Rationality and Society最新文献

Does improved upward social mobility foster frustration and conflict? A large-scale online experiment testing Boudon’s model 提高社会向上流动性是否会助长挫折感和冲突？测试布东模型的大规模在线实验

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY

Rationality and Society

Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231225544

Joel Berger, Andreas Diekmann, Stefan Wehrli

The rise of populism has reignited scholarly interest in the paradox of societal advancement leading to frustration and social tension. Globalization and digitalization have increased social opportunities for parts of the population, but a substantial portion of society feels disadvantaged, resulting in discontent. This study, rooted in Boudon’s model of relative deprivation, examines the mechanisms that fuel this frustration. We conducted an online experiment involving 2114 US-based MTurk participants, in which we manipulated the availability of status positions to create varying degrees of upward social mobility. We also varied group sizes to ensure robustness. We assessed relative deprivation with structural, subjective, and behavioral measures. For example, frustration was measured using the “joy-of-destruction game,” in which subjects had to make the costly decision to destroy part of another player’s winnings. Contrary to the model’s prediction, we found that the proportion of individuals who were worse off, the losers, decreased consistently as mobility increased. This outcome can be attributed to overentry in conditions of low mobility and underentry in conditions of intermediate or high mobility. The losers displayed increased frustration and hostility towards noncompetitors and winners. Intriguingly, winners also exhibited heightened hostility. However, at the aggregate level, hostile behavior did not surge as conditions improved. In our exploratory analyses at the individual level, we identified several distinct patterns. Risk-tolerant individuals and women were more likely to enter competition. Conversely, those with advanced education levels showed a decreased inclination to competitiveness. Risk-tolerant individuals reported greater feelings of frustration and displayed increased hostility. This effect was also observed particularly among politically right-leaning individuals.

民粹主义的兴起再次激发了学者们对社会进步导致挫折和社会紧张这一悖论的兴趣。全球化和数字化增加了部分人口的社会机会，但社会中的很大一部分人却感到自己处于不利地位，从而产生不满情绪。本研究基于布东（Boudon）的 "相对剥夺 "模型，探讨了助长这种不满情绪的机制。我们进行了一项在线实验，共有 2114 名美国 MTurk 参与者参加，在实验中，我们操纵了地位职位的可用性，以创造不同程度的向上社会流动性。为了确保实验的稳健性，我们还改变了实验组的规模。我们通过结构、主观和行为测量来评估相对剥夺感。例如，我们使用 "破坏乐趣游戏 "来测量受试者的挫败感，在该游戏中，受试者必须做出代价高昂的决定，破坏另一名玩家的部分奖金。与模型的预测相反，我们发现，随着流动性的增加，情况较差的个体（即输家）的比例持续下降。这一结果可归因于在低流动性条件下的过度投资，以及在中等或高流动性条件下的投资不足。输家对非竞争者和赢家表现出更多的挫败感和敌意。耐人寻味的是，赢家也表现出更强的敌意。然而，从总体上看，敌意行为并没有随着条件的改善而激增。在个体层面的探索性分析中，我们发现了几种不同的模式。风险承受能力强的个人和女性更有可能参与竞争。相反，那些受过高等教育的人则对竞争的倾向性有所下降。风险承受能力强的人更容易产生挫败感，并表现出更强的敌意。尤其是在政治右倾的人中也观察到了这种效应。

{"title":"Does improved upward social mobility foster frustration and conflict? A large-scale online experiment testing Boudon’s model","authors":"Joel Berger, Andreas Diekmann, Stefan Wehrli","doi":"10.1177/10434631231225544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231225544","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of populism has reignited scholarly interest in the paradox of societal advancement leading to frustration and social tension. Globalization and digitalization have increased social opportunities for parts of the population, but a substantial portion of society feels disadvantaged, resulting in discontent. This study, rooted in Boudon’s model of relative deprivation, examines the mechanisms that fuel this frustration. We conducted an online experiment involving 2114 US-based MTurk participants, in which we manipulated the availability of status positions to create varying degrees of upward social mobility. We also varied group sizes to ensure robustness. We assessed relative deprivation with structural, subjective, and behavioral measures. For example, frustration was measured using the “joy-of-destruction game,” in which subjects had to make the costly decision to destroy part of another player’s winnings. Contrary to the model’s prediction, we found that the proportion of individuals who were worse off, the losers, decreased consistently as mobility increased. This outcome can be attributed to overentry in conditions of low mobility and underentry in conditions of intermediate or high mobility. The losers displayed increased frustration and hostility towards noncompetitors and winners. Intriguingly, winners also exhibited heightened hostility. However, at the aggregate level, hostile behavior did not surge as conditions improved. In our exploratory analyses at the individual level, we identified several distinct patterns. Risk-tolerant individuals and women were more likely to enter competition. Conversely, those with advanced education levels showed a decreased inclination to competitiveness. Risk-tolerant individuals reported greater feelings of frustration and displayed increased hostility. This effect was also observed particularly among politically right-leaning individuals.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139386504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effectiveness of technology for braille literacy education for children: a systematic review. 儿童盲文识字教育技术的有效性：系统回顾。

