Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2022.2029791
J. Peeters, M. Opgenhaffen, Tim Kreutz, Peter van Aelst
ABSTRACT Social media have offered politicians a way to reach a broader audience and citizens a dynamic way to respond and interact with politicians’ communication. In this study we focus on how two important dimensions of the social media messages of politicians impact different types of user engagement: the distinction between political and private posts and the degree of emotionality of the post. Additionally, we compare the amount and types of interaction between routine periods and election periods. Supported by automatic data gathering and coding we analyze all Facebook posts of 124 Belgian politicians for a period of more than two years (N = 34,408). Our results indicate that different types of Facebook posts lead to different types of user engagement. Private posts generate more reactions, while political posts are more often shared and commented on. Additionally, Facebook posts with positive, and, negative emotional language garner more interaction than those with less emotionality. Finally, during election campaigns both politicians and citizens are more active. There is a proliferation of the amount of Facebook messages that politicians post, and these messages also score higher on engagement.
{"title":"Understanding the online relationship between politicians and citizens. A study on the user engagement of politicians’ Facebook posts in election and routine periods","authors":"J. Peeters, M. Opgenhaffen, Tim Kreutz, Peter van Aelst","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2022.2029791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2029791","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social media have offered politicians a way to reach a broader audience and citizens a dynamic way to respond and interact with politicians’ communication. In this study we focus on how two important dimensions of the social media messages of politicians impact different types of user engagement: the distinction between political and private posts and the degree of emotionality of the post. Additionally, we compare the amount and types of interaction between routine periods and election periods. Supported by automatic data gathering and coding we analyze all Facebook posts of 124 Belgian politicians for a period of more than two years (N = 34,408). Our results indicate that different types of Facebook posts lead to different types of user engagement. Private posts generate more reactions, while political posts are more often shared and commented on. Additionally, Facebook posts with positive, and, negative emotional language garner more interaction than those with less emotionality. Finally, during election campaigns both politicians and citizens are more active. There is a proliferation of the amount of Facebook messages that politicians post, and these messages also score higher on engagement.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"20 1","pages":"44 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43279781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2022.2028695
O. Bychkova, Artyom Kosmarski
ABSTRACT Blockchain technologies loom large among the controversial topics of public debate. Like any technology, blockchain offers various ways to imagine alternative models of politics and society. Arguably, the most common interpretation treats it as the technology for techno-anarchism and a tool for total decentralization. This paper focuses on an overlooked genealogy of the politics of the blockchain – the classic republican theory. We consider whether republican practices could shed light on certain aspects of blockchain communities and understand their governance better. Our paper offers a historical analysis of governance visions inscribed in Bitcoin and Ethereum, arguably the most influential applications.
{"title":"Imagineering a new way of governing: the blockchain and res publica","authors":"O. Bychkova, Artyom Kosmarski","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2022.2028695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2028695","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Blockchain technologies loom large among the controversial topics of public debate. Like any technology, blockchain offers various ways to imagine alternative models of politics and society. Arguably, the most common interpretation treats it as the technology for techno-anarchism and a tool for total decentralization. This paper focuses on an overlooked genealogy of the politics of the blockchain – the classic republican theory. We consider whether republican practices could shed light on certain aspects of blockchain communities and understand their governance better. Our paper offers a historical analysis of governance visions inscribed in Bitcoin and Ethereum, arguably the most influential applications.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"20 1","pages":"34 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42121043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.2016543
Fernando Filgueiras
ABSTRACT Developing AI technologies has been a priority for governments worldwide, mobilizing actors to build strategies and policies to accelerate and deploy AI in industry, markets, and governments. With that in mind, this paper analyzes the causal mechanism between political regimes’ institutional dynamics and AI’s development. Specifically, it compares 30 developing countries to understand the political and governance dynamics that explain the outcomes achieved with AI policy. Delving into the relationship between politics and policy, this paper reflects on how different institutional frameworks produce different results in terms of AI development. The research was based on data from the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), using fuzzy-set quantitative comparative analysis (QCA) to analyze cases. The findings point to authoritarian countries performing better in producing AI development outcomes.
