Joscha Hausam, Friedrich Lösel, Robert J. B. Lehmann
Background
Homelessness is an urgent social issue that is often linked to poor mental health. Despite their vulnerability, people experiencing homelessness remain an understudied group.
Aims
This study examined the mental health of people experiencing homelessness and its association with victimisation, alcohol use disorder, hopelessness and sociodemographic factors.
Methods
Data were collected from 112 people experiencing homelessness in Berlin, Germany (40% women, average age 44, homeless for 4 years). Participants completed a set of validated questionnaires (e.g., Symptom Checklist—Revised for mental health problems).
Results
Results indicate significantly elevated levels of mental health problems, hopelessness and alcohol use disorder in the sample, along with high rates of victimisation. Correlational and regression analyses revealed significant associations between mental health and victimisation but not with alcohol use disorder and hopelessness. Associations with sociodemographics suggest that younger people and people with a migration background are particularly affected by mental health problems.
Conclusions
The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive interventions that address social and structural inequalities to improve the mental health of this highly vulnerable population. More research with larger, culturally sensitive samples and longitudinal designs is needed to better understand and address the complex interplay between homelessness and mental health.
{"title":"Mental Health of People Experiencing Homelessness and the Role of Hopelessness, Alcohol Use Disorder and Victimisation","authors":"Joscha Hausam, Friedrich Lösel, Robert J. B. Lehmann","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70003","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Homelessness is an urgent social issue that is often linked to poor mental health. Despite their vulnerability, people experiencing homelessness remain an understudied group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examined the mental health of people experiencing homelessness and its association with victimisation, alcohol use disorder, hopelessness and sociodemographic factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were collected from 112 people experiencing homelessness in Berlin, Germany (40% women, average age 44, homeless for 4 years). Participants completed a set of validated questionnaires (e.g., Symptom Checklist—Revised for mental health problems).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Results indicate significantly elevated levels of mental health problems, hopelessness and alcohol use disorder in the sample, along with high rates of victimisation. Correlational and regression analyses revealed significant associations between mental health and victimisation but not with alcohol use disorder and hopelessness. Associations with sociodemographics suggest that younger people and people with a migration background are particularly affected by mental health problems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive interventions that address social and structural inequalities to improve the mental health of this highly vulnerable population. More research with larger, culturally sensitive samples and longitudinal designs is needed to better understand and address the complex interplay between homelessness and mental health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"197-205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144691947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Childhood traumas and low theory of mind abilities have been shown to be associated with violence, crime and schizophrenia. Understanding the factors that predispose to violent behaviour by patients with schizophrenia is important for treatment and safety.
Aims
To investigate relationships between childhood trauma, theory of mind and violent behaviour in patients with schizophrenia and in a healthy comparison sample. Our hypothesis was that patients with schizophrenia who had been violent would be more likely to have a history of childhood trauma and show impairments in theory of mind impairments than either non-violent patients with schizophrenia or healthy non-violent people.
Methods
In a cross-sectional design, we recruited 30 patients with schizophrenia who had a history of violent crime, 50 patients with schizophrenia but no history of violence and 50 healthy people without history of violence. Each participant completed the positive and negative syndrome scale, childhood trauma questionnaire, the reading the mind in the eyes test and the hinting task.
Results
Patients were significantly more likely to be male, without employment and on low income than healthy controls with a suggestion of the violent patient group being worst off. Childhood trauma history and theory of mind tests distinguished the schizophrenia groups from healthy controls but not from each other. Logistic regression analysis, comparing the schizophrenia groups only, confirmed that male sex and number of prior hospitalisations were the only two characteristics that independently distinguished the violent from the non-violent groups with schizophrenia.