IF 2.2 4区社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY

Rationality and Society

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-15 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2022.2070676

Elizabeth R Hoskin, Morag K Coyne, Michael J White, Stephan C D Dobri, T Claire Davies, Shane D Pinder

Purpose: Despite the well-documented importance of braille for people who are blind or visually impaired, few studies explore technology for facilitating braille literacy education. Evaluations of the impact of using assistive devices on academics for children and youth who are blind or visually impaired are needed. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of technology used to support braille literacy education for children and youth.

Materials and methods: The population of interest was defined as children and youth aged 0-21 years who were blind or visually impaired, learning literacy through braille as their primary medium, and had not previously learned to read through sighted methods. Sixteen academic education, health sciences, multidisciplinary, rehabilitation, and engineering databases were searched.

Results: Twelve peer-reviewed, English-language articles were included in the review evaluating a total of 176 participants. In general, the quality of research was low with little evidence to support the use of current technology for braille literacy education.

Conclusions: Standards of technology evaluation for braille literacy must be developed. Furthermore, assistive technologies for braille literacy education for children and youth should provide real-time auditory and tactile feedback, enable independent study/practice and editing of work, and be easy to use, motivational, and engaging. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONStandards must be developed to ensure technology evaluation is consistent among researchers and clinicians to achieve the best outcomes.Technologies for braille literacy education for children and youth should provide real-time auditory and tactile feedback, enable independent study/practice and editing of work, and be easy to use, motivational, and engaging.

目的：尽管盲文对盲人或视障人士的重要性有目共睹，但很少有研究探讨促进盲文识字教育的技术。我们需要评估使用辅助设备对盲人或视障儿童和青少年学业的影响。本系统性综述旨在评估用于支持儿童和青少年盲文识字教育的技术的有效性：研究对象定义为 0-21 岁的盲童和青少年，他们是盲人或视力受损者，以盲文为主要媒介学习识字，之前没有通过视力正常的方法学习过阅读。检索了 16 个学术教育、健康科学、多学科、康复和工程数据库：共有 12 篇经同行评审的英文文章被纳入审查范围，共评估了 176 名参与者。总体而言，研究质量较低，几乎没有证据支持将当前技术用于盲文扫盲教育：结论：必须制定盲文扫盲技术评估标准。此外，用于儿童和青少年盲文识字教育的辅助技术应能提供实时的听觉和触觉反馈，能够独立学习/练习和编辑作品，并且易于使用、具有激励性和吸引力。儿童和青少年盲文识字教育技术应提供实时听觉和触觉反馈，能够独立学习/练习和编辑作业，并且易于使用、具有激励性和吸引力。

{"title":"Effectiveness of technology for braille literacy education for children: a systematic review.","authors":"Elizabeth R Hoskin, Morag K Coyne, Michael J White, Stephan C D Dobri, T Claire Davies, Shane D Pinder","doi":"10.1080/17483107.2022.2070676","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17483107.2022.2070676","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Despite the well-documented importance of braille for people who are blind or visually impaired, few studies explore technology for facilitating braille literacy education. Evaluations of the impact of using assistive devices on academics for children and youth who are blind or visually impaired are needed. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of technology used to support braille literacy education for children and youth.Materials and methods: The population of interest was defined as children and youth aged 0-21 years who were blind or visually impaired, learning literacy through braille as their primary medium, and had not previously learned to read through sighted methods. Sixteen academic education, health sciences, multidisciplinary, rehabilitation, and engineering databases were searched.Results: Twelve peer-reviewed, English-language articles were included in the review evaluating a total of 176 participants. In general, the quality of research was low with little evidence to support the use of current technology for braille literacy education.Conclusions: Standards of technology evaluation for braille literacy must be developed. Furthermore, assistive technologies for braille literacy education for children and youth should provide real-time auditory and tactile feedback, enable independent study/practice and editing of work, and be easy to use, motivational, and engaging. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONStandards must be developed to ensure technology evaluation is consistent among researchers and clinicians to achieve the best outcomes.Technologies for braille literacy education for children and youth should provide real-time auditory and tactile feedback, enable independent study/practice and editing of work, and be easy to use, motivational, and engaging.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"5 1","pages":"120-130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87480771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Refined tastes, coarse tastes: Solving the stratification-of-goods enigma 精致的口味，粗糙的口味：破解商品分层之谜

