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Addiction behind bars: Swiss symposium insights. 囹圄中的毒瘾:瑞士研讨会的见解。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2362
Constantin Bondolfi, Patrick Bodenmann, Yasser Khazaal, Didier Delessert, Sophie Paroz, Rebecca Gray, Jean-Bernard Daeppen
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引用次数: 0
Exploration of a virtual reality exercise to help train police with responding to mental health crises in the community. 探索虚拟现实演习,帮助培训警察应对社区中的心理健康危机。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2361
Lisa M Dario, Jesse D Saginor

Background: A substantial number of police-citizen interactions involve a civilian presenting in a mental health crisis, often with law enforcement as the first point of contact. Traditional training methods offer minimal opportunity for police to practice navigating such civilian interactions or to develop and strengthen relevant skills. Virtual reality (VR) offers a promising avenue for addressing this gap by immersing police officers in realistic, controlled environments that could help them to acclimatise to these encounters and understand their own reactions to them.

Aims: To examine the extent to which law enforcement officers become immersed in a virtual training environment (VTE), to assess their empathy and sympathy towards a non-player character (NPC) presenting with schizophrenic psychosis and how empathy and sympathy relate to virtual immersion.

Methods: Forty police officers-about a fifth of the department approached-participated in a VR mental health training scenario. Officers' immersion in the VTE was assessed using a 28-item Presence Questionnaire and their empathy and sympathy were measured using adapted standard scales. The study employed Fisher's Exact Test and Spearman's correlation to analyse the relationships between immersion, empathy and sympathy.

Results: Most officers experienced good levels of immersion, although nearly half felt confused or disoriented at the beginning of the session. Officers reported moderate levels of sympathy and higher empathy towards a non-player character. Significant correlations were found between specific aspects of immersion (e.g. sensory engagement) and empathy. Fisher's Exact Test revealed strong associations between physical interactions in the VTE and empathy/sympathy.

Conclusions: Our findings show that police are willing and able to engage in a VR exercise to learn about their response to people in a mental health crisis and that, in such circumstances, they can be both sympathetic and empathic. Next steps will be exploration of the value of such a tool to enhance real-life responding.

背景:大量的警民互动都涉及到平民出现心理健康危机,而执法部门往往是第一接触点。传统的培训方法只能为警察提供极少的机会来练习如何与平民互动,或发展和加强相关技能。虚拟现实(VR)为弥补这一不足提供了一个很有前景的途径,它能让警察沉浸在逼真、可控的环境中,从而帮助他们适应这些遭遇,并了解自己的反应:40名警官(约占所接触部门的五分之一)参加了虚拟现实心理健康培训情景。使用 28 项临场感问卷对警官在 VTE 中的沉浸感进行了评估,并使用改编的标准量表对他们的同理心和同情心进行了测量。研究采用费舍尔精确检验和斯皮尔曼相关性来分析沉浸感、同理心和同情心之间的关系:结果:尽管近一半的官员在课程开始时感到困惑或迷失方向,但大多数官员体验到了良好的沉浸感。官员们对非玩家角色的同情和共鸣程度较高。在沉浸感的特定方面(如感官参与)与移情之间发现了显著的相关性。费舍尔精确检验显示,在 VTE 中的身体互动与移情/同情之间存在密切联系:我们的研究结果表明,警察愿意并能够通过参与 VR 演练来了解他们对处于精神健康危机中的人所采取的应对措施,而且在这种情况下,他们能够同时表现出同情心和同理心。下一步将探索这种工具在加强现实生活中的应对能力方面的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Barriers to discharge: A retrospective study of factors associated with stays of longer than 2 years in a French secure hospital unit. 出院障碍:一项关于法国一家安全医院病房中住院时间超过两年的相关因素的回顾性研究。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2359
Camille Larhant, Sophie Raymond, Laurie-Anne Claude, Michel Lejoyeux, Ivan Gasman

Background: Extended stays in specialist secure hospital units raise ethical concerns. While this topic has been investigated in various countries, there has been little research on it in France.

Aims: We aimed to study the length of stay of patients in the Henri Colin unit, a secure hospital unit in the Paris area and test relationships between length of stay and sociodemographic, clinical and legal features.

Methods: In this records-based retrospective study, we included all 60 inpatients on a census day just prior to the pandemic. We chose a 2-year threshold to define long stay status.