Conclusions
Childhood trauma histories and theory of mind test results differed only between people with schizophrenia and healthy prosocial adults of similar age, but did not distinguish between the violent and non-violent people with schizophrenia. Whereas a pathway to violence in the context of schizophrenia from early trauma through impaired reading of others' emotions seems plausible, it still lacks evidence. Our findings suggest good reason to assess and treat impairments of emotional perception and processing in people with schizophrenia, but that the need is unlikely to be specific to those who become violent. This needs further res
{"title":"Is Schizophrenia a Scapegoat? the Role of Childhood Traumas and Theory of Mind on Crime","authors":"Cetin Sahabettin, Kapubagli-Cetin Nazlı, Sözeri-Varma Gülfizar, Toker-Ugurlu Tugce","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70002","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Childhood traumas and low theory of mind abilities have been shown to be associated with violence, crime and schizophrenia. Understanding the factors that predispose to violent behaviour by patients with schizophrenia is important for treatment and safety.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To investigate relationships between childhood trauma, theory of mind and violent behaviour in patients with schizophrenia and in a healthy comparison sample. Our hypothesis was that patients with schizophrenia who had been violent would be more likely to have a history of childhood trauma and show impairments in theory of mind impairments than either non-violent patients with schizophrenia or healthy non-violent people.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a cross-sectional design, we recruited 30 patients with schizophrenia who had a history of violent crime, 50 patients with schizophrenia but no history of violence and 50 healthy people without history of violence. Each participant completed the positive and negative syndrome scale, childhood trauma questionnaire, the reading the mind in the eyes test and the hinting task.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients were significantly more likely to be male, without employment and on low income than healthy controls with a suggestion of the violent patient group being worst off. Childhood trauma history and theory of mind tests distinguished the schizophrenia groups from healthy controls but not from each other. Logistic regression analysis, comparing the schizophrenia groups only, confirmed that male sex and number of prior hospitalisations were the only two characteristics that independently distinguished the violent from the non-violent groups with schizophrenia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Childhood trauma histories and theory of mind test results differed only between people with schizophrenia and healthy prosocial adults of similar age, but did not distinguish between the violent and non-violent people with schizophrenia. Whereas a pathway to violence in the context of schizophrenia from early trauma through impaired reading of others' emotions seems plausible, it still lacks evidence. Our findings suggest good reason to assess and treat impairments of emotional perception and processing in people with schizophrenia, but that the need is unlikely to be specific to those who become violent. This needs further res","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"187-196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mary McMurran, Libby Payne, Alys Harrop, Nicola Bowes
Background
The Parole Board for England & Wales makes decisions on the release or continued detention of people in prison. Psychological risk assessments (PRAs) assist in decision making and it is crucial that they are of good quality, including coherent and useful case formulations.
Aims
The purpose of this study was to examine Parole Board members’ views on the accessibility, quality and usefulness of case formulations in PRAs.
Method
Interviews were conducted with 8 psychologist/psychiatrist members and 11 independent/judicial members.
Results
Respondents valued formulations in identifying idiosyncratic risk factors and linking these to risk management strategies. Nevertheless, they identified challenges to their validity, with concerns about facts versus hypotheses. Particular problems were seen in the assessment of those denying their offending and in collaborative case formulation. Integrating information and hypothesising under what conditions a risk factor might be activated was seen as important. Ignoring ethnic and cultural factors was seen as commonplace.
Conclusion
The opinions of Parole Board users of PRAs provide information that could be used to improve the validity and usefulness of risk formulations, including adding to existing practice guidelines. A broader study of users’ perceptions of PRAs as a whole, not just formulations, would be useful and research on impacts is desirable.