{"title":"The politics of AI: democracy and authoritarianism in developing countries","authors":"Fernando Filgueiras","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.2016543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.2016543","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Developing AI technologies has been a priority for governments worldwide, mobilizing actors to build strategies and policies to accelerate and deploy AI in industry, markets, and governments. With that in mind, this paper analyzes the causal mechanism between political regimes’ institutional dynamics and AI’s development. Specifically, it compares 30 developing countries to understand the political and governance dynamics that explain the outcomes achieved with AI policy. Delving into the relationship between politics and policy, this paper reflects on how different institutional frameworks produce different results in terms of AI development. The research was based on data from the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), using fuzzy-set quantitative comparative analysis (QCA) to analyze cases. The findings point to authoritarian countries performing better in producing AI development outcomes.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"449 - 464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46894630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2022.2028694
German Neubaum, Brian E. Weeks
ABSTRACT Digital media provide individuals platforms to express political views. Despite the significant scholarly attention to how and why political expression occurs through technologies and to what effect, research remains fragmented in its theoretical frameworks. The present work synthesizes research on computer-mediated communication and political communication to offer a framework that describes theoretically (a) which technological affordances lead (b) to which psychological processes with (c) which politically relevant actions. We address these questions in the context of four different technological affordances. In doing so, we emphasize the psychological cost-benefit calculations that occur when deciding whether to engage in political expression online.
{"title":"Computer-mediated political expression: A conceptual framework of technological affordances and individual tradeoffs","authors":"German Neubaum, Brian E. Weeks","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2022.2028694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2028694","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Digital media provide individuals platforms to express political views. Despite the significant scholarly attention to how and why political expression occurs through technologies and to what effect, research remains fragmented in its theoretical frameworks. The present work synthesizes research on computer-mediated communication and political communication to offer a framework that describes theoretically (a) which technological affordances lead (b) to which psychological processes with (c) which politically relevant actions. We address these questions in the context of four different technological affordances. In doing so, we emphasize the psychological cost-benefit calculations that occur when deciding whether to engage in political expression online.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"20 1","pages":"19 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42157314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-17DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2022.2027317
Francisco Luis Benítez-Martínez, E. Romero-Frías, M. V. Hurtado-Torres
ABSTRACT Blockchain technology currently represents a great opportunity for e-government in general and for public procurement in particular, given their financial implications and potential political and social risks. Blockchain technology facilitates the procedures and processes of administrative records via smart contracts because of properties such as timeproof sealing and data record immutability. In the present paper, we present a truthfulness governance approach which uses a permissioned model based on neural blockchain technology and smart contracts to create blocks within which all information is held in an on-chain consensus system to avoid corruption in the field of public procurement. Our proposal represents a scalable, efficient, innovative solution that is aligned with Sustainable Development Goal requirements and constitutes a ‘Decentralized Autonomous Organization’ in itself. Our model highlights the benefits of blockchain technology in terms of transparency, immutability, security, inclusiveness and disintermediation in order to create new anticorruption policies and technical solutions.
{"title":"Neural blockchain technology for a new anticorruption token: towards a novel governance model","authors":"Francisco Luis Benítez-Martínez, E. Romero-Frías, M. V. Hurtado-Torres","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2022.2027317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2027317","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Blockchain technology currently represents a great opportunity for e-government in general and for public procurement in particular, given their financial implications and potential political and social risks. Blockchain technology facilitates the procedures and processes of administrative records via smart contracts because of properties such as timeproof sealing and data record immutability. In the present paper, we present a truthfulness governance approach which uses a permissioned model based on neural blockchain technology and smart contracts to create blocks within which all information is held in an on-chain consensus system to avoid corruption in the field of public procurement. Our proposal represents a scalable, efficient, innovative solution that is aligned with Sustainable Development Goal requirements and constitutes a ‘Decentralized Autonomous Organization’ in itself. Our model highlights the benefits of blockchain technology in terms of transparency, immutability, security, inclusiveness and disintermediation in order to create new anticorruption policies and technical solutions.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"20 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42411564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-17DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1997867
Megan Duncan
ABSTRACT Crowdsourced news rating systems have been suggested as a solution to reducing the amount of misinformation online audiences see. This study expands previous research crowdsourcing by looking at how characteristics of the rating system affect user behavior. In an experiment (N= 1,021), two parameters of the rating system were manipulated. First, users were shown different varieties of news brands on the “menu” they were asked to rate. Second, participation was mandatory for half and voluntary for others. Results indicate partisans rated more news brands when they saw an ideologically dissimilar news menu than one that matched their ideology. Further, the trustworthiness rating of the mainstream news menu decreased when participants had a choice to participate rather than were forced. These results have important implications for understanding how users participate in crowdsourcing news credibility.
