Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health最新文献_第7页

Measuring the costs of crime using the willingness-to-pay method 用支付意愿法衡量犯罪成本

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q2 Psychology

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2285

Bea L. Raffan Gowar, David P. Farrington, Maria M. Ttofi

Background

Criminal justice policy decisions are increasingly being influenced by the ratio of the monetary benefits to the monetary costs. While policies based on evidence and analysed via cost-benefit studies are a welcome development, cost-benefit calculations are only as robust as the data upon which they are based. For England and Wales up to the present, cost-of-crime estimates used in cost-benefit analyses have been calculated by the Home Office using a multi-method approach. However, the intangible costs of crime have not been estimated adequately in England and Wales.

Aim

The main aim was to quantify the intangible costs of crime using the willingness-to-pay (WTP) method. Also, stated preferences for different crime reduction methods were investigated.

Method

This study utilises samples from the City of Cambridge (n = 534) and from Criminal Justice Practitioners (n = 124), to assess their WTP to prevent a range of crimes from happening in their neighbourhood, and their preferred crime reduction techniques. A Contingent Valuation Survey (CVS) was used.

Results

Overall, both samples gave a higher WTP for low volume, high harm crimes than for high volume, low harm crimes. Both samples supported funding youth programmes in preference to other forms of crime reduction initiatives.

Conclusion

It is proposed that a CVS should be included in the next Crime Survey for England and Wales, in order to collect relevant WTP data on crime at the national level.

刑事司法决策越来越受到货币收益与货币成本之比的影响。虽然基于证据并通过成本效益研究进行分析的政策是一项受欢迎的发展，但成本效益计算的可靠性取决于它们所依据的数据。对于英格兰和威尔士，到目前为止，成本效益分析中使用的犯罪成本估算是由内政部使用多种方法计算出来的。然而，在英格兰和威尔士，犯罪的无形成本还没有得到充分的估计。主要目的是使用支付意愿(WTP)方法量化犯罪的无形成本。此外，还调查了人们对不同减少犯罪方法的偏好。方法本研究利用来自剑桥市(n = 534)和刑事司法从业人员(n = 124)的样本，评估他们预防一系列犯罪在其社区发生的WTP，以及他们首选的减少犯罪技术。采用条件评估调查法(CVS)。结果总体而言，两个样本对低容量、高危害犯罪的WTP均高于对高容量、低危害犯罪的WTP。这两个样本都支持资助青年方案，而不是其他形式的减少犯罪倡议。建议在英格兰和威尔士的下一次犯罪调查中纳入CVS，以便在国家层面收集有关犯罪的WTP数据。

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引用次数: 0

Economic evaluations of mental health interventions in criminal justice 刑事司法中心理健康干预的经济评价

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q2 Psychology

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2286

Martin Knapp, Gloria Wong

Background

Mental health interventions targeting crime perpetrators are available. An overview of the current scenario of their economic benefits will help policy decisions.

Aim

To provide an update on economic evidence for mental health interventions in criminal justice, and to identify challenges and responses in using economic evidence to inform policy.

Method

Narrative review with an analysis frame that organises evidence around four points on the criminal justice system pathway: (a) point of contact; (b) post-arrest; (c) incarceration/punishment and (d) post-incarceration.

Results

There is a paucity of high-quality economic evidence, especially from cost-benefit analyses. However, there is some evidence of cost-effectiveness in support of interventions at the point of incarceration, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, multisystemic therapy for juvenile delinquents, therapeutic communities, electronic monitoring and telepsychiatry in forensic psychiatry settings. There is also evidence that post-incarceration interventions such as assertive community treatment can be cost-effective.

Conclusion

There remain large evidence gaps. There are also challenges in turning economic evidence on mental health interventions in criminal justice into policy changes and improved practice, such as hidden costs, silo budgeting and delayed pay-off. Research incorporating multi-sectoral costs and benefits recommended by health economics and health technology assessment groups should be prioritised to support difficult resource allocation decisions faced by policy makers.