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY

Rationality and Society

Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231220850

Elias L. Khalil

The “Stratification-of-Goods” expresses social ranking where the lower status group consumes almost exclusively coarse goods such as Rambo films while the upper status group consumes almost exclusively refined goods such as Shakespearean plays. The Stratification-of-Goods is an enigma for the social welfare function (SWF)—which also applies at the level of the individual utility function. It is an enigma because it makes SWF and individual utility function ill-defined: there is no single metric that allows us to compare the utility functions across groups, as well as the tastes across a single decision maker (DM), insofar as they are segregated by the refinement of taste. This paper proposes a model that promises to solve the Stratification-of-Goods Enigma. The model, consistent with rational choice theory, starts with DMs who have identical tastes but differ with respect to income level. If income inequality is non-trivial, DMs invest differently in what this paper calls “sophistication capital”—the education needed to appreciate refined goods. The difference in investment in sophistication capital sets in motion dynamics that generates hard-to-reverse status stratification. In this fashion, this paper offers a solid endogenous account that solves the Stratification-of-Goods Enigma.

商品分层 "表达了社会等级，其中地位较低的群体几乎只消费粗制商品，如兰博电影，而地位较高的群体则几乎只消费精致商品，如莎士比亚戏剧。对于社会福利函数（SWF）来说，"商品分层 "是一个谜，它也适用于个人效用函数层面。之所以说它是一个谜，是因为它使得社会福利函数和个人效用函数定义不清：没有一个单一的衡量标准可以让我们比较不同群体的效用函数，以及单个决策者（DM）的品味，因为他们是通过品味的细化来区分的。本文提出了一个有望解决 "商品分层之谜 "的模型。该模型与理性选择理论一致，从具有相同品味但收入水平不同的 DM 开始。如果收入不平等并不严重，DMs 在本文所称的 "复杂性资本"--即欣赏精致商品所需的教育--上的投资就会不同。对高雅资本的投资差异会引发难以逆转的地位分层。通过这种方式，本文提供了一个可靠的内生解释，解决了 "商品分层之谜"（Stratification-of-Goods Enigma）。

{"title":"Refined tastes, coarse tastes: Solving the stratification-of-goods enigma","authors":"Elias L. Khalil","doi":"10.1177/10434631231220850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231220850","url":null,"abstract":"The “Stratification-of-Goods” expresses social ranking where the lower status group consumes almost exclusively coarse goods such as Rambo films while the upper status group consumes almost exclusively refined goods such as Shakespearean plays. The Stratification-of-Goods is an enigma for the social welfare function (SWF)—which also applies at the level of the individual utility function. It is an enigma because it makes SWF and individual utility function ill-defined: there is no single metric that allows us to compare the utility functions across groups, as well as the tastes across a single decision maker (DM), insofar as they are segregated by the refinement of taste. This paper proposes a model that promises to solve the Stratification-of-Goods Enigma. The model, consistent with rational choice theory, starts with DMs who have identical tastes but differ with respect to income level. If income inequality is non-trivial, DMs invest differently in what this paper calls “sophistication capital”—the education needed to appreciate refined goods. The difference in investment in sophistication capital sets in motion dynamics that generates hard-to-reverse status stratification. In this fashion, this paper offers a solid endogenous account that solves the Stratification-of-Goods Enigma.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138979221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Explaining mobilization for revolts by private interests and kinship relations 用私人利益和亲属关系解释动员起义的原因

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY

Rationality and Society

Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231219954

Niccolò G. Armandola, Malte Doehne, Katja Rost

Mobilization for revolts poses a significant challenge for rational choice theory because revolts are vulnerable to free-riding, which disincentivizes rational actors from mobilizing. Strong, informal relations such as kinship ties have been identified as factors that can shift the rational calculations of individuals and lead to mobilization for revolts. In social networks that are polarized by the presence of mobilized individuals, such as rebels, and actors opposing the mobilization effort such as the elite, kinship relations have not only a bridging effect but also a diverging one. Building on Tullock’s private interest theory, we develop a framework in which kinship relations determine the extent of individual’s payoffs and costs of mobilization for revolts against an elite. We posit that distant kin of the elite expect high payoffs of mobilization for revolts and face the lowest costs of mobilization for revolts by virtue of their position in the network of kinship relations. Using a unique, hand-collected dataset that reconstructs a revolt in Basel, Switzerland, in 1691, we test our framework and contribute to a better relational understanding of the mechanisms that lead rational actors to mobilize for revolts. Our analyses show that mobilization for revolts is mainly driven by distant kinship relations to the ruling elite rather than close kinship relations to the rebels.