Results: Mean length of stay was just in the long-stay range (756.7 days, SD 1071.2). Over a quarter (17, 28%) of the patients had been hospitalised for more than 2 years and 5 (8%) patients for more than 5 years. In multivariate analysis, legal status and need for seclusion during stay were significantly associated with long-stay status. These results are consistent with international literature, especially as they show the significant interplay between legal and medical aspects in the patients' care pathway.

Conclusion: As the first such study in a specialist medium security hospital unit in France, this study adds to the international evidence on the complexities surrounding extended stays in secure units and underscores the importance of addressing both clinical and legal aspects in the treatment of patients with mental disorders in these settings.

背景:在专科安全医院病房长期住院会引发伦理问题。目的:我们旨在研究巴黎地区一家安全医院亨利-科林病房病人的住院时间,并检验住院时间与社会人口、临床和法律特征之间的关系:在这项以病历为基础的回顾性研究中,我们纳入了大流行病爆发前普查日的所有 60 名住院病人。我们选择了 2 年作为界定长期住院状态的门槛:结果:平均住院时间刚好在长期住院的范围内(756.7 天,SD 1071.2)。超过四分之一的患者(17 人,28%)住院时间超过 2 年,5 人(8%)住院时间超过 5 年。在多变量分析中,法律地位和住院期间的隔离需求与长期住院状态有显著关联。这些结果与国际文献一致,特别是因为它们显示了患者护理路径中法律和医疗方面的重要相互作用:作为在法国一家中等安全级别的专科医院病房进行的首次此类研究,本研究为国际上有关安全级别病房长期住院的复杂性提供了更多证据,并强调了在此类环境中治疗精神障碍患者时同时解决临床和法律问题的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
An exploration into the prevalence and experience of neurodiversity among staff at a UK high-secure psychiatric hospital. 对英国一家高度戒备精神病院员工中神经多样性的普遍性和经历的探索。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2360
Freya Walker, Anna Samya Sri, David Murphy

Background: Whilst there is increasing recognition and interest in how staff who have neurodivergence are represented and contribute to industry, to date, there has been very little exploration of neurodivergence among healthcare staff and none with those working in forensic psychiatric services.

Aims: To estimate the prevalence of neurodivergence among staff working in a UK high-secure psychiatric hospital and explore their experiences.

Methods: All staff were invited to complete a confidential online self-report questionnaire consisting of both closed and open questions.

Results: A fifth of the staff responded (n = 124), but two did not report their neurodivergent status, so were excluded. Nearly 40% of responders reported having some form of neurodivergence, with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) being the most common, followed by dyslexia, autism and dyspraxia. Over a third (36%) of those reporting neurodivergence said that they had chosen not to disclose this to the organisation and around a quarter (23%) reported not feeling valued or supported by the organisation. Of the staff cohort who responded, most expressed the view that neurodiversity in the workforce is beneficial to patient care, despite the majority being unsure whether neurodivergence is an advantage or a barrier for the individual themselves. Over half of staff completing the survey felt there was not enough awareness of neurodiversity among staff and that more training on the subject would be beneficial.

Conclusion: This survey suggests gaps in our recognition and understanding of neurodivergence among hospital staff. Although the prevalence figure should be treated with caution, given the low response rate, in this first survey of neurodivergence among staff in a secure hospital, our findings suggest substantial numbers of staff with neurodivergence and the likelihood that neither they nor the organisation are optimising this situation. The further steps should include the development and evaluation of strategies exploring ways of improving recognition and relevant support for staff, as well as discovering ways in which neurodivergence in staff might inform and optimise care and treatment for patients.