背景:针对犯罪者的心理健康干预措施是可用的。概述其经济效益的当前情况将有助于决策。目的提供刑事司法中精神卫生干预的最新经济证据，并确定在利用经济证据为政策提供信息方面面临的挑战和对策。方法:采用分析框架进行叙事审查，围绕刑事司法系统路径上的四个点组织证据:(a)接触点;(b) post-arrest;(c)监禁/惩罚和(d)监禁后。结果缺乏高质量的经济证据，特别是成本效益分析。然而，有一些证据表明，在监禁点支持干预措施具有成本效益，例如认知行为疗法、少年犯多系统疗法、治疗社区、电子监测和法医精神病学环境中的远程精神病学。也有证据表明，监禁后的干预措施，如果断的社区治疗，可能具有成本效益。结论仍存在较大的证据缺口。在将刑事司法中精神卫生干预的经济证据转化为政策变化和改进做法方面也存在挑战，例如隐性成本、竖井预算和延迟回报。应优先考虑纳入卫生经济学和卫生技术评估小组建议的多部门成本和效益的研究，以支持决策者面临的困难的资源分配决定。

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引用次数: 1

Cost-benefit analyses of developmental crime prevention programmes 发展预防犯罪方案的成本效益分析

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q2 Psychology

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2283

Christopher J. Koegl, David P. Farrington, Brandon C. Welsh

Background

Children and youth who are at risk of becoming early-onset life-course-persistent offenders often slip through the cracks of other systems in society (e.g., health, education, child welfare, substance use and mental health). When they do, they impose an enormous economic burden on society. Developmental crime prevention (DCP) programmes seek to reduce these costs through evidence-based interventions that target individual child and family risk and protective factors for antisocial behaviour.

Aim

This study reviewed cost-benefit analysis studies of DCP interventions to identify whether they produced monetary benefits that exceeded programme costs.

Method

We searched the literature for studies of interventions that were evaluated using high-quality research methods (i.e., experimental or quasi-experimental designs). Key characteristics of these evaluations are summarised and benefit-to-cost ratios (BCRs) are reported.

Results

Eleven cost-benefit analysis (CBA) evaluations met study criteria. The programmes varied in terms of who they targeted (e.g., pregnant mothers, at-risk youth), the age of participants (e.g., adults, children, older youth), the intervention duration (e.g., 10 weeks to 4 years), and the follow-up interval (e.g., 6 months to 50 years). Ten of the 11 studies produced favourable BCRs, ranging between 1.35 and 31.77, depending on the type and scope of outcomes that were monetised.

Conclusion

There is strong evidence in support of DCP from a cost-benefit perspective. However, given the small number of studies for analysis, more prospective longitudinal CBA evaluations are needed, in addition to greater consistency in the scope and methods that are used to monetise outcomes.

有可能成为早发性终身持续犯罪者的儿童和青年往往从社会其他系统(例如卫生、教育、儿童福利、药物使用和精神卫生)的缝隙中溜走。当他们这样做时，他们给社会带来了巨大的经济负担。发展性犯罪预防规划力求通过以证据为基础的干预措施来降低这些成本，这些干预措施针对儿童和家庭个体的反社会行为风险和保护因素。目的本研究回顾了DCP干预措施的成本效益分析研究，以确定它们是否产生了超过项目成本的货币效益。方法:我们检索了采用高质量研究方法(即实验或准实验设计)评估干预措施的研究文献。总结了这些评价的主要特点，并报告了效益成本比(bcr)。结果11项成本效益分析(CBA)评价符合研究标准。这些项目在目标人群(如孕妇、高危青年)、参与者年龄(如成人、儿童、老年青年)、干预持续时间(如10周到4年)和随访间隔(如6个月至50年)方面各不相同。11项研究中有10项产生了有利的bcr，范围在1.35至31.77之间，具体取决于货币化结果的类型和范围。结论从成本效益的角度来看，有强有力的证据支持DCP。然而，考虑到用于分析的研究数量较少，需要更多的前瞻性纵向CBA评估，以及用于将结果货币化的范围和方法的更大一致性。

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引用次数: 0

Correctional treatment as an economically sound approach to reducing the high costs of recidivism: A review of the research 惩教治疗作为一种经济上合理的方法来降低累犯的高成本:研究综述

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q2 Psychology

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2284

Steven N. Zane, Jhon A. Pupo, Brandon C. Welsh

Background

Prior research indicates that correctional treatment programmes can be highly effective in reducing reoffending. Less studied, however, is whether such programmes are economically efficient.