{"title":"Does Risk Formulation Help Independent Review Board Decisions on Release of Prisoners? A Qualitative Study With Parole Board Members in England and Wales","authors":"Mary McMurran, Libby Payne, Alys Harrop, Nicola Bowes","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70001","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Parole Board for England & Wales makes decisions on the release or continued detention of people in prison. Psychological risk assessments (PRAs) assist in decision making and it is crucial that they are of good quality, including coherent and useful case formulations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this study was to examine Parole Board members’ views on the accessibility, quality and usefulness of case formulations in PRAs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Interviews were conducted with 8 psychologist/psychiatrist members and 11 independent/judicial members.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respondents valued formulations in identifying idiosyncratic risk factors and linking these to risk management strategies. Nevertheless, they identified challenges to their validity, with concerns about facts versus hypotheses. Particular problems were seen in the assessment of those denying their offending and in collaborative case formulation. Integrating information and hypothesising under what conditions a risk factor might be activated was seen as important. Ignoring ethnic and cultural factors was seen as commonplace.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The opinions of Parole Board users of PRAs provide information that could be used to improve the validity and usefulness of risk formulations, including adding to existing practice guidelines. A broader study of users’ perceptions of PRAs as a whole, not just formulations, would be useful and research on impacts is desirable.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"263-269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144643770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gemma Dearn, Jennifer Bradbury, Helen Thomas, Rachael Wheatley
Background
In earlier research with prisoners, we observed that convicted stalkers had skill deficits in interpreting their experiences of stalking and their motivations for it, suggesting narcissistic vulnerability.
Aims
Our primary aim was to explore the prevalence of narcissistic vulnerability in men serving a prison sentence in England and to investigate differences in narcissistic vulnerability and attachment styles between men convicted of stalking offences and men convicted of other offences but serving similar sentences.
Methods
Participants were from across 16 closed custodial settings in England. Everyone serving a sentence for a stalking offence was invited to participate together with a same size sample of men serving similar sentences for other offences and without a stalking history. 25%–30% of the eligible men agreed to participate. Each completed three psychometric scales, rating themselves on the Narcissistic Vulnerability Scale (NVS), the Brief-Pathological Narcissism Inventory (B-PNI) and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) scale. A series of independent sample t-tests were used to compare the experimental group to the other-conviction control group.
Results
Twenty-nine individuals sentenced for stalking offences and 25 other prisoners, all men, completed. The stalking group had significantly higher mean scores on narcissistic vulnerability according to both scales and significantly higher mean attachment style difficulties together with higher mean anxiety scores and avoidant scores.
Conclusions
Our findings add data on aspects of personality to a limited pool that supports understanding of men convicted of stalking. Although our sampling and data collection were both limited by the COVID-19 pandemic conditions, our findings further evidence the case for intervention with respect to ameliorating the personality characteristics of narcissistic vulnerability and attachment styles of such men.
