Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000413
Sindhuja Sankaran, E. Szumowska, M. Kossowska
Abstract: Most research on depressive rumination is generally related to performance deterioration. Rumination, however, may be adaptive if it is associated with reflection, improving task performance. The mechanisms responsible for improved task performance related to rumination are not well-known. Thus, this study investigated the role of effort in understanding how people, high on reflection, engage in task performance. We argue that high reflectors would be more sensitive to “effort congruent” cues than low reflectors and would, therefore, take that extra step to invest more effort, which would then be translated into improved task performance. We manipulated motivational states of effort investment (effort enhancing vs. effort minimizing) and tested the effect of individual differences in reflection on the performance of the multiple-goal task. Results showed that high reflectors (vs. low) performed better when asked to focus on tasks requiring more effort. These new insights make a meaningful contribution to the dual model theory of rumination.
{"title":"“Always Look on the Bright Side of Life”","authors":"Sindhuja Sankaran, E. Szumowska, M. Kossowska","doi":"10.1027/1614-0001/a000413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000413","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Most research on depressive rumination is generally related to performance deterioration. Rumination, however, may be adaptive if it is associated with reflection, improving task performance. The mechanisms responsible for improved task performance related to rumination are not well-known. Thus, this study investigated the role of effort in understanding how people, high on reflection, engage in task performance. We argue that high reflectors would be more sensitive to “effort congruent” cues than low reflectors and would, therefore, take that extra step to invest more effort, which would then be translated into improved task performance. We manipulated motivational states of effort investment (effort enhancing vs. effort minimizing) and tested the effect of individual differences in reflection on the performance of the multiple-goal task. Results showed that high reflectors (vs. low) performed better when asked to focus on tasks requiring more effort. These new insights make a meaningful contribution to the dual model theory of rumination.","PeriodicalId":47049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Individual Differences","volume":"71 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139386080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000416
Đorđe Čekrlija, J. A. Schermer
Abstract: Psychological flexibility has attracted significant research interest but surprisingly, investigations about the relationships with personality traits from the biological models of personality have been neglected. The present study therefore aimed to shed more light on the nature of the relationship between psychological flexibility and personality dimensions from Zuckerman’s Alternative Five-Factor Model (AFFM) based on a sample of 398 adults. Psychological flexibility was negatively associated with neuroticism and positively associated with extraversion, aggressiveness, and sensation seeking. Lower neuroticism, higher extraversion, and being a woman significantly predicted approximately 39% of the variance in psychological flexibility. A joint exploratory factor analysis found psychological flexibility located in the neuroticism factor of personality. Findings show that the AFFM can be used as an adequate personality model in explaining the nature of psychological flexibility-inflexibility based on the associations between their sub-processes and lower levels of personality traits. The nature of the relationships between psychological flexibility with both sensation seeking and aggressiveness requires closer investigation.
{"title":"Being Flexible in Zuckerman’s Alternative Personality Space","authors":"Đorđe Čekrlija, J. A. Schermer","doi":"10.1027/1614-0001/a000416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000416","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Psychological flexibility has attracted significant research interest but surprisingly, investigations about the relationships with personality traits from the biological models of personality have been neglected. The present study therefore aimed to shed more light on the nature of the relationship between psychological flexibility and personality dimensions from Zuckerman’s Alternative Five-Factor Model (AFFM) based on a sample of 398 adults. Psychological flexibility was negatively associated with neuroticism and positively associated with extraversion, aggressiveness, and sensation seeking. Lower neuroticism, higher extraversion, and being a woman significantly predicted approximately 39% of the variance in psychological flexibility. A joint exploratory factor analysis found psychological flexibility located in the neuroticism factor of personality. Findings show that the AFFM can be used as an adequate personality model in explaining the nature of psychological flexibility-inflexibility based on the associations between their sub-processes and lower levels of personality traits. The nature of the relationships between psychological flexibility with both sensation seeking and aggressiveness requires closer investigation.","PeriodicalId":47049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Individual Differences","volume":"26 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000415
Adrian Furnham, C. Robinson
Abstract: This study examined stoicism as a coping style. Just over 500 people completed a new, short, multi-dimensional stoicism scale; a short measure of the Big Five (Bright-side personality); the PID-6BF which measures personality disorders along five dimensions (Dark-side personality), and various self-ratings. Analysis of the stoicism scale at both the domain and five facet levels showed that it was related to gender (males scored higher), education (graduates scored higher), trait Extraversion and Openness, as well as Detachment and Psychoticism. Regressions indicated that stoics were Closed-to-Experience, Introverted, and high on Detachment. There were many differences between the regression results onto the different factors. The adaptiveness of stoicism is discussed. Limitations are acknowledged.