Aims

To review the research literature on the economic efficiency of correctional treatment programmes.

Methods

A review of cost–benefit analyses of correctional treatment programmes from 2004 to the present was carried out. To be included in the review, studies must have attempted to measure monetary costs and benefits of correctional treatment programmes and be based on experimental or quasi-experimental evaluations.

Results

A total of 22 cost–benefit studies of correctional treatment programmes met the criteria for inclusion in the review, 19 of which estimated (or allowed estimation of) benefit-to-cost ratios. All 19 studies yielded a favourable benefit-to-cost ratio.

Conclusions

Correctional treatment programmes appear to be economically efficient, with the monetary benefits produced by such programmes substantially exceeding their monetary costs. This finding appears to hold across a variety of different intervention types, and offers policy-makers and practitioners ample evidence in favour of providing additional resources for correctional treatment programmes.

背景先前的研究表明，矫正治疗方案可以非常有效地减少再犯。然而，研究较少的是，这些计划是否具有经济效益。目的回顾有关矫正治疗方案经济效益的研究文献。方法对2004年至今实施的矫正治疗方案进行成本效益分析。要纳入审查，研究必须试图衡量惩教治疗方案的货币成本和收益，并以实验或准实验评价为基础。结果:共有22项关于惩教治疗方案的成本-效益研究符合纳入本综述的标准，其中19项研究估计(或允许估计)效益-成本比。所有19项研究均得出了有利的效益成本比。惩教治疗方案似乎具有经济效益，这些方案产生的货币效益大大超过其货币成本。这一发现似乎适用于各种不同的干预类型，并为政策制定者和从业者提供了充足的证据，支持为惩教治疗项目提供额外的资源。

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引用次数: 0

An examination of associations between sexual assault and health problems, depression or suicidal ideation in a large nationally representative cohort of male and female 20–30-year-olds 在一个20 - 30岁的具有全国代表性的男性和女性大队列中，对性侵犯与健康问题、抑郁或自杀意念之间关系的研究

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q2 Psychology

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Pub Date : 2023-03-08 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2280

Marlen Turgumbayev, Batir Shopabayev, Rima Dzhansarayeva, Assel Izbassova, Kevin Beaver

Background

A long line of research has examined whether being the victim of sexual assault is associated with negative and maladaptive outcomes, but has mainly focused on women and girls.

Aims

To replicate and extend prior research by examining whether various measures of sexual assault are related to physical ill-health, depression and/or suicidal ideation, regardless of sex or age of victim. Our research questions were (1) is sexual assault related to health problems, depression and suicidal ideation and (2) do these associations differ between men and women?

Method

We analyse data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), a longitudinal study of a US nationally representative sample of nearly 21,000 young people recruited for the first wave of interviews when most of the participants were between ages 12 and 18 years. We used Wave 4 data, collected for participants who were in their 20s and 30s, on experience of both physical sexual assault and non-physical sexual assault and mental state, allowing for some characteristics measured in Wave 1. Allowing for missing data, sample sizes were between 6868 and 10,489 for the women and 6024 and 10,263 for the men.

Results

Statistically significant associations were revealed between the physical and non-physical measures of sexual assault and the health problems scale, the depression scale and the measure of suicidal ideation. These associations remained statistically significant even after controlling for key covariates measured at Wave 1, including exposure to delinquent peers, poverty and demographic characteristics.