{"title":"Selective rating: partisan bias in crowdsourced news rating systems","authors":"Megan Duncan","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1997867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1997867","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Crowdsourced news rating systems have been suggested as a solution to reducing the amount of misinformation online audiences see. This study expands previous research crowdsourcing by looking at how characteristics of the rating system affect user behavior. In an experiment (N= 1,021), two parameters of the rating system were manipulated. First, users were shown different varieties of news brands on the “menu” they were asked to rate. Second, participation was mandatory for half and voluntary for others. Results indicate partisans rated more news brands when they saw an ideologically dissimilar news menu than one that matched their ideology. Further, the trustworthiness rating of the mainstream news menu decreased when participants had a choice to participate rather than were forced. These results have important implications for understanding how users participate in crowdsourcing news credibility.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"360 - 375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46906435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.2004287
Brandie Nonnecke, Gisela Perez de Acha, A. Choi, Camille Crittenden, F. G. Gutiérrez Cortés, Alejandro Fornelli Martín del Campo, O. Miranda-Villanueva
ABSTRACT This study investigates the interaction and messaging tactics of political Twitter bots before an election. We analyzed the strategies of influential bots seeking to affect the immigration debate before the 2018 U.S. midterm elections. Our findings reveal that the 10 most influential bots in our dataset all presented an anti-immigration viewpoint, and both posted original tweets and retweeted other bot accounts’ tweets to give a false sense of authenticity and anti-immigration consensus. Bots’ messages relied heavily on negative emotional appeals by spreading harassing language and disinformation likely intended to evoke fear toward immigrants. Such accounts also employed polarizing language to entrench political group identity and provoke partisanship. Our findings help to understand the interaction and messaging tactics employed by political bots and suggest potential strategies that may be employed to counter their effectiveness.
{"title":"Harass, mislead, & polarize: An analysis of Twitter political bots’ tactics in targeting the immigration debate before the 2018 U.S. midterm election","authors":"Brandie Nonnecke, Gisela Perez de Acha, A. Choi, Camille Crittenden, F. G. Gutiérrez Cortés, Alejandro Fornelli Martín del Campo, O. Miranda-Villanueva","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.2004287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.2004287","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigates the interaction and messaging tactics of political Twitter bots before an election. We analyzed the strategies of influential bots seeking to affect the immigration debate before the 2018 U.S. midterm elections. Our findings reveal that the 10 most influential bots in our dataset all presented an anti-immigration viewpoint, and both posted original tweets and retweeted other bot accounts’ tweets to give a false sense of authenticity and anti-immigration consensus. Bots’ messages relied heavily on negative emotional appeals by spreading harassing language and disinformation likely intended to evoke fear toward immigrants. Such accounts also employed polarizing language to entrench political group identity and provoke partisanship. Our findings help to understand the interaction and messaging tactics employed by political bots and suggest potential strategies that may be employed to counter their effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"423 - 434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45490101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-02DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1997868
Zheng Su, Xu Xu, Xun Cao
ABSTRACT Discussions of China’s recent massive surveillance initiative often present it as evidence of a path to an Orwellian state with omnipresent fear and discontent among its citizens. However, based on a 2018 survey of a nationally representative sample, this paper finds that a large majority of Chinese citizens support various forms of state surveillance. CCTV surveillance receives the highest support (82.2%), followed by e-mail and Internet monitoring (61.1%). Even the most intrusive policy – collecting intelligence on everyone in the country – receives support from more than 53% of citizens. Further, support for surveillance is positively associated with an individual’s preference for social stability, regime satisfaction, and, to a lesser extent, trust in government. Unlike in Western societies, concerns about information exposure and terrorism do not have any significant correlations with citizens’ attitudes toward surveillance in China. These findings might help explain why the Chinese state can expand its surveillance capacity without much open resistance from the public.