{"title":"Stoicism","authors":"Adrian Furnham, C. Robinson","doi":"10.1027/1614-0001/a000415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000415","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This study examined stoicism as a coping style. Just over 500 people completed a new, short, multi-dimensional stoicism scale; a short measure of the Big Five (Bright-side personality); the PID-6BF which measures personality disorders along five dimensions (Dark-side personality), and various self-ratings. Analysis of the stoicism scale at both the domain and five facet levels showed that it was related to gender (males scored higher), education (graduates scored higher), trait Extraversion and Openness, as well as Detachment and Psychoticism. Regressions indicated that stoics were Closed-to-Experience, Introverted, and high on Detachment. There were many differences between the regression results onto the different factors. The adaptiveness of stoicism is discussed. Limitations are acknowledged.","PeriodicalId":47049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Individual Differences","volume":"132 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139011700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000407
Karl Schweizer, A. Gold, Dorothea Krampen
Abstract: Problems in providing evidence of structural validity of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) are addressed. As the German translation of a short version of the scale (BIS-15) included pairs of items with highly similar item statements, like the original English version, we hypothesized high subset homogeneity (HSH) as the source of these problems. HSH denotes a situation in which a subset of items shows a larger degree of homogeneity than the remainder of the items of the scale. In a sample of 287 university students, we investigated BIS data by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models including BIS factors only and models additionally including HSH factors. Whereas the models without HSH factors yielded model misfit, good model fit was observed for the models with HSH factors. These results suggested that BIS items basically showed structural validity, but this validity was impaired by HSH.
摘要：本文探讨了巴拉特冲动量表（BIS）在提供结构效度证据方面存在的问题。由于该量表的简短版本（BIS-15）的德文译本与英文原版一样，包含了几对项目陈述高度相似的项目，因此我们假设高子集同质性（HSH）是这些问题的根源。高子集同质性（HSH）指的是量表中某一子集项目比其余项目显示出更大程度的同质性。我们以 287 名大学生为样本，通过仅包含 BIS 因子的确认性因子分析（CFA）模型和额外包含 HSH 因子的模型对 BIS 数据进行了研究。在不包含 HSH 因子的模型中，模型拟合度较低，而在包含 HSH 因子的模型中，模型拟合度较高。这些结果表明，BIS 项目基本上具有结构效度，但这种效度受到了 HSH 的影响。
{"title":"High Subset Homogeneity Impairs Structural Validity of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale","authors":"Karl Schweizer, A. Gold, Dorothea Krampen","doi":"10.1027/1614-0001/a000407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000407","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Problems in providing evidence of structural validity of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) are addressed. As the German translation of a short version of the scale (BIS-15) included pairs of items with highly similar item statements, like the original English version, we hypothesized high subset homogeneity (HSH) as the source of these problems. HSH denotes a situation in which a subset of items shows a larger degree of homogeneity than the remainder of the items of the scale. In a sample of 287 university students, we investigated BIS data by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models including BIS factors only and models additionally including HSH factors. Whereas the models without HSH factors yielded model misfit, good model fit was observed for the models with HSH factors. These results suggested that BIS items basically showed structural validity, but this validity was impaired by HSH.","PeriodicalId":47049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Individual Differences","volume":"162 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139249466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000410
Daniel Danner, Stefan Höft
Abstract: We investigated, to what extent Conscientiousness can predict academic performance in a real application high-stakes setting. N = 267 applicants for a place at a university completed a Conscientiousness questionnaire during the selection process and 6 weeks after they commenced their studies. Students’ academic grades were used as criterion variables. The results suggest that the high-stakes setting increases the level of Conscientiousness reported, that not all applicants change their answers to the same extent and that the high-stakes setting decreases the criterion-related validity, but Conscientiousness remains a useful predictor for academic performance in high-stakes settings.