Conclusions

Sexual assault at some time and of whatever kind, although more commonly reported by women than men, is similarly associated with serious physical and mental health problems during their 20s and 30s. More sequencing detail is required for better prevention of harms.

一长串的研究已经调查了性侵犯的受害者是否与负面和适应不良的结果有关，但主要集中在妇女和女孩身上。目的通过检查性侵犯的各种措施是否与身体不健康、抑郁和/或自杀意念有关，而不论受害者的性别或年龄，复制和扩展先前的研究。我们的研究问题是(1)性侵犯是否与健康问题、抑郁和自杀意念有关(2)这些关联在男性和女性之间是否有所不同?我们分析了来自国家青少年到成人健康纵向研究(Add Health)的数据，这是一项对美国全国代表性样本的纵向研究，其中近21,000名年轻人被招募参加第一波访谈，其中大多数参与者年龄在12至18岁之间。我们使用了第4波数据，收集了20多岁和30多岁的参与者的身体性侵犯和非身体性侵犯的经历以及精神状态，允许在第1波中测量的一些特征。考虑到缺失的数据，女性的样本量在6868到10489之间，男性的样本量在6024到10263之间。结果性侵犯的身体和非身体测量与健康问题量表、抑郁量表和自杀意念量表存在显著的相关。即使在控制了第1波测量的关键协变量(包括接触不良同龄人、贫困和人口特征)之后，这些关联在统计上仍然显著。结论:在某个时间和任何形式的性侵犯，尽管妇女比男子更常报告，但同样与二三十岁时严重的身心健康问题有关。为了更好地预防危害，需要更多的测序细节。

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引用次数: 0

Partners in crime: A 21-year cohort comparison of people who commit serious crimes together with those who act alone 犯罪伙伴:对一起犯下严重罪行的人和单独行动的人进行的21年队列比较

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q2 Psychology

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Pub Date : 2023-03-08 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2281

Aulikki Johanna Ahlgren-Rimpilainen, Mika Rautanen

Background

Perpetrators who act together violently occur frequently in police and media discussions, but are rarely the focus of forensic psychiatric research.

Aims

We aimed to characterise people who act together when committing a serious crime and to map the frequency of such crimes over 21 years in Finland.

Methods

Data for the study were retrieved from the national database of forensic psychiatric examinations for the period 2000–2020, with reports on file for nearly all people charged with serious criminal offences in the country. Index cases were defined as those with two or more perpetrators attacking a single victim; people who acted alone were comparison cases. Sex and age at the time of the crime were extracted together with all diagnoses listed in the reports.

Results

Seventy-five multiple perpetrator groups (MPG) were identified, accounting for 165 individuals whose reports were compared with 2494 single-perpetrator (SPR) reports. Most group and solitary offenders were male (87%: 86%, respectively). The index offence was more likely to be homicide among the group perpetrators (mean 1.12) than the solitary offenders (mean 0.83). Proportionately more of the group offenders had personality disorder or substance use disorders (antisocial personality disorder MPG 49%: SPR 32%; any personality disorder MPG 89%: SPR 76%); alcohol (MPG 79%: SPR 69%; cannabis MPG 15%: SPR 9%). By contrast, psychosis was about twice as common among the solitary offenders (MPG 12%; SPR 26%).

Conclusions

The number of group-perpetrated crimes has not increased, according to these Finnish forensic psychiatric report data of 2000–2020, but the relatively high prevalence among them of personality and substance use disorders is a constant. Understanding psychiatric disorders as factors in both leading to and avoiding violent conflicts may help plan new approaches to further diminish group violence.

