形象之一。然而，随着全美新闻编辑室都在努力解决员工职业倦怠问题，体育部门也未能幸免工作满意度低和离职率高的问题。本研究的目的是探讨导致地方电视台体育主播离职的因素。对那些离开电视台职位，转而从事广播以外工作的体育播音员进行的一项调查显示，他们感到工作过度、报酬过低，许多人将他们的问题直接归咎于新闻编辑室的管理层。

引用次数: 0

Monsters and the Sports They Play: Squaring the Circle of Fan Allegiance and Cognitive Dissonance 怪物与他们所从事的体育运动：平衡粉丝忠诚与认知失调的关系

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1177/21674795241234168

Andrew C. Billings, Marie Hardin

引用次数: 0

Selling vs. Supporting Motherhood: How Corporate Sponsors Frame the Parenting Experiences of Elite and Olympic Athletes. 销售与支持母亲身份：企业赞助商如何塑造精英和奥运会运动员的育儿经历。

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-05 DOI: 10.1177/21674795221103415

Talston Scott, Sydney V M Smith, Francine E Darroch, Audrey R Giles

Recently, motherhood and pregnancy in elite sport have received increased attention in sport media. Through a comprehensive news media search across Factiva as well as a gray literature search using Google search engine, we analyzed 115 articles using feminist framing analysis. We developed two primary frames: 1) empowerment versus exploitation, and 2) proactivity versus reactivity. Our results show that many pregnant and parenting athletes frame their respective sponsors as exploitative for recognizing and capitalizing upon their unique marketing value, while these same corporate sponsors frame themselves as industry leaders who empower pregnant and parenting athletes. These two frames show that pregnant/parenting elite athletes commonly face discriminatory policies and practices and that there is often a lack of congruence between marketing and actual corporate practices and policies. These findings arguably reflect larger societal issues related to gender equity and highlight the importance of action over rhetoric to ensure motherhood is supported-rather than marketed-for elite athletes.

最近，精英运动中的孕产和怀孕问题越来越受到体育媒体的关注。通过在Factiva上进行全面的新闻媒体搜索，以及使用谷歌搜索引擎进行灰色文献搜索，我们使用女权主义框架分析分析了115篇文章。我们开发了两个主要框架：1）授权与剥削，以及2）积极性与反应性。我们的研究结果表明，许多怀孕和养育子女的运动员将他们各自的赞助商视为剥削性赞助商，因为他们认识到并利用了自己独特的营销价值，而这些企业赞助商则将自己视为行业领导者，为怀孕和养育孩子的运动员赋权。这两个框架表明，怀孕/养育子女的精英运动员通常面临歧视性政策和做法，营销与实际企业做法和政策之间往往缺乏一致性。这些发现可以说反映了与性别公平相关的更大的社会问题，并强调了行动胜于言论的重要性，以确保母亲身份得到支持，而不是为精英运动员营销。

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引用次数: 5

A Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Parasocial Relationships and Breakups With Characters of a Health-Related TV Show on Self-Efficacy and Exercise Behavior: The Case of The Biggest Loser. 与健康相关的电视节目中人物的社交关系和分手对自我效能感和运动行为影响的纵向研究:以最大的失败者为例。

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/21674795211045039

Perina Siegenthaler, Tanja Aegerter, Andreas Fahr

Overweight is one of the major health-related challenges in industrialized countries and mostly preventable through a healthy diet and regular engagement in physical activity. Health communication practitioners and researchers, therefore, started using the media's persuasive potential by creating entertainment-education (E-E) programs that promote healthy nutrition and exercise. By observing the characters in E-E programs, audience members can learn vicariously and eventually develop personal bonds with them. The current study investigates the effects of parasocial relationships (PSRs) with characters of a health-related E-E show, as well as the impact of parasocial breakups (PSBUs) on health-relevant outcomes. Using the setting of the show The Biggest Loser (TBL), we conducted a quasi-experimental longitudinal field study. Participants (N = 149) watched shortened episodes of the show once a week for 5 weeks. Results showed that PSRs with the reality TV characters did not increase over time and after repeated exposure. Findings furthermore suggest that PSR did not influence self-efficacy perceptions or exercise behavior over time. Parasocial breakup distress intensity was neither related to self-efficacy nor to exercise behavior. Interpretations of these findings and implications for better understanding the effects of PSRs and PSBUs are discussed.