{"title":"Conscientiousness Can Predict Academic Performance – Even in High-Stake Setting","authors":"Daniel Danner, Stefan Höft","doi":"10.1027/1614-0001/a000410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000410","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: We investigated, to what extent Conscientiousness can predict academic performance in a real application high-stakes setting. N = 267 applicants for a place at a university completed a Conscientiousness questionnaire during the selection process and 6 weeks after they commenced their studies. Students’ academic grades were used as criterion variables. The results suggest that the high-stakes setting increases the level of Conscientiousness reported, that not all applicants change their answers to the same extent and that the high-stakes setting decreases the criterion-related validity, but Conscientiousness remains a useful predictor for academic performance in high-stakes settings.","PeriodicalId":47049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Individual Differences","volume":"251 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139250612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000412
Xin Tan, Lei Zhang, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Song Wu
Abstract: Belief in a just world is considered an important personal variable in studies on moral behavior. However, previous studies have found conflicting results regarding the relationship between belief in a just world and dishonest behavior. The present study examines the role of belief in a just world (for the self and others) in their tendency to engage in dishonest behavior, especially in situations highlighting attention for either the self or others. The results indicated that the belief in a just world for others (other-BJW) positively predicted dishonest behavior, whereas the belief in a just world for self (self-BJW) did not. However, the present study also found that the association between other-BJW and dishonesty disappeared when participants’ attention was focused on themselves. Based on these results, we suggest that future studies explore the potential mediating effects of moral disengagement.
{"title":"The Role of Just-World Beliefs in Predicting Dishonest Behavior","authors":"Xin Tan, Lei Zhang, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Song Wu","doi":"10.1027/1614-0001/a000412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000412","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Belief in a just world is considered an important personal variable in studies on moral behavior. However, previous studies have found conflicting results regarding the relationship between belief in a just world and dishonest behavior. The present study examines the role of belief in a just world (for the self and others) in their tendency to engage in dishonest behavior, especially in situations highlighting attention for either the self or others. The results indicated that the belief in a just world for others (other-BJW) positively predicted dishonest behavior, whereas the belief in a just world for self (self-BJW) did not. However, the present study also found that the association between other-BJW and dishonesty disappeared when participants’ attention was focused on themselves. Based on these results, we suggest that future studies explore the potential mediating effects of moral disengagement.","PeriodicalId":47049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Individual Differences","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139249559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000408
Anna Sutton
Abstract: Change in personality is viewed in two contrasting ways. Sometimes it is seen as an indicator of psychopathology or inauthenticity, associated with reduced well-being. Yet the ability to change oneself is also viewed as a sign of positive self-development, a process of becoming more authentic and associated with increased well-being. This meta-analysis sought to compare these two perspectives and determine whether personality change can contribute to a good life. Sixteen independent samples (24,000 participants) were analyzed to test the relationships between traits change and authenticity, traits change and well-being, and values change and well-being. Trait change was positively related to authenticity, while value change was associated with increased well-being. Moderator analysis indicated that the type of change (over role or time) did not influence the relationship between trait change and authenticity, nor did the length of time over which change took place influence the personality change and well-being relationship. Including traits and values allows a more holistic understanding of personality change and demonstrates that personality change is not damaging to living well, having instead a minimally positive association with well-being and authenticity.
{"title":"Changing Ourselves","authors":"Anna Sutton","doi":"10.1027/1614-0001/a000408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000408","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Change in personality is viewed in two contrasting ways. Sometimes it is seen as an indicator of psychopathology or inauthenticity, associated with reduced well-being. Yet the ability to change oneself is also viewed as a sign of positive self-development, a process of becoming more authentic and associated with increased well-being. This meta-analysis sought to compare these two perspectives and determine whether personality change can contribute to a good life. Sixteen independent samples (24,000 participants) were analyzed to test the relationships between traits change and authenticity, traits change and well-being, and values change and well-being. Trait change was positively related to authenticity, while value change was associated with increased well-being. Moderator analysis indicated that the type of change (over role or time) did not influence the relationship between trait change and authenticity, nor did the length of time over which change took place influence the personality change and well-being relationship. Including traits and values allows a more holistic understanding of personality change and demonstrates that personality change is not damaging to living well, having instead a minimally positive association with well-being and authenticity.","PeriodicalId":47049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Individual Differences","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139246763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000411
Birk Diedenhofen, Adrian Hoffmann, F. Aust, Sascha Müller
Abstract: In the context of personnel selection, self-reports are often biased by social desirability. For example, applicants may overstate their knowledge to make a good impression on a potential employer. Overclaiming questionnaires (OCQs) offer a means to assess whether applicants claim to have knowledge that they do not have. Previous studies evaluating whether OCQs are capable of detecting faking in personnel selection contexts reported mixed results but did not take the fit between the content of OCQ items and the selection context into account. In the present study, we therefore tailored an OCQ to the specific application context and compared its performance to that of Residualized Individual Change Scores (RICS), a competing measure of faking based on an achievement motivation questionnaire. A total of 123 participants first answered the OCQ and the motivational questionnaire in a control condition without application context. The two measures were then completed again as part of a mock application process, and participants were asked to honestly report their faking behavior afterward. Participants exhibited more overclaiming in the application context than in the control condition. The OCQ and RICS scores predicted participants’ self-reported faking with comparable accuracy. These results suggest that OCQs can compete with other measures of faking if their content is appropriately tailored to the application context.