背景:在警察和媒体的讨论中，经常出现集体暴力行为的肇事者，但很少成为法医精神病学研究的焦点。我们的目标是描述一起犯下严重罪行的人的特征，并绘制出芬兰21年来此类犯罪的频率。该研究的数据从2000-2020年期间的国家法医精神病学检查数据库中检索，其中包含该国几乎所有被指控犯有严重刑事犯罪的人的存档报告。指数案件被定义为两名或两名以上犯罪者袭击一名受害者的案件;单独行动的人是比较案例。犯罪时的性别和年龄与报告中列出的所有诊断一起被提取出来。结果共鉴定出75个多重行为人组(MPG)，共165人，与单一行为人组(SPR)报告的2494人进行比较。大多数集体罪犯和单独罪犯都是男性(分别为87%和86%)。集体犯罪者(平均1.12)比单独犯罪者(平均0.83)更有可能犯下杀人罪。从比例上看，群体罪犯有人格障碍或物质使用障碍的比例更高(反社会人格障碍MPG 49%: SPR 32%;任何人格障碍(MPG 89%: SPR 76%);酒精(MPG 79%: SPR 69%;大麻MPG 15%: SPR 9%)。相比之下，精神疾病在单独犯罪者中的发病率是前者的两倍(MPG 12%;SPR 26%)。根据2000-2020年芬兰法医精神病学报告数据，集体犯罪的数量并没有增加，但人格和物质使用障碍的相对较高患病率是一个常数。将精神疾病理解为导致和避免暴力冲突的因素，可能有助于制定进一步减少群体暴力的新方法。

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引用次数: 0

The importance of cost-benefit analysis of crime reduction programmes 减少犯罪方案的成本效益分析的重要性

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q2 Psychology

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Pub Date : 2023-03-05 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2282

David P. Farrington, Brandon C. Welsh

引用次数: 1

Benefit-cost analyses are good for society's health—but caveat emptor! 收益成本分析有利于社会健康——但概不退换!

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q2 Psychology

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2279

Mark A. Cohen

引用次数: 0

The social and economic impact of the Montreal Longitudinal and Experimental Study 蒙特利尔纵向和实验研究的社会和经济影响

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q2 Psychology

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Pub Date : 2023-02-12 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2278

Adam Vanzella-Yang, Yann Algan, Elizabeth Beasley, Sylvana Côté, Frank Vitaro, Richard E. Tremblay, Jungwee Park

Background

The effectiveness of early prevention programmes and their viability as a public policy option have increasingly caught the attention of scholars and policymakers. Given the implementation costs of such programmes, it is important to assess whether they achieved anticipated objectives and whether they made efficient use of taxpayer money.

Aim

To discuss the social and economic impact of a 2-year randomised intervention aimed to improve social skills and self-control (i.e., non-cognitive skills) among disruptive boys from low-income neighbourhoods in Montreal.

Method

We review findings from published studies documenting the impact of the intervention at different stages of the life course, as well as its cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit.

Results

The intervention improved behavioural indicators throughout adolescence and eventually led to greater high school graduation rates, reduced crime, and better labour market outcomes in adulthood. Importantly, the prevention programme generated considerable returns to taxpayer investments.

Conclusion

Findings from the Montreal Longitudinal Experimental Study have been well-received and have contributed to an early prevention ‘awakening’ in Quebec and elsewhere.

早期预防规划的有效性及其作为一项公共政策选择的可行性日益引起学者和决策者的注意。鉴于这些方案的执行费用，重要的是评估它们是否达到了预期的目标，是否有效地利用了纳税人的钱。目的探讨一项为期2年的随机干预的社会和经济影响，旨在提高来自蒙特利尔低收入社区的破坏性男孩的社交技能和自我控制能力(即非认知技能)。方法我们回顾已发表的研究结果，记录干预在生命历程的不同阶段的影响，以及其成本效益和成本效益。结果干预改善了整个青春期的行为指标，最终导致了更高的高中毕业率，减少了犯罪，并在成年后获得了更好的劳动力市场结果。重要的是，预防方案为纳税人的投资带来了可观的回报。蒙特利尔纵向实验研究的发现已经得到了很好的认可，并为魁北克和其他地方的早期预防“觉醒”做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

A comparison of the role of aggression in the association between hostile interpretation bias and antisocial personality features between young offenders and university students 攻击性在青少年罪犯与大学生敌对性解释偏见与反社会人格特征关联中的作用比较

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q2 Psychology

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2275

Lizu Lai, Manqi Cai, Cailing Zou, Ziyi Zhao, Lin Zhang, Zhihong Ren

Background

Antisocial personality features in adolescents are frequently associated with delinquency and constitute the problem that most concerns the criminal justice system and the public. Hostile interpretation bias has been identified as a candidate for explaining emergent adolescent antisocial personality problems and aggression, but it is unclear whether offenders and non-offenders show differences in the relationships between hostile interpretation bias, aggression and antisocial personality features.