背景:尽管人们越来越认识到并关注具有神经异质性的员工在行业中的代表性和贡献,但迄今为止,对医疗保健人员中神经异质性的研究还很少,而对法医精神病服务人员中神经异质性的研究更是空白:方法:邀请所有员工填写一份保密的在线自我报告问卷,问卷由封闭式问题和开放式问题组成:五分之一的员工(n=124)做出了回复,但有两名员工没有报告自己的神经异质性状况,因此被排除在外。近 40% 的答卷人称自己患有某种形式的神经发育异常,其中最常见的是注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD),其次是阅读障碍、自闭症和肢体障碍。超过三分之一(36%)的受访者表示,他们选择不向组织透露自己有神经分裂症,约四分之一(23%)的受访者表示没有感受到组织对他们的重视或支持。在作出回复的员工群体中,大多数人都认为员工队伍中的神经多样性有利于患者护理,尽管大多数人并不确定神经异质性对个人而言是优势还是障碍。超过半数的员工在填写调查问卷时认为,员工对神经多样性的认识还不够,因此,加强这方面的培训将是有益的:这项调查表明,我们在认识和了解医院员工的神经多样性方面还存在差距。虽然由于回复率较低,因此在处理患病率数字时应谨慎,但在这项首次针对安全医院员工神经多 样性的调查中,我们的发现表明有相当数量的员工患有神经多 样性,而且他们和组织都有可能没有对这种情况进行优化。下一步工作应包括制定和评估战略,探索如何提高对员工的认可度并为其提供相关支持,以及发现员工的神经异质性可能为患者的护理和治疗提供信息并优化护理和治疗的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Low sense of mattering in society and delinquency among young people: An initial investigation. 青少年的社会责任感低与犯罪:一项初步调查。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2356
Mael Virat, Gordon Flett, Lisa Massez, Nathalie Przygodzki-Lionet

Background: Studies of mattering and delinquency among young people have, to date, focused solely on whether teenagers think that they matter to each other. No one has yet examined the extent to which young people think that they matter to society generally and how this relates to delinquency.

Aims: To explore relationships between young peoples' sense of being of value to society and their delinquent intentions. First, we tested relationships between such 'societal mattering' scores and delinquent intentions; secondly, we tested self-rated attitudes towards the criminal justice system and associating with delinquent peers as possible mediators of any relationship.

Methods: Four hundred and twenty-eight 10- to 21-year-olds were recruited by social media, flyers or in one school in France. They were asked to complete a schedule online, in private, first rating themselves on a five-point Likert scale according to the statement 'I feel like I matter in society'. They were then asked to rate the frequency and variety of their own delinquency and delinquent intentions, then the extent to which they related to peers with positive or negative attitudes towards the law and its representatives and their own attitudes towards the criminal justice system.

Results: Under one in three of these young people felt that they mattered in society. Regression analyses showed that lower sense of such mattering was associated with delinquent intentions, even after controlling for own past delinquency, age and gender. Peers' attitudes and personal attitudes towards the justice system partially mediated this link.

Conclusion: Our findings add to literature on sense of place in society and criminal behaviours by showing, for the first time, that a sense of not mattering in society, or mattering little, is likely to be associated with delinquency. Although we recommend extending this study to international, population-based samples, we suggest school and community initiatives to ensure that young people do feel valued by society, which may contribute to community safety.

背景:迄今为止,有关青少年的 "重要感 "和犯罪问题的研究仅集中于青少年是否认为他们彼此重要。目的:探讨青少年对社会的价值感与他们的犯罪意图之间的关系。首先,我们测试了这种 "社会重要性 "得分与犯罪意图之间的关系;其次,我们测试了对刑事司法系统和与犯罪同龄人交往的自评态度,作为任何关系的可能中介:我们通过社交媒体、传单或在法国一所学校招募了 428 名 10 至 21 岁的青少年。他们被要求在网上私下填写一份计划表,首先根据 "我觉得自己在社会中很重要 "这句话,用李克特五点量表给自己打分。然后,要求他们对自己犯罪的频率和种类以及犯罪意图进行评分,再对他们与对法律及其代表持积极或消极态度的同龄人的关系以及他们自己对刑事司法系统的态度进行评分:在这些青少年中,不到三分之一的人认为自己在社会中很重要。回归分析表明,即使在控制了自己过去的犯罪情况、年龄和性别之后,这种重要感较低也与犯罪意图有关。同伴的态度和个人对司法系统的态度在一定程度上调节了这种联系:我们的研究结果为有关社会地位感和犯罪行为的文献增添了新的内容,它首次表明,社会地位感不重要或不重要很可能与犯罪有关。尽管我们建议将这项研究扩展到以人口为基础的国际样本中,但我们建议学校和社区采取一些措施,确保青少年确实感到自己受到社会的重视,这可能有助于社区安全。
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引用次数: 0
Suicide and self-harm in prisons: The challenge of service evaluation and prevention. 监狱中的自杀和自残问题:服务评估和预防的挑战。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2358
Alexander Challinor, Joe Rafferty, Noir Thomas, Sarah Pilling, Sahil Bhandari, Saied Ibrahim, Nav Kapur

Very high rates of suicide and self-harm in prisons worldwide emphasise the need for evidence-based approaches to prevention. Real world evaluations of organisational changes and service developments within prisons could yield important insights, but there are challenges to achieving this, as we found from an evaluation in a single UK institution.