{"title":"The Prevalence of Narcissistic Vulnerability in Men in English Prisons After Criminal Conviction for Stalking","authors":"Gemma Dearn, Jennifer Bradbury, Helen Thomas, Rachael Wheatley","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2388","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2388","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In earlier research with prisoners, we observed that convicted stalkers had skill deficits in interpreting their experiences of stalking and their motivations for it, suggesting narcissistic vulnerability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our primary aim was to explore the prevalence of narcissistic vulnerability in men serving a prison sentence in England and to investigate differences in narcissistic vulnerability and attachment styles between men convicted of stalking offences and men convicted of other offences but serving similar sentences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants were from across 16 closed custodial settings in England. Everyone serving a sentence for a stalking offence was invited to participate together with a same size sample of men serving similar sentences for other offences and without a stalking history. 25%–30% of the eligible men agreed to participate. Each completed three psychometric scales, rating themselves on the Narcissistic Vulnerability Scale (NVS), the Brief-Pathological Narcissism Inventory (B-PNI) and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) scale. A series of independent sample <i>t</i>-tests were used to compare the experimental group to the other-conviction control group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-nine individuals sentenced for stalking offences and 25 other prisoners, all men, completed. The stalking group had significantly higher mean scores on narcissistic vulnerability according to both scales and significantly higher mean attachment style difficulties together with higher mean anxiety scores and avoidant scores.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings add data on aspects of personality to a limited pool that supports understanding of men convicted of stalking. Although our sampling and data collection were both limited by the COVID-19 pandemic conditions, our findings further evidence the case for intervention with respect to ameliorating the personality characteristics of narcissistic vulnerability and attachment styles of such men.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"179-186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Letter to the Editor: Response to ‘The Lifelong Impact of Bullying Behaviours on Crime Through David Farrington's Legacy’","authors":"Ching-Heng Tsai, Lien-Chung Wei","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2387","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2387","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"240-241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>David Farrington's death means a great loss to us personally, to the academic community and to the people he sought to understand. Donald West introduced him and their longitudinal study of Camberwell boys to one of us in the 1960s at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge. The study became <i>The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.</i></p><p>David's passion for the scientific study of the causes of crime already shone through and was very impressive. He never wavered in his enthusiasm nor in his dedication to that cohort study, despite branching out into more experimental work, including randomised controlled trials of interventions to ameliorate some of the problems so clearly recognised. The Camberwell/Cambridge study is among the most impressive in the world for its completeness at each follow-up stage and that was due to the care with which David forged a bond with the boys as they grew into men so that they felt like true participants in a journey of discovery. They then introduced him to their sons and grandsons such that the study became remarkable also for its intergenerational perspectives. It has produced a large number of papers and books—which should be a politician's guide to reducing the burden of crime but which has proved very difficult to get centre stage in spite of his many efforts to do this.</p><p>Through this work, David also linked to other longitudinal studies worldwide. We were always immensely grateful that, as a result, we had David to provide the foundation chapter in our textbook of forensic psychiatry for the main sections on understanding pathways into criminal behaviour. Only through such prospective study can we truly understand whether and how the many forms of experience and of mental disorder that may contribute to criminal behaviours actually do so.