动员起义对理性选择理论提出了重大挑战，因为起义容易受到搭便车的影响，这使理性行动者不愿动员起来。牢固的、非正式的关系，如亲属关系，已被确定为可以改变个人理性计算并导致动员起义的因素。在社会网络中，由于被动员的个人(如反叛者)和反对动员努力的行动者(如精英)的存在而两极分化，亲属关系不仅具有桥梁作用，而且具有分化作用。在塔洛克的私人利益理论的基础上，我们发展了一个框架，在这个框架中，亲属关系决定了个人的回报程度和动员反抗精英的成本。我们假设，精英的远亲期望动员起义获得高回报，并且由于他们在亲属关系网络中的地位，他们面临动员起义的最低成本。使用一个独特的、手工收集的数据集，重建了1691年瑞士巴塞尔的一场起义，我们测试了我们的框架，并有助于更好地理解导致理性行动者动员起义的机制。我们的分析表明，起义的动员主要是由与统治精英的远亲关系驱动的，而不是由与叛军的近亲关系驱动的。

{"title":"Explaining mobilization for revolts by private interests and kinship relations","authors":"Niccolò G. Armandola, Malte Doehne, Katja Rost","doi":"10.1177/10434631231219954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231219954","url":null,"abstract":"Mobilization for revolts poses a significant challenge for rational choice theory because revolts are vulnerable to free-riding, which disincentivizes rational actors from mobilizing. Strong, informal relations such as kinship ties have been identified as factors that can shift the rational calculations of individuals and lead to mobilization for revolts. In social networks that are polarized by the presence of mobilized individuals, such as rebels, and actors opposing the mobilization effort such as the elite, kinship relations have not only a bridging effect but also a diverging one. Building on Tullock’s private interest theory, we develop a framework in which kinship relations determine the extent of individual’s payoffs and costs of mobilization for revolts against an elite. We posit that distant kin of the elite expect high payoffs of mobilization for revolts and face the lowest costs of mobilization for revolts by virtue of their position in the network of kinship relations. Using a unique, hand-collected dataset that reconstructs a revolt in Basel, Switzerland, in 1691, we test our framework and contribute to a better relational understanding of the mechanisms that lead rational actors to mobilize for revolts. Our analyses show that mobilization for revolts is mainly driven by distant kinship relations to the ruling elite rather than close kinship relations to the rebels.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"4 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Graduated sanctioning, endogenous institutions and sustainable cooperation in common-pool resources: An experimental test 分级制裁、内生机构和共有资源的可持续合作：实验检验

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY

Rationality and Society

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231219608

Fijnanda van Klingeren, Vincent Buskens

To encourage long-term cooperation in social dilemmas such as common-pool resources, the importance of sanctioning is often stressed. Elinor Ostrom advocates graduated sanctioning: the severity of a defector’s punishment is dependent on the extent of their history of deviant behaviour. In addition, endogenously chosen sanctioning is argued to induce cooperation due to a higher legitimacy. This study compares the effect of graduated and strict mutual sanctioning on cooperation in common-pool resources at the micro and macro level. In addition, we distinguish whether the type of mutual sanction is exogenously determined or endogenously chosen. A Common-Pool Resource game is used in a laboratory experiment, integrating crucial elements of social structure and rule-making mechanisms within a common. Results support the effectiveness of graduated sanctioning compared to strict sanctioning in the long term and partial support using endogenously chosen sanctioning mechanisms versus imposed sanctioning mechanisms.

为了鼓励在公共资源等社会难题上进行长期合作，制裁的重要性经常得到强调。埃莉诺•奥斯特罗姆(Elinor Ostrom)主张分级制裁:对叛逃者的惩罚程度取决于他们越轨行为历史的程度。此外，由于内生选择制裁具有更高的合法性，因此可以诱导合作。本文从微观和宏观两个层面比较了分级制裁和严格制裁对公共资源合作的影响。此外，我们区分了相互制裁的类型是外因决定的还是内因选择的。在一个实验室实验中使用了一个common - pool Resource游戏，将社会结构的关键元素和规则制定机制整合在一个公共资源中。研究结果表明，从长期来看，分级制裁比严格制裁更有效;对内选择的制裁机制比强加的制裁机制更有效。

引用次数: 0

The role of generalized trust and control in the employment of domestic help – An experimental case study for Germany and the UK 广义信任和控制在雇佣家庭佣工中的作用——德国和英国的实验案例研究