全球监狱中的自杀率和自残率非常高,这强调了以证据为基础的预防方法的必要性。对监狱内的组织变革和服务发展进行实际评估可以产生重要的启示,但正如我们在英国一所监狱的评估中发现的那样,要做到这一点还面临着挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Psychopathy checklist-youth version scores and recurring victimisation by an intimate partner in a justice-involved sample: A comparison of young men and women using longitudinal data. 精神变态检查表-青年版得分与司法介入样本中亲密伴侣的重复伤害:使用纵向数据对青年男女进行比较。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2355
Michelle N Harris, Leah E Daigle, Dennis Reidy, Travis Chafin, Nick D Thomson

Background: People involved in the criminal justice system are at increased risk of recurring intimate partner violent (IPV) victimisation. Experience of trauma is linked to a variety of negative outcomes, including repeated experiences, so it is important to identify factors that may distinguish non-victims, single-event victims and recurring victims at an early stage as this could hold potential for intervention efforts. Research studies have identified individual-level risk factors for IPV victimisation but have not investigated psychopathy traits or sex differences.

Aims: To examine sex differences in psychopathy scores and later IPV victimisation.

Methods: Using the Pathways to Desistance study, a longitudinal study of 1354 adjudicated adolescent offenders, relationships between psychopathy checklist-youth version (PCL-YV) scores measured during the baseline wave, independent/control variables in wave 6 and self-reported IPV victimisation in wave 7 were explored using multinomial regression models.

Results: Among justice-involved young adults (average age 19), PCL-YV scores differentiated between non-victims, single-event victims and recurring victims. Higher total scores and higher ratings on the antisocial behaviours facet of psychopathy significantly increased the relative risk of recurring victimisation by an intimate partner overall, and specifically of emotional or physical intimate partner violence. For the young women but not the young men, a higher scoring on the interpersonal manipulation facet of psychopathy specifically increased the relative risk of being a recurring victim of any intimate partner violence.

Conclusions: Sex-specific differences in relationships between high PVL-YV scores and recurring IPV victimisation can be used to screen for risk of repeated trauma for justice-involved young adults, which may change a trajectory of continued involvement in the criminal justice system to a trajectory of resilience and recovery.

背景:涉及刑事司法系统的人再次成为亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)受害者的风险会增加。创伤经历与包括重复经历在内的各种负面结果相关联,因此在早期阶段识别可能区分非受害者、单一事件受害者和重复受害者的因素非常重要,因为这可能为干预工作带来潜力。研究已经确定了个人层面的 IPV 受害风险因素,但尚未对心理变态特征或性别差异进行调查:方法:利用对1354名被判刑的青少年罪犯进行的纵向研究--"通往戒毒之路研究",使用多项式回归模型探讨了基线波测量的精神变态检查表--青少年版(PCL-YV)得分、第6波的独立/控制变量和第7波的自我报告的IPV受害情况之间的关系:在参与司法活动的年轻人(平均年龄 19 岁)中,PCL-YV 分数区分了非受害者、单一事件受害者和重复受害者。总分越高,心理变态的反社会行为方面的评分越高,就会显著增加再次遭受亲密伴侣伤害的相对风险,特别是遭受亲密伴侣情感或身体暴力的风险。对于年轻女性而非年轻男性来说,在心理变态的人际操纵方面得分越高,成为任何亲密伴侣暴力的重复受害者的相对风险就越高:结论:PVL-YV高分与再次遭受亲密伴侣暴力侵害之间的性别差异可用于筛查涉及司法程序的年轻成年人再次遭受创伤的风险,这可能会将持续卷入刑事司法系统的轨迹转变为复原力和恢复力的轨迹。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the reciprocal associations between symptoms of depression and anxiety and contact with the criminal justice system 研究抑郁和焦虑症状与接触刑事司法系统之间的相互关系。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2354
Ian A. Silver, Joseph A. Schwartz, Samantha L. Allen

Background

Taken together, prior publications on the association between symptoms of depression and anxiety and contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) suggest a bi-directional relationship, but all the studies only focus on one direction in this relationship.

Aims

To examine, in longitudinally collected data, period-specific within-individual change in anxiety and depression measures preceding arrest measurement and, separately, following arrest measurement.