超重是工业化国家中与健康有关的主要挑战之一，大多可通过健康饮食和经常参加体育活动来预防。因此，健康传播从业者和研究人员开始利用媒体的说服潜力，创建娱乐教育(E-E)项目，促进健康营养和锻炼。通过观察E-E节目中的人物，观众可以间接学习，并最终与他们建立个人联系。目前的研究调查了与健康相关的E-E节目角色的副社会关系(PSRs)的影响，以及副社会分手(PSBUs)对健康相关结果的影响。以《超级减肥王》(the Biggest Loser, TBL)为背景，进行准实验纵向实地研究。参与者(N = 149)连续5周每周观看一次该节目的缩短版。结果表明，真人秀角色的psr并没有随着时间的推移和反复暴露而增加。研究结果进一步表明，随着时间的推移，PSR不会影响自我效能感或运动行为。副社会破裂痛苦强度与自我效能感和运动行为无关。对这些发现的解释以及对更好地理解psr和PSBUs的影响的含义进行了讨论。

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引用次数: 2

On Creating a Place, Space and Time for the Trans Athlete 论为跨性别运动员创造场所、空间和时间

IF 2.7 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Communication & Sport

Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.1177/21674795231184540

A. Billings, Marie Hardin

The two concepts are inextricably linked: access and equity. Each are so often paired in discussions and organizational structures that one could confuse them as one and the same. Nevertheless, each connotes something different, even if the goal of inclusion undergirds both. Access pertains to having a space for all to participate and, ideally succeed — whether that is in an of ﬁ ce space, voting booth, or athletic arena. Equity pertains to the fairness within that opportunity, ensuring a level playing ﬁ eld in which no one enters the equation with an inherent advantage or impediment to achievement. Both are worthy pursuits that must be honored and elevated within any society. But what happens when the terms are pitted against one another, with access and equity seen as a zero-sum game? That appears to be what is unfolding in many aspects of today ’ s society as it relates to the trans athlete. Such debates often are formed on the crucial distinction of what is most important in the sporting sphere: (a) providing a place for all to be included or (b) ensuring that those entering a competitive space are competing on fair physiological footing. Those advancing access-based arguments equate banning trans athletes from a sporting competition as heresy to the presumption that sports should provide a playing ﬁ eld open to all. Those advancing equity-arguments often prioritize the reasons for biological sex divisions in sports using the rationale of fairness in competition and pointing to biological markers such as testosterone, muscle mass, and respiratory systems. We do not claim to have the scienti ﬁ c knowledge to navigate this dif ﬁ cult terrain, but we do believe Communication & Sport can be a place to discuss and interrogate valid claims from hyperbole as well as the legitimate concern from the moral panic. If a primary aim of cultivation theory is to uncover the manner in which communication can

这两个概念密不可分：准入和公平。在讨论和组织结构中，两者经常成对出现，以至于人们可能会将它们混淆为一体。尽管如此，每一个都意味着不同的东西，即使包容的目标是两者的基础。准入是指有一个让所有人都参与的空间，理想情况下是成功的——无论是在办公室、投票亭还是运动场。公平是指机会中的公平，确保了一个公平的竞争环境，在这个环境中，没有人带着固有的优势或成就障碍进入等式。两者都是有价值的追求，在任何社会中都必须得到尊重和提升。但是，当条款相互对立，准入和公平被视为零和游戏时，会发生什么？这似乎是当今社会许多方面正在发生的事情，因为它与跨性别运动员有关。这种辩论往往是基于体育领域最重要的区别：（a）为所有人提供一个包容的场所，或（b）确保那些进入竞争空间的人在公平的生理基础上竞争。这些基于准入的论点将禁止跨性别运动员参加体育比赛等同于体育运动应该向所有人开放的假设的异端。那些提出公平论点的人经常利用竞争公平的理由，并指出睾酮、肌肉质量和呼吸系统等生物标志物，优先考虑体育运动中生物性别划分的原因。我们并不声称拥有驾驭这一困难领域的科学知识，但我们确实相信，《沟通与体育》可以成为一个讨论和质疑夸张说法和道德恐慌合理担忧的地方。如果培养理论的主要目的是揭示沟通的方式

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引用次数: 0

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