4区社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY

Rationality and Society

Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231213721

Martin Abraham, Natascha Nisic, Miriam Trübner, Hanna Walch, Anja Wunder

This study analyses the role of generalized trust and control in households’ employment of domestic help. Applying a basic trust game with uncertainty, we argue that households differ in their estimate of the proportion of opportunistic domestic workers, variation which we ascribe to generalized trust. Households with low trust should estimate a lower proportion of non-opportunistic individuals, making them less willing to accept a domestic worker. Control, through direct supervision of the domestic worker, is assumed to serve as a substitute for trust and is expected to increase acceptance. We also consider the role of income, which we expect to alter the relation between the potential losses and gains associated with outsourcing. To test our hypotheses, we use a factorial survey conducted in 2020 in Germany and the UK ( N = 1877) which enables us to explore the robustness of the effects across countries. Experimental results show that individuals are more accepting of domestic outsourcing if they have higher trust, higher income, and if control of the worker is easily possible. Interaction effects reveal that the positive effect of higher trust and higher income is only relevant in lowcontrol situations. This suggest that households with higher trust and income have an advantage when it comes to fully utilizing the benefits of domestic help since costly control is not required. Consequently, the results substantially contribute to existing literature on explaining causes of social inequality in service use beyond financial restrictions and shed light on the complex interplay of trust and control.

本研究分析了广义信任与控制在家庭雇佣家政服务中的作用。应用不确定性的基本信任博弈，我们认为家庭对机会主义家政工人比例的估计存在差异，我们将这种差异归因于广义信任。信任度低的家庭应该估计非机会主义个体的比例较低，这使他们不太愿意接受家庭佣工。通过对家庭佣工的直接监督，控制被认为是信任的替代品，并有望增加接受度。我们还考虑了收入的作用，我们预计收入将改变与外包相关的潜在损失和收益之间的关系。为了检验我们的假设，我们使用了2020年在德国和英国进行的因子调查(N = 1877)，这使我们能够探索各国效应的稳健性。实验结果表明，如果个人拥有较高的信任、较高的收入，并且易于控制工人，则个人更容易接受国内外包。交互效应表明，高信任和高收入的正向效应仅在低控制情境下存在。这表明，信任和收入较高的家庭在充分利用家政服务的好处方面具有优势，因为不需要昂贵的控制。因此，研究结果极大地促进了现有关于解释金融限制之外服务使用中的社会不平等原因的文献，并揭示了信任和控制的复杂相互作用。

{"title":"The role of generalized trust and control in the employment of domestic help – An experimental case study for Germany and the UK","authors":"Martin Abraham, Natascha Nisic, Miriam Trübner, Hanna Walch, Anja Wunder","doi":"10.1177/10434631231213721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231213721","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses the role of generalized trust and control in households’ employment of domestic help. Applying a basic trust game with uncertainty, we argue that households differ in their estimate of the proportion of opportunistic domestic workers, variation which we ascribe to generalized trust. Households with low trust should estimate a lower proportion of non-opportunistic individuals, making them less willing to accept a domestic worker. Control, through direct supervision of the domestic worker, is assumed to serve as a substitute for trust and is expected to increase acceptance. We also consider the role of income, which we expect to alter the relation between the potential losses and gains associated with outsourcing. To test our hypotheses, we use a factorial survey conducted in 2020 in Germany and the UK ( N = 1877) which enables us to explore the robustness of the effects across countries. Experimental results show that individuals are more accepting of domestic outsourcing if they have higher trust, higher income, and if control of the worker is easily possible. Interaction effects reveal that the positive effect of higher trust and higher income is only relevant in lowcontrol situations. This suggest that households with higher trust and income have an advantage when it comes to fully utilizing the benefits of domestic help since costly control is not required. Consequently, the results substantially contribute to existing literature on explaining causes of social inequality in service use beyond financial restrictions and shed light on the complex interplay of trust and control.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":" 29","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135341125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cooperation sustainability in small groups: Exogenous and endogenous dynamics of the sustainability of cooperation 小团体中的合作可持续性:合作可持续性的外生和内生动力

4区社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY

Rationality and Society

Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231209832

Zeynep Melis Kirgil, Rafael Wittek

Cooperation sustainability presents a complex social phenomenon. Two common approaches have been used to study the sustainability of cooperation in small groups: endogenous processes (dynamic) and exogenous factors (static approaches). The present study integrates existing research by investigating how the interplay between exogenous and endogenous conditions affects cooperation in small groups. To uncover endogenous group dynamics in an online Public Goods experiment ( n = 353), we performed multilevel latent Markov models on Bayesian estimation that allowed us to estimate latent classes on the level of rounds, individuals, and groups. We studied exogenous factors by investigating the effects of situational tightness versus looseness, and monetary versus symbolic frames on cooperation sustainability. Our key findings show that both endogenous and exogenous factors are critical to explain the variation of cooperation sustainability between groups. Second, groups exposed to tight situations reveal higher levels of cooperation sustainability than groups exposed to loose situations. Money primes did not have an impact. Among the control variables, collective intentionality showed the strongest association with cooperation. Future research may develop a more sophisticated measure of tight versus loose situations and examine the causal relationship between collective intentionality and cooperation.