Methods

Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, a nationally representative sample of people born between 1980 and 1984 and first interviewed between ages 12–17 and a publicly accessible database. Our focus was on data for the 11 years 2000–2010. Using whole sample data, we tested for a reciprocal association between depression and anxiety during each 2-year period and arrests during the following year, and vice versa, allowing for relatively fixed characteristics such as sex, age and socio-economic indicators. We used period-specific change modelling to test relationships.

Results

We found that within-individual increases in depression and anxiety scores over short periods (2-year periods) of time was associated with an increase in the number of arrests subsequent over the following year, consistently throughout the whole of the 10 years studies. The reciprocal association was also observed, albeit the magnitude of the effects was much smaller.

Conclusion

This study adds to the literature on the association between mental health and CJS contact by showing that they may be reciprocally associated. This suggests that facilitating co-working or even formal partnerships between community mental health services and justice-related services could be beneficial.

背景综合来看,之前发表的有关抑郁症状和焦虑症状与接触刑事司法系统(CJS)之间关系的文章表明两者之间存在双向关系,但所有研究都只关注这种关系的一个方向。方法数据来自 1997 年全国青少年纵向研究(National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997),这是一项具有全国代表性的抽样调查,调查对象为 1980 年至 1984 年间出生、首次受访年龄在 12-17 岁之间的青少年。我们的重点是 2000-2010 年这 11 年的数据。在考虑到性别、年龄和社会经济指标等相对固定的特征的情况下,我们使用全样本数据检验了每两年期间的抑郁和焦虑与下一年的逮捕之间是否存在相互关联,反之亦然。结果我们发现,抑郁和焦虑得分在短期内(2 年)的增加与下一年被捕人数的增加有关,这在整个 10 年研究中是一致的。本研究表明,心理健康与刑事司法系统接触之间可能存在相互关联,从而为有关心理健康与刑事司法系统接触之间关联的文献增添了新的内容。这表明,促进社区心理健康服务机构与司法相关服务机构之间的合作甚至正式伙伴关系可能是有益的。
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引用次数: 0
Do autism and psychopathy co-occur? A systematic review and clinical discussion 自闭症和精神病态会同时发生吗?系统回顾与临床讨论
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2352
David Murphy, Freya Walker, Josephine Broyd

Background

Although the prevalence is unknown, psychopathy can be a possible co-occurring condition associated with autism especially among forensic populations. However, the relationship between these two conditions remains poorly understood.

Aims

To carry out a systematic review of the available literature exploring the relationship between autism and psychopathy.

Methods

A systematic literature review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using terms for autism and psychopathy to search the literature databases Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, ASSIA, APA Psych Info, Medline and EMBASE from 1980 to March 2024. For inclusion, we required that a recognised measure of autism and psychopathy or associated features of the latter had been used.

Results

Of the 4230 potential articles identified, 37 met the selection criteria. Insufficient and inconsistent methodologies for data pooling meant that a narrative analysis was used. Although there is some overlap, four broad themes emerged relating to (1) assessment and frequency of co-occurrence, (2) behavioural and neurophysiological expressions of empathy, (3) behavioural contagion effects, mirroring, mimicry and other linking mechanisms and (4) emotional face perception and theory of mind characteristics. Within these areas there are some specific differences between the two conditions. However, the research to date examining the relationship between autism and psychopathy has mostly been with children and males, carried out with non-clinical non-forensic populations, as well as using self-report measures and parental ratings. Prior research has also largely focused on looking for differences between these conditions rather than co-occurrence.

Conclusion

This review outlines a case for considering autism and psychopathy as distinct, but potentially co-occurring conditions and highlights the need for more research into how the two conditions interact with clinical populations. There also appears to be a need for guidelines on when and how to assess psychopathy with autistic individuals and a better understanding of the therapeutic needs and factors influencing the long-term outcomes of autistic individuals who may also present with co-occurring psychopathy.