</p><p>No dry academic, David was always a good friend and a cheerful role model. Lunches in the delightful village of Granchester were both memorable and educational. He frequently warned against allowing bureaucracy to interfere with research, and he was proud of the fact that he never undertook any administration that might divert him from his research. How we still need his clear thinking on this. Perhaps universities would struggle less with their finances if this call were heard more clearly. Perhaps fewer researchers would find their grants at risk if ethics approval had not become such a tortuous process, extending way beyond independent ethics board consideration if any health component is included.</p><p>In the 1970s, we started planning a journal that would bring together the scientific aspects of forensic psychiatry, criminology and forensic psychology. With David, one of us (J.G.) approached several publishers. Only Wiley was at all interested but they insisted on production first of two or three yearbooks—to prove that there was a market for such, to them, abstruse activities. This we did in 1995, one on <i>Aggression and Dang
大卫·法灵顿的死对我们个人、学术界和他试图理解的人们来说都是一个巨大的损失。20世纪60年代，在剑桥大学犯罪学研究所，唐纳德·韦斯特向我们介绍了他和他们对坎伯韦尔男孩的纵向研究。这项研究后来被称为“剑桥青少年发展研究”。大卫对犯罪原因的科学研究的热情已经显露出来，令人印象深刻。他对这项队列研究的热情和投入从未动摇，尽管他涉足了更多的实验工作，包括干预措施的随机对照试验，以改善一些显而易见的问题。坎伯韦尔/剑桥的研究是世界上最令人印象深刻的研究之一，因为它在每个后续阶段都很完整，这要归功于大卫在孩子们长大成人的过程中与他们建立了联系，让他们觉得自己是发现之旅的真正参与者。然后，他们把他介绍给他们的儿子和孙子，这样，这项研究也因其代际视角而变得引人注目。它产生了大量的论文和书籍——这应该是一个政治家减少犯罪负担的指南，但事实证明，尽管他做出了许多努力，但很难成为中心舞台。通过这项工作，大卫也与世界各地的其他纵向研究联系起来。因此，我们一直非常感谢大卫为我们的法医精神病学教科书提供基础章节，主要内容是理解犯罪行为的途径。只有通过这样的前瞻性研究，我们才能真正了解可能导致犯罪行为的多种形式的经验和精神障碍是否以及如何导致犯罪行为。大卫不是一个干巴巴的学者，他一直是一个好朋友和一个开朗的榜样。在令人愉快的格兰切斯特村吃的午餐既令人难忘又具有教育意义。他经常警告不要让官僚主义干扰研究，而且他从未承担过任何可能使他从研究中分心的行政工作，这一点令他感到自豪。我们还需要他清晰的思路。如果这一呼吁能被更清晰地听到，或许大学的财务问题就会少一些。如果伦理审批没有变成如此曲折的过程，如果包括任何健康成分，就远远超出独立伦理委员会的考虑范围，也许更少的研究人员会发现他们的资助面临风险。在20世纪70年代，我们开始计划出版一本期刊，将法医精神病学、犯罪学和法医心理学的科学方面结合起来。与大卫一起，我们中的一个人（J.G.）接触了几家出版商。只有威利对此感兴趣，但他们坚持先出两三本年鉴，以证明对他们来说，这种深奥的活动是有市场的。这是我们在1995年做的，一个关于侵略和危险，另一个关于对犯罪的反应：公众，警察，法院和监狱。即便如此，威利还是拒绝了写日记的想法。幸运的是，我们三个后来找到了科林·胡尔，他刚刚创办了自己的出版公司，对期刊的提议很满意。大卫坚持杂志的标题是：犯罪行为与心理健康。这是从三方编辑开始的，大卫对这份工作的热情从来没有减退过；他的特殊技能是委托和交付一流的特刊。讽刺的是，科林退休后，威利接管了杂志。尽管患有运动神经元疾病，David仍然坚持工作到最后，同时也确保我们能够欢迎Maria Ttofi代替他加入我们，以及Mary McMurran作为核心编辑团队和一个出色的董事会。这些主题特刊是对他的一种致敬，这是恰如其分的——尽管我们试探性地提出了一期特刊，但反响如此之大，以至于我们填了两期，这真是太棒了。大卫，我们不会忘记你和你的工作。帕梅拉·泰勒和约翰·甘恩英国伦敦国王学院精神病学研究所法医精神病学名誉教授约翰·甘恩《心中的犯罪》主席帕梅拉·j·泰勒英国卡迪夫大学医学院法医精神病学教授大卫·法灵顿有着非凡的职业生涯。他从心理学博士学位开始，对与犯罪和刑事司法系统有关的各种各样的问题产生了兴趣。这导致了一个惊人的活动范围，包括教授数量惊人的学生，一系列出版物在最近一次测量时产生了148,600次引用，并且肯定会在未来大幅增长。为了表彰他的专业知识，他在犯罪和犯罪、精神问题、司法和监禁的各个方面担任并领导了一系列广泛的政策委员会。当然，这种认识主要是在英国，但在美国也几乎达到了同样的程度。 Nagin， Teresa和H. John Heinz III大学公共政策和统计学教授，卡内基梅隆大学教授David P. Farrington被认为是“发展和生命过程犯罪学的先驱”，为世界各地众多的发展心理学家和犯罪学家铺平了道路。他在他的领域内取得了许多突破，他的职业生涯奠定了一种新的犯罪职业理论方法的基础，假设发展犯罪学的核心问题是在预期的童年开始和预期的成年中期结束之间，就犯罪的频率和类型而言，个人如何以及为什么超过了犯罪的规范水平。与几个世纪以来最杰出的科学家，如西格蒙德·弗洛伊德、谢尔登和埃莉诺·格鲁克以及迈克尔·拉特不谋而合的是，大卫·p·法灵顿教授强调，一个人生命最初几年的质量与他们后来的发展有关，甚至当它涉及到犯罪生涯的发展时。他的遗产是如此广泛和杰出，他激励、指导和教导世界各地的学生、从业者和同事如何预防犯罪和后来的再犯。大卫·p·法灵顿教授在预防犯罪和后来的再犯方面的杰出贡献为预防犯罪生涯的干预带来了希望。米里安·苏珊娜·奥兰多博士，心理治疗师，文学学士，文学硕士，阿根廷国家最高法院，阿根廷心理健康协会青少年与法律冲突分会主席，世界联合会成员，犯罪行为与心理健康（CBMH）编辑委员会成员，美国犯罪学会发展与终身犯罪学分会成员，我坐下来为大卫写这篇个人笔记，言语不足以表达我的谦卑，所以大卫把我列为他希望从我这里得到这些话语的人之一。我从来不是大卫的“剑桥”学生，但我是他的学生、同事和远道而来的朋友。我第一次见到大卫是在NCOVR会议上，他给了我时间。后来，在我的研究生生涯和开始在学院工作期间，他总是在会议上找我。当时谁知道我们会用剑桥研究的数据写几本书和多篇文章。当然，出版物（和引用）都很好，但在接受和拒绝之后，剩下的是我们的友谊。在ASC会议上，当我在Larry Sherman的Hot Spots乐队演奏贝斯时，David整晚跳舞，这让我有了美好的回忆，而且每次会议他都会安排一些时间和我在一起。我将从大卫身上带走的是他的笑声、微笑和真诚。我感谢他的家人与我和世界分享他和他的时间。大卫，祝你享受埃弗顿的多次胜利，并保持微笑。作为一名本科生，我在我的发展和终身犯罪学课程中发现了大卫的工作，并受到启发，申请剑桥大学攻读哲学硕士学位。我在剑桥读哲学硕士期间是他的导师。我惊讶地发现，这样一位受人尊敬的学者也是一位不可思议的人和导师。大卫曾经分享说，他是根据自己感兴趣的东西来决定研究课题的。当面对竞争的优先事项时，这种宝贵的见解在我的整个职业生涯中一直激励着我。虽然David在ASC有无数的朋友和同事，但这些年来，他总是用温暖的微笑和真诚的关心和友善来迎接我。我将永远感激他的指导和持久的影响。我第一次听到大卫演讲是在1978年，当时他来到约克大学（英国）做一个关于刑事犯罪的部门研讨会。这是一次精彩的演讲，我仍然记得一位高级讲师提出的一个令人难以置信的问题，他简直不敢相信大卫关于当时英国自我报告的犯罪率的报告。大卫有一个顽皮的习惯，就是质疑你对犯罪的基本假设！许多年后，在剑桥大学犯罪学研究所为大卫举行的退休仪式上，我记得他告诉我们所有人，进步不是他一个人的功劳，我们都站在“巨人的肩膀上”。我不相信他——他太谦虚了。大卫本身就是一个巨人，一个巨大的巨人，今天我们都站在他的肩膀上，试图更好地理解犯罪的原因和治疗方法。大卫是我事业起步的关键，他是我的第一笔NIH拨款的顾问，我的拨款中包含了他的许多想法和建议，他非常慷慨地给出了这些建议。我一直很感激他，我非常想念他的忠告和忠告。 阿德里安·雷恩教授，宾夕法尼亚大学