合作可持续性是一个复杂的社会现象。研究小组合作的可持续性有两种常用方法:内生过程(动态)和外生因素(静态)。本研究整合了现有的研究，探讨了外生条件和内生条件之间的相互作用如何影响小团体的合作。为了揭示在线公共物品实验(n = 353)中的内生群体动态，我们在贝叶斯估计上执行了多层潜在马尔可夫模型，使我们能够在回合、个人和群体的水平上估计潜在类别。我们通过考察情境紧与宽松、货币与符号框架对合作可持续性的影响来研究外生因素。我们的主要发现表明，内生和外生因素都是解释群体间合作可持续性变化的关键因素。第二，在紧张环境下的小组比在宽松环境下的小组表现出更高的合作可持续性。货币质数没有影响。在控制变量中，集体意向性与合作的关联最强。未来的研究可能会开发出一种更复杂的方法来衡量紧张与宽松的情况，并检验集体意向性与合作之间的因果关系。

{"title":"Cooperation sustainability in small groups: Exogenous and endogenous dynamics of the sustainability of cooperation","authors":"Zeynep Melis Kirgil, Rafael Wittek","doi":"10.1177/10434631231209832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231209832","url":null,"abstract":"Cooperation sustainability presents a complex social phenomenon. Two common approaches have been used to study the sustainability of cooperation in small groups: endogenous processes (dynamic) and exogenous factors (static approaches). The present study integrates existing research by investigating how the interplay between exogenous and endogenous conditions affects cooperation in small groups. To uncover endogenous group dynamics in an online Public Goods experiment ( n = 353), we performed multilevel latent Markov models on Bayesian estimation that allowed us to estimate latent classes on the level of rounds, individuals, and groups. We studied exogenous factors by investigating the effects of situational tightness versus looseness, and monetary versus symbolic frames on cooperation sustainability. Our key findings show that both endogenous and exogenous factors are critical to explain the variation of cooperation sustainability between groups. Second, groups exposed to tight situations reveal higher levels of cooperation sustainability than groups exposed to loose situations. Money primes did not have an impact. Among the control variables, collective intentionality showed the strongest association with cooperation. Future research may develop a more sophisticated measure of tight versus loose situations and examine the causal relationship between collective intentionality and cooperation.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"12 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135972920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High realistic aspirations – Do normative pressures overthrow rational calculations? Applying the model of frame selection to the educational aspirations of immigrant and majority students in Germany 高度现实的愿望——规范的压力会推翻理性的计算吗?将框架选择模型应用于德国移民和多数学生的教育愿望

4区社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY

Rationality and Society

Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231208989

Miriam Schmaus, Melanie Olczyk, Sebastian Neumeyer, Gisela Will

Educational aspirations are of interest to scholars in several disciplines. They can affect multiple aspects of educational success and have been shown to differ between major social groups. Explanations for educational aspirations typically link to two main models of aspiration formation: the Wisconsin model (WM) and rational choice theory (RCT). Whereas the WM highlights significant others’ educational norms, RCT cites cost-benefit calculations to explain how aspirations are formed. As it is still unclear how the two approaches interrelate, we apply a third model, namely the model of frame selection (MFS), which allows the integration of both WM and RCT arguments. In short, it suggests that the importance of others’ educational norms moderates the relevance of own cost-benefit calculations. We assume that considering this interrelation is fruitful when explaining aspirations in general, and specifically when explaining immigrant students’ aspirations, who often perceive high educational obligations by their parents. Using data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), we test prognoses derived from the three theoretical models for their relevance when explaining the aspirations of Turkish and German students. Results indicate that the processes suggested by both WM and RCT shape aspirations. Consistent with the MFS, these processes also interrelate in that parents’ educational norms reduce the relevance of students’ own cost-benefit calculations. This interrelation does not only apply to Turkish students but holds for all students in the sample.