背景虽然发病率尚不清楚,但精神病态可能与自闭症并发,尤其是在法医人群中。Aims To carry out a systematic review of the available literature exploring the relationship between autism and psychopathy.MethodsA systematic literature review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using terms of autism and psychopathy to search the literature databases Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, ASSIA, APA Psych Info, Medline and EMBASE from 1980 to March 2024.为了纳入研究,我们要求使用公认的自闭症和心理变态测量方法或后者的相关特征。结果在所发现的 4230 篇潜在文章中,有 37 篇符合筛选标准。由于汇集数据的方法不足且不一致,因此我们采用了叙事分析法。尽管有一些重叠,但还是出现了四个广泛的主题,分别涉及:(1) 评估和共同发生的频率;(2) 共情的行为和神经生理学表达;(3) 行为传染效应、镜像、模仿和其他联系机制;(4) 情感面孔感知和心智理论特征。在这些领域中,两种情况之间存在一些具体的差异。然而,迄今为止,有关自闭症与精神变态之间关系的研究大多针对儿童和男性,在非临床非法医人群中进行,并使用自我报告测量法和父母评分法。结论 本综述概述了将自闭症和精神病态视为不同但可能同时存在的病症的理由,并强调有必要对这两种病症如何与临床人群相互作用开展更多研究。此外,似乎还需要制定有关何时以及如何对自闭症患者进行心理病态评估的指南,并更好地了解可能同时伴有心理病态的自闭症患者的治疗需求以及影响其长期疗效的因素。
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引用次数: 0
Psychopathy traits explain variance shared between features of substance use disorders and violence 精神变态特征解释了药物使用障碍和暴力特征之间的共同差异
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2353
Samuel R. Vincent, Emily E. Graupman, William J. McGarrigle, David S. Kosson

Background

There is a substantial research literature on identifying risk and protective factors for violence perpetration. Substance use disorders have long been identified as constituting a significant predictor of violent behaviour. Psychopathy traits have also been similarly recognised, but inter-relationships between psychopathy traits, features of substance use disorders and violence have been little explored.

Aims

To determine the degree to which shared variance between substance dependence symptoms and violence, as indicated by criminal charges for violent offences, among jailed men can be explained by psychopathy traits.

Methods

Features of dependence on substances in three drug classes (alcohol, cannabis and cocaine) were assessed in a sample of 682 men in a county jail awaiting trial on criminal charges, many for violent offences. Statistical comparisons of zero-order and partial correlations tested whether accounting for psychopathy total and facet scores, assessed by the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), affected associations between substance dependence symptoms and violent charges.

Results

Total PCL-R scores accounted for a significant proportion of the shared variance between the history of criminal charges for violence offences and lifetime substance dependence symptoms in all three drug classes. At the facet level, controlling for ratings on the interpersonal and modified antisocial facets reduced the association between criminal charges for violent offences and symptoms of cocaine dependence; controlling for ratings on a modified antisocial facet also attenuated links between alcohol and cannabis dependence symptoms and history of charges for violent offences.

Conclusion

These findings build on the sparse literature to date on the role of psychopathy traits on relationships between features of substance use disorders and violence. Given that the observed connection between substance dependence symptoms and charges for violent offences is partly accounted for by individual differences in psychopathy traits, it follows that effective treatment for those traits may be useful, perhaps essential to reducing links between features of some substance use disorders and violent offending.

背景关于确定暴力行为风险和保护因素的研究文献很多。长期以来,人们一直认为药物使用障碍是暴力行为的重要预测因素。目的确定精神变态特质在多大程度上可以解释药物依赖症状与暴力行为之间的共同差异,暴力犯罪的刑事指控显示了被监禁男性中药物依赖症状与暴力行为之间的共同差异。方法在一个县监狱中对 682 名因刑事指控(其中许多是暴力犯罪)而候审的男性进行抽样调查,评估他们对三类药物(酒精、大麻和可卡因)的依赖特征。通过对零阶和部分相关性进行统计比较,检验了心理病理学检查表-修订版(PCL-R)评估的心理病理学总分和分面得分是否会影响药物依赖症状与暴力指控之间的关联。结果PCL-R总分在暴力犯罪刑事指控史与所有三种药物类别的终生药物依赖症状之间的共同变异中占很大比例。在侧面水平上,控制人际侧面和修正的反社会侧面的评分会降低暴力犯罪刑事指控与可卡因依赖症状之间的联系;控制修正的反社会侧面的评分也会削弱酒精和大麻依赖症状与暴力犯罪指控史之间的联系。鉴于所观察到的药物依赖症状与暴力犯罪指控之间的联系部分是由心理变态特质的个体差异造成的,因此,针对这些特质的有效治疗可能是有用的,也许对于减少某些药物使用障碍的特征与暴力犯罪之间的联系至关重要。
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Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health
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