Aims

To compare relationships between hostile interpretation bias and a personality measure between incarcerated teenagers and first year university students and to explore aggression and criminal history as mediating or moderating variables.

Methods

Fifty-three 16–18-year-old incarcerated male offenders and 69 17–20-year-old male university students were recruited, the former through institutional staff and the latter by online advert only. Individuals in both groups self-rated, in private, on the Word and Sentence Association Paradigm-hostile (WSAP), The Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ), Hostility Interpretation Bias Task (HIBT) as tests for hostile interpretation bias, and on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and on Hyler's Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ-4). Among the students, criminal history was assessed by a self-reported binary question. LASSO regressions were used to test inter-relationships between hostile interpretation bias and aggression or antisocial personality traits. Mediation and moderation were tested using MPLUS 7.4.

Results

The WSAP and AIHQ, as measures of self-reported hostility bias, had relationships with self-reported aggression (Pearson r 0.24–0.58, p < 0.001) and with antisocial personality features (r 0.36–0.50, p < 0.001), the HIBT did not. Aggression scores mediated the relationship between hostile interpretation bias and antisocial personality features. Furthermore, the relationship between hostile interpretation bias and aggression was stronger among the young offenders (estimates 0.43–0.75) than among the university students without criminal history (estimates 0.13–0.36).

Conclusions

Hostile interpretation bias appears to promote antisocial personality features by increasing an individual's aggression, regardless of social status, although the effect was much stronger a

青少年的反社会人格特征往往与犯罪有关，构成了刑事司法系统和公众最关心的问题。敌意解释偏见被认为是解释青少年突发性反社会人格问题和攻击行为的一个候选因素，但目前尚不清楚罪犯和非罪犯在敌意解释偏见、攻击和反社会人格特征之间的关系是否存在差异。目的比较在押青少年和大学一年级学生敌对性解释偏差与人格测量的关系，并探讨攻击性和犯罪史作为中介或调节变量。方法对53名16 ~ 18岁的在押男性罪犯和69名17 ~ 20岁的在校大学生进行调查，前者通过机构工作人员进行调查，后者通过网络广告进行调查。两组受试者均在私处自测敌意解释偏倚的词句联想范式敌意(WSAP)、模糊意图敌意问卷(AIHQ)、敌意解释偏倚任务(HIBT)以及Buss-Perry攻击问卷和Hyler人格障碍问卷(PDQ-4)。在学生中，犯罪史是通过一个自我报告的二元问题来评估的。使用LASSO回归检验敌意解释偏差与攻击性或反社会人格特质之间的相互关系。使用MPLUS 7.4对中介和调节进行测试。结果WSAP和AIHQ作为自我报告的敌意偏差的测量指标，与自我报告的攻击性存在相关性(Pearson r 0.24-0.58, p <0.001)，具有反社会人格特征(r 0.36-0.50, p <0.001)， HIBT没有。攻击性得分在敌对解释偏见与反社会人格特征之间起中介作用。此外，青少年罪犯的敌意解释偏见与攻击性的关系(估计为0.43-0.75)强于无犯罪记录的大学生(估计为0.13-0.36)。结论无论社会地位如何，敌意解释偏见似乎通过增加个体的攻击性来促进反社会人格特征，尽管这种效应在青少年罪犯中更为强烈。为了减少年轻人的反社会人格特征，未来的研究也许应该集中在评估减少敌意偏见或防止其在攻击行为中表达的策略上。

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引用次数: 0

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