教育志向是几个学科的学者感兴趣的问题。它们可以影响教育成功的多个方面，并且在主要社会群体之间表现出差异。对教育愿望的解释通常与愿望形成的两个主要模型有关:威斯康星模型(WM)和理性选择理论(RCT)。WM强调重要他人的教育规范，而RCT则引用成本效益计算来解释愿望是如何形成的。由于目前还不清楚这两种方法是如何相互关联的，我们应用了第三种模型，即框架选择模型(MFS)，它允许WM和RCT参数的集成。简而言之，它表明他人教育规范的重要性调节了自身成本效益计算的相关性。我们假设考虑这种相互关系在解释一般的愿望时是富有成效的，特别是在解释移民学生的愿望时，他们通常认为父母有很高的教育义务。使用来自德国国家教育小组研究(NEPS)的数据，我们测试了三个理论模型在解释土耳其和德国学生的愿望时的相关性。结果表明，WM和RCT建议的过程都塑造了愿望。与MFS一致，这些过程也相互关联，因为父母的教育规范降低了学生自己的成本效益计算的相关性。这种相互关系不仅适用于土耳其学生，而且适用于样本中的所有学生。

{"title":"High realistic aspirations – Do normative pressures overthrow rational calculations? Applying the model of frame selection to the educational aspirations of immigrant and majority students in Germany","authors":"Miriam Schmaus, Melanie Olczyk, Sebastian Neumeyer, Gisela Will","doi":"10.1177/10434631231208989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231208989","url":null,"abstract":"Educational aspirations are of interest to scholars in several disciplines. They can affect multiple aspects of educational success and have been shown to differ between major social groups. Explanations for educational aspirations typically link to two main models of aspiration formation: the Wisconsin model (WM) and rational choice theory (RCT). Whereas the WM highlights significant others’ educational norms, RCT cites cost-benefit calculations to explain how aspirations are formed. As it is still unclear how the two approaches interrelate, we apply a third model, namely the model of frame selection (MFS), which allows the integration of both WM and RCT arguments. In short, it suggests that the importance of others’ educational norms moderates the relevance of own cost-benefit calculations. We assume that considering this interrelation is fruitful when explaining aspirations in general, and specifically when explaining immigrant students’ aspirations, who often perceive high educational obligations by their parents. Using data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), we test prognoses derived from the three theoretical models for their relevance when explaining the aspirations of Turkish and German students. Results indicate that the processes suggested by both WM and RCT shape aspirations. Consistent with the MFS, these processes also interrelate in that parents’ educational norms reduce the relevance of students’ own cost-benefit calculations. This interrelation does not only apply to Turkish students but holds for all students in the sample.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"105 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135373074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Externality and taboo: Resolving the Judaic pig puzzle 外部性与禁忌:解决犹太猪之谜

4区社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY

Rationality and Society

Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231203890

Peter T Leeson, Vincent Geloso, Nicholas A Snow

Judaic law famously bans pigs. For millennia, scholars have wondered why. This paper uses the economics of property rights to resolve the puzzle. We argue that the Judaic pig ban was an instrument for internalizing swine externalities. Free ranging pigs in search of sustenance trespass on agricultural landowners’ property, wreaking destruction. Activities that foster such pigs thus create negative externalities that can cripple agricultural economies. When the expected cost of swine externalities becomes large, internalization becomes worthwhile: lawmakers with a vested interest in the agricultural economy ban activities that foster free ranging pigs. That is what transpired in ancient Judah, where lawmakers were priests whose livelihoods depended on agriculture, where all swine ranged freely, and where the expected cost of swine externalities surged during the late Iron Age. Lawmakers invoked God to enjoin involvement with pigs because a supernatural injunction was cheaper to enforce than a natural one: in a land of faithful Hebrews, Yahweh’s swine prohibition enforced itself. The Judaic pig ban’s features are consistent with pig bans recently adopted by US states such as Montana, which everyone agrees are instruments for internalizing swine externalities.

众所周知，犹太律法禁止养猪。几千年来，学者们一直想知道原因。本文运用产权经济学来解决这一难题。我们认为，犹太人的猪禁令是内部化猪外部性的一种工具。自由放养的猪在寻找食物时侵犯了农业土地所有者的财产，造成了破坏。因此，培育这类猪的活动会产生负面的外部性，从而削弱农业经济。当猪外部性的预期成本变得很大时，内部化就变得值得:在农业经济中拥有既得利益的立法者禁止培育自由放养猪的活动。这就是在古代犹大发生的事情，那里的立法者是牧师，他们的生计依赖于农业，那里所有的猪都可以自由活动，并且在铁器时代晚期，猪的外部性预期成本飙升。立法者援引上帝来禁止与猪有关，因为超自然的禁令比自然的禁令执行起来更便宜:在一个忠诚的希伯来人的土地上，耶和华的猪禁令自己执行。犹太禁猪令的特点与美国蒙大拿州等州最近采用的禁猪令一致，每个人都认为这是将猪的外部性内部化的工具。