{"title":"What explains popular support for government monitoring in China?","authors":"Zheng Su, Xu Xu, Xun Cao","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1997868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1997868","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Discussions of China’s recent massive surveillance initiative often present it as evidence of a path to an Orwellian state with omnipresent fear and discontent among its citizens. However, based on a 2018 survey of a nationally representative sample, this paper finds that a large majority of Chinese citizens support various forms of state surveillance. CCTV surveillance receives the highest support (82.2%), followed by e-mail and Internet monitoring (61.1%). Even the most intrusive policy – collecting intelligence on everyone in the country – receives support from more than 53% of citizens. Further, support for surveillance is positively associated with an individual’s preference for social stability, regime satisfaction, and, to a lesser extent, trust in government. Unlike in Western societies, concerns about information exposure and terrorism do not have any significant correlations with citizens’ attitudes toward surveillance in China. These findings might help explain why the Chinese state can expand its surveillance capacity without much open resistance from the public.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"377 - 392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48052272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1997866
Shuning Lu, Tse-min Lin
ABSTRACT The political implications of the Internet remain as a long-debated question. To clarify this puzzle, this study draws on insights from political opportunity structure theory and three prompts for political action in the digital media environment to examine how the development of the Internet is related to environmental petition, a type of citizen-initiated political activity in the state realm in China. Using government statistics from multiple sources, we conducted time-series cross-sectional analyses to estimate the impacts of Internet penetration on environmental petition in China’s 31 provinces over a 13-year period (2003–2015). The findings show that Internet penetration had a long-term negative effect on visit petition but a positive one on letter petition. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
{"title":"Revisiting the nexus of Internet and political participation: a longitudinal study of environmental petition in China","authors":"Shuning Lu, Tse-min Lin","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1997866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1997866","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The political implications of the Internet remain as a long-debated question. To clarify this puzzle, this study draws on insights from political opportunity structure theory and three prompts for political action in the digital media environment to examine how the development of the Internet is related to environmental petition, a type of citizen-initiated political activity in the state realm in China. Using government statistics from multiple sources, we conducted time-series cross-sectional analyses to estimate the impacts of Internet penetration on environmental petition in China’s 31 provinces over a 13-year period (2003–2015). The findings show that Internet penetration had a long-term negative effect on visit petition but a positive one on letter petition. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"346 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47833191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1999880
M. Neumann, Fridolin Linder, B. Desmarais
ABSTRACT The content of a government’s website is an important source of information about policy priorities, procedures, and services. Existing research on government websites has relied on manual methods of website content collection and processing, which imposes cost limitations on the scale of website data collection. In this research note, we propose that the automated collection of website content from large samples of government websites can offer relief from the costs of manual collection, and enable contributions through large-scale comparative analyses. We also provide software to ease the use of this data collection method. In an illustrative application, we collect textual content from the websites of over two hundred municipal governments in the United States, and study how website content is associated with mayoral partisanship. Using statistical topic modeling, we find that the partisanship of the mayor predicts differences in the contents of city websites that align with differences in the platforms of Democrats and Republicans. The application illustrates the utility of website content data extracted via our methodological pipeline.
{"title":"Government websites as data: a methodological pipeline with application to the websites of municipalities in the United States","authors":"M. Neumann, Fridolin Linder, B. Desmarais","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1999880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1999880","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The content of a government’s website is an important source of information about policy priorities, procedures, and services. Existing research on government websites has relied on manual methods of website content collection and processing, which imposes cost limitations on the scale of website data collection. In this research note, we propose that the automated collection of website content from large samples of government websites can offer relief from the costs of manual collection, and enable contributions through large-scale comparative analyses. We also provide software to ease the use of this data collection method. In an illustrative application, we collect textual content from the websites of over two hundred municipal governments in the United States, and study how website content is associated with mayoral partisanship. Using statistical topic modeling, we find that the partisanship of the mayor predicts differences in the contents of city websites that align with differences in the platforms of Democrats and Republicans. The application illustrates the utility of website content data extracted via our methodological pipeline.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"411 - 422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43978768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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