{"title":"Detecting Applicant Faking With a Context-Specific Overclaiming Questionnaire","authors":"Birk Diedenhofen, Adrian Hoffmann, F. Aust, Sascha Müller","doi":"10.1027/1614-0001/a000411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000411","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In the context of personnel selection, self-reports are often biased by social desirability. For example, applicants may overstate their knowledge to make a good impression on a potential employer. Overclaiming questionnaires (OCQs) offer a means to assess whether applicants claim to have knowledge that they do not have. Previous studies evaluating whether OCQs are capable of detecting faking in personnel selection contexts reported mixed results but did not take the fit between the content of OCQ items and the selection context into account. In the present study, we therefore tailored an OCQ to the specific application context and compared its performance to that of Residualized Individual Change Scores (RICS), a competing measure of faking based on an achievement motivation questionnaire. A total of 123 participants first answered the OCQ and the motivational questionnaire in a control condition without application context. The two measures were then completed again as part of a mock application process, and participants were asked to honestly report their faking behavior afterward. Participants exhibited more overclaiming in the application context than in the control condition. The OCQ and RICS scores predicted participants’ self-reported faking with comparable accuracy. These results suggest that OCQs can compete with other measures of faking if their content is appropriately tailored to the application context.","PeriodicalId":47049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Individual Differences","volume":"218 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139248372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000414
J. C. Van Matre, René Bekkers, M. Huizinga, Arjen de Wit
Abstract: Many colleges and universities have embraced the goal of increasing students’ civic-mindedness. The research associated with theorizing and measuring civic-mindedness, however, has thus far progressed in a silo away from the established literature of personality psychology. This paper bridges this gap – adopting civic efficacy and service motivation as two measures of civic-mindedness – and examines how well they are explained by the five-factor model of personality (FFM). Using survey data from undergraduate students at a large, public research university, we estimated a structural equation model to measure personality traits from the FFM, service motivation, and civic efficacy. Results showed that variation in personality accounts for approximately 40% of the variation in Service Motivation and 53% of the variation in Civic Efficacy, which does not support a clear assertion that either construct can neatly be categorized as a facet of the FFM. Our findings provide an additional theoretical basis for community service learning courses and other educational opportunities that blend traditional pedagogical strategies with experiential and reflective opportunities aiming to produce change across state-like and trait-like attributes.
{"title":"Civic-Mindedness Is More Than Personality","authors":"J. C. Van Matre, René Bekkers, M. Huizinga, Arjen de Wit","doi":"10.1027/1614-0001/a000414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000414","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Many colleges and universities have embraced the goal of increasing students’ civic-mindedness. The research associated with theorizing and measuring civic-mindedness, however, has thus far progressed in a silo away from the established literature of personality psychology. This paper bridges this gap – adopting civic efficacy and service motivation as two measures of civic-mindedness – and examines how well they are explained by the five-factor model of personality (FFM). Using survey data from undergraduate students at a large, public research university, we estimated a structural equation model to measure personality traits from the FFM, service motivation, and civic efficacy. Results showed that variation in personality accounts for approximately 40% of the variation in Service Motivation and 53% of the variation in Civic Efficacy, which does not support a clear assertion that either construct can neatly be categorized as a facet of the FFM. Our findings provide an additional theoretical basis for community service learning courses and other educational opportunities that blend traditional pedagogical strategies with experiential and reflective opportunities aiming to produce change across state-like and trait-like attributes.","PeriodicalId":47049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Individual Differences","volume":"56 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139248602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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