{"title":"Externality and taboo: Resolving the Judaic pig puzzle","authors":"Peter T Leeson, Vincent Geloso, Nicholas A Snow","doi":"10.1177/10434631231203890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231203890","url":null,"abstract":"Judaic law famously bans pigs. For millennia, scholars have wondered why. This paper uses the economics of property rights to resolve the puzzle. We argue that the Judaic pig ban was an instrument for internalizing swine externalities. Free ranging pigs in search of sustenance trespass on agricultural landowners’ property, wreaking destruction. Activities that foster such pigs thus create negative externalities that can cripple agricultural economies. When the expected cost of swine externalities becomes large, internalization becomes worthwhile: lawmakers with a vested interest in the agricultural economy ban activities that foster free ranging pigs. That is what transpired in ancient Judah, where lawmakers were priests whose livelihoods depended on agriculture, where all swine ranged freely, and where the expected cost of swine externalities surged during the late Iron Age. Lawmakers invoked God to enjoin involvement with pigs because a supernatural injunction was cheaper to enforce than a natural one: in a land of faithful Hebrews, Yahweh’s swine prohibition enforced itself. The Judaic pig ban’s features are consistent with pig bans recently adopted by US states such as Montana, which everyone agrees are instruments for internalizing swine externalities.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"301 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135483411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An analytical narrative of the Day of Dupes 杜普斯日的分析叙事

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY

Rationality and Society

Pub Date : 2023-08-20 DOI: 10.1177/10434631231194142

B. Crettez, Régis Deloche, Ronan Tallec

On November, 11th, 1630, Queen Marie de’ Medici demanded, in vain, that her son, King Louis XIII, dismiss Richelieu as Principal Minister. Historians agree that this crisis known as the Journée des Dupes (the Day of the Dupes) was the true foundation stone of French “absolutism”, but they disagree about whether the decision made by the Queen was rational. We analyze the historical setting of the crisis from a game theory viewpoint where the King and the Queen are two players. We consider two assumptions regarding the King and the Queen’s cognitive skills. On the one hand, we assume that both the King and the Queen are perfectly rational. On the other hand, we assume that they both have limited cognitive skills (that is, they are level-k players). In this last case we propose a definition of naivety and we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the Queen to be naive. We then study the Nash equilibrium when both the King and the Queen are perfectly rational as well as the behavioral theoretical solution of the game when they have limited cognitive skills. We rely on this study to propose an analytical narrative of the Journées des Dupes. We conclude that what we know of the historical facts does not allow us to reject the assumption that the Queen was perfectly rational, or, if she was not, that she had not been naive.

1630年11月11日，玛丽·德·美第奇女王徒劳地要求她的儿子路易十三国王解除黎塞留的首席大臣职务。历史学家一致认为，这场被称为“杜普斯日”的危机是法国“专制主义”的真正基石，但他们对女王做出的决定是否合理存在分歧。我们从博弈论的角度分析了这场危机的历史背景，国王和王后是两个参与者。我们考虑了关于国王和王后认知能力的两个假设。一方面，我们认为国王和王后都是完全理性的。另一方面，我们假设他们都有有限的认知能力（也就是说，他们是k级玩家）。在最后一种情况下，我们提出了天真的定义，并为女王天真提供了必要和充分的条件。然后，我们研究了当国王和王后都是完全理性的时候的纳什均衡，以及当他们的认知能力有限的时候的博弈行为理论解。我们依靠这项研究提出了一种对《杜普斯日记》的分析叙事。我们得出的结论是，我们对历史事实的了解不允许我们拒绝女王完全理性的假设，或者，如果她不是，她也不天真。

{"title":"An analytical narrative of the Day of Dupes","authors":"B. Crettez, Régis Deloche, Ronan Tallec","doi":"10.1177/10434631231194142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631231194142","url":null,"abstract":"On November, 11th, 1630, Queen Marie de’ Medici demanded, in vain, that her son, King Louis XIII, dismiss Richelieu as Principal Minister. Historians agree that this crisis known as the Journée des Dupes (the Day of the Dupes) was the true foundation stone of French “absolutism”, but they disagree about whether the decision made by the Queen was rational. We analyze the historical setting of the crisis from a game theory viewpoint where the King and the Queen are two players. We consider two assumptions regarding the King and the Queen’s cognitive skills. On the one hand, we assume that both the King and the Queen are perfectly rational. On the other hand, we assume that they both have limited cognitive skills (that is, they are level-k players). In this last case we propose a definition of naivety and we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the Queen to be naive. We then study the Nash equilibrium when both the King and the Queen are perfectly rational as well as the behavioral theoretical solution of the game when they have limited cognitive skills. We rely on this study to propose an analytical narrative of the Journées des Dupes. We conclude that what we know of the historical facts does not allow us to reject the assumption that the Queen was perfectly rational, or, if she was not, that she had not been naive.","PeriodicalId":47079,"journal":{"name":"Rationality and Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"480 - 501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49666508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0