{"title":"Personal Dedications to David P. Farrington","authors":"Maria Ttofi, Adrian Grounds, Keri Ka-Yee Wong","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2384","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2384","url":null,"abstract":"<p>David Farrington's death means a great loss to us personally, to the academic community and to the people he sought to understand. Donald West introduced him and their longitudinal study of Camberwell boys to one of us in the 1960s at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge. The study became <i>The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.</i></p><p>David's passion for the scientific study of the causes of crime already shone through and was very impressive. He never wavered in his enthusiasm nor in his dedication to that cohort study, despite branching out into more experimental work, including randomised controlled trials of interventions to ameliorate some of the problems so clearly recognised. The Camberwell/Cambridge study is among the most impressive in the world for its completeness at each follow-up stage and that was due to the care with which David forged a bond with the boys as they grew into men so that they felt like true participants in a journey of discovery. They then introduced him to their sons and grandsons such that the study became remarkable also for its intergenerational perspectives. It has produced a large number of papers and books—which should be a politician's guide to reducing the burden of crime but which has proved very difficult to get centre stage in spite of his many efforts to do this.</p><p>Through this work, David also linked to other longitudinal studies worldwide. We were always immensely grateful that, as a result, we had David to provide the foundation chapter in our textbook of forensic psychiatry for the main sections on understanding pathways into criminal behaviour. Only through such prospective study can we truly understand whether and how the many forms of experience and of mental disorder that may contribute to criminal behaviours actually do so.</p><p>No dry academic, David was always a good friend and a cheerful role model. Lunches in the delightful village of Granchester were both memorable and educational. He frequently warned against allowing bureaucracy to interfere with research, and he was proud of the fact that he never undertook any administration that might divert him from his research. How we still need his clear thinking on this. Perhaps universities would struggle less with their finances if this call were heard more clearly. Perhaps fewer researchers would find their grants at risk if ethics approval had not become such a tortuous process, extending way beyond independent ethics board consideration if any health component is included.</p><p>In the 1970s, we started planning a journal that would bring together the scientific aspects of forensic psychiatry, criminology and forensic psychology. With David, one of us (J.G.) approached several publishers. Only Wiley was at all interested but they insisted on production first of two or three yearbooks—to prove that there was a market for such, to them, abstruse activities. This we did in 1995, one on <i>Aggression and Dang","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 2","pages":"127-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antisocial Behaviour, Mental Health and Crime Across the Life Span: Honouring David P. Farrington's Lifetime of Contribution to Knowledge (II)","authors":"Maria M. Ttofi, Adrian Grounds, Keri Ka-Yee Wong","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2385","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2385","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 2","pages":"73-75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New literature has emerged examining the relationship between government-funded healthcare or health insurance for low-income people and crime rates. Studies for developing countries have, however, not yet been conducted in this area. To fill this gap, we studied Türkiye's noncontributory health insurance scheme (Green Card) that provides a full range of health cover to people whose per capita household income is less than one-third of the minimum wage and contemporaneous crime rates.
Aims
To examine the relationship between government-funded health insurance for low-income people and crime rates in Türkiye.
Methods
We used monthly criminal records data, according to date, for the crime committed during the 12 years 2010–2021, inclusive, from the Ministry of Justice of Türkiye and Green Card health insurance holder data from the Social Security Institution of Türkiye for the same period. We merged the two databases and used a two-way fixed-effect ordinary least squares analysis to test for any relationship between health insurance and crime.
Results
Our results indicate that a 10% increase in the Green Card health insurance rate is associated with significantly lower rates of assault, theft, damage to property and within-household ill-treatment crimes (1.4%, 0.8%, 1.5% and 4%, respectively).
Conclusions
Our results indicate that government funding for healthcare for low-income people is associated with lower rates of various types of crime. Although this is consistent with findings in other countries with similar healthcare arrangements, it is the first time such a study has been conducted in a low- to middle-income country. Further study is needed to explore where the greatest health gains were made among those with this type of insurance and how any such improvements relate to lower crime rates.
{"title":"Examining the Link Between Noncontributory Health Insurance and Crime","authors":"Ümit Acar, Abdullah Tirgil","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2386","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2386","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <section>\u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 <p>New literature has emerged examining the relationship between government-funded healthcare or health insurance for low-income people and crime rates. Studies for developing countries have, however, not yet been conducted in this area. To fill this gap, we studied Türkiye's noncontributory health insurance scheme (Green Card) that provides a full range of health cover to people whose per capita household income is less than one-third of the minimum wage and contemporaneous crime rates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 <section>\u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 <p>To examine the relationship between government-funded health insurance for low-income people and crime rates in Türkiye.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 <section>\u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 <p>We used monthly criminal records data, according to date, for the crime committed during the 12 years 2010–2021, inclusive, from the Ministry of Justice of Türkiye and Green Card health insurance holder data from the Social Security Institution of Türkiye for the same period. We merged the two databases and used a two-way fixed-effect ordinary least squares analysis to test for any relationship between health insurance and crime.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 <section>\u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 <p>Our results indicate that a 10% increase in the Green Card health insurance rate is associated with significantly lower rates of assault, theft, damage to property and within-household ill-treatment crimes (1.4%, 0.8%, 1.5% and 4%, respectively).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 <section>\u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 <p>Our results indicate that government funding for healthcare for low-income people is associated with lower rates of various types of crime. Although this is consistent with findings in other countries with similar healthcare arrangements, it is the first time such a study has been conducted in a low- to middle-income country. Further study is needed to explore where the greatest health gains were made among those with this type of insurance and how any such improvements relate to lower crime rates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 3","pages":"147-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper takes on ‘Farrington's challenge’ ‘to bridge the gap between risk factor research and more complex explanatory theories’ by offering an explanation for the unexplained statistical phenomenon of cumulative risk. We argue that cumulative risk primarily reflects the social contexts which crime relevant causal processes operate in and draw upon for their content and efficacy.
Aims
This paper tests if the immediate causes of crime according to Situational Action Theory (crime propensity and criminogenic exposure) can account for the relationship between cumulative risk (reflecting key features of family, neighbourhood, school and peer contexts) and crime involvement.
Methods
The paper uses data from the Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study (PADS+) reflecting the social lives and criminal behaviour of a randomly sampled UK age cohort from ages 12 to 24 (2003–2016). Data used are drawn from parent and participant questionnaires, space–time budgets, community surveys, the UK Census and land use databases.
Results
Cumulative risk statistically accounts for 7% and 8% of the variance in crime prevalence and frequency, respectively, whereas crime propensity and criminogenic exposure account for 52% and 58%, respectively. Moreover, and importantly, measures of crime propensity and criminogenic exposure fully account for (statistically mediate) the association between cumulative risk and both crime prevalence and crime frequency.
Conclusions
Cumulative risk does not represent cumulative causation. The phenomenon of cumulative risk is best understood as representing the social context. Future research should focus on identifying features of social contexts that provide relevant content to and impact the efficacy of key action (and developmental) processes in crime causation.
{"title":"Cumulative Risk as a Marker of Social Context","authors":"Kyle Treiber, Per-Olof H. Wikström","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2378","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2378","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper takes on ‘<i>Farrington's challenge</i>’ ‘to bridge the gap between risk factor research and more complex explanatory theories’ by offering an explanation for the unexplained statistical phenomenon of cumulative risk. We argue that cumulative risk primarily reflects the social contexts which crime relevant causal processes operate in and draw upon for their content and efficacy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper tests if the immediate causes of crime according to Situational Action Theory (crime propensity and criminogenic exposure) can account for the relationship between cumulative risk (reflecting key features of family, neighbourhood, school and peer contexts) and crime involvement.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The paper uses data from the Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study (PADS+) reflecting the social lives and criminal behaviour of a randomly sampled UK age cohort from ages 12 to 24 (2003–2016). Data used are drawn from parent and participant questionnaires, space–time budgets, community surveys, the UK Census and land use databases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cumulative risk statistically accounts for 7% and 8% of the variance in crime prevalence and frequency, respectively, whereas crime propensity and criminogenic exposure account for 52% and 58%, respectively. Moreover, and importantly, measures of crime propensity and criminogenic exposure fully account for (statistically mediate) the association between cumulative risk and both crime prevalence and crime frequency.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cumulative risk does not represent cumulative causation. The phenomenon of cumulative risk is best understood as representing the social context. Future research should focus on identifying features of social contexts that provide relevant content to and impact the efficacy of key action (and developmental) processes in crime causation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 2","pages":"106-114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chelsey S. Narvey, Erin A. Orrick, Nhi Le, Nicole Leeper Piquero, Jennifer P. Rogers, Alex R. Piquero
Background
The criminal career paradigm represented a fundamental shift within criminology as it drew attention to the longitudinal patterning of offending, with research findings leading to important new insights on matters related to theory, methods and policy.
Aims
This study examines the longitudinal crime mix among sex and non-sex offenders.
Materials and Methods
Administrative data of over 43,000 individuals released from incarceration in the State of Texas through age 70 are used to examine crime mixture patterns.
Results
Key findings show that: having a sex offence history significantly decreased the likelihood of arrest by age and that having a first arrest for a sex offence was associated with significantly lower odds of any subsequent arrest and violent non-sex offence arrests.
Discussion
The criminal career patterns of sex offenders are not more specialised, violent, nor frequent compared to non-sex offenders.
Conclusion
Theories and policy associated with sex offenders must take into account their lack of crime type specialisation.
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