Background: Compared to men, women are less likely to sexual offend. Previous reviews found low rates of sexual recidivism among women. The last published meta-analysis was based on studies from before 2010.
Aims: Conduct an updated meta-analysis of the sexual recidivism rates of women returned to the community. We expected the rates to be low and to decline the longer they remained sexual offence free in the community.
Methods: Fourteen studies met selection criteria. Their publication/presentation dates ranged from 1998 to 2023. Results were presented as raw proportions as well as meta-analytic averages.
Results: Of the 4208 women, 3.1% (131) were known to have sexually reoffended. The rate was 2.4% during the first 5 years (64/2642, k = 8) and 1.1% between years 5 and 10 (6/535, k = 2). There was large and significant variability across studies (prediction intervals: < 0.001%-11%). The rates of violent recidivism (7.8%) and general (any) recidivism (30.1%) were substantially higher than the rate of sexual recidivism.
Conclusions: This review confirms previous findings that the sexual recidivism rate of women is very low. Their risk is so low that it is unlikely to be reduced by sexual crime specific treatment or public protection measures (e.g., registration and notification). Instead, gender-responsive interventions should focus on the women's risk for general criminal recidivism and strive to promote successful reintegration.
{"title":"The Sexual Recidivism Rates of Women Are Still Low: An Updated Meta-Analysis.","authors":"R Karl Hanson, Franca Cortoni, Jeffrey Sandler","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Compared to men, women are less likely to sexual offend. Previous reviews found low rates of sexual recidivism among women. The last published meta-analysis was based on studies from before 2010.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>Conduct an updated meta-analysis of the sexual recidivism rates of women returned to the community. We expected the rates to be low and to decline the longer they remained sexual offence free in the community.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen studies met selection criteria. Their publication/presentation dates ranged from 1998 to 2023. Results were presented as raw proportions as well as meta-analytic averages.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 4208 women, 3.1% (131) were known to have sexually reoffended. The rate was 2.4% during the first 5 years (64/2642, k = 8) and 1.1% between years 5 and 10 (6/535, k = 2). There was large and significant variability across studies (prediction intervals: < 0.001%-11%). The rates of violent recidivism (7.8%) and general (any) recidivism (30.1%) were substantially higher than the rate of sexual recidivism.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review confirms previous findings that the sexual recidivism rate of women is very low. Their risk is so low that it is unlikely to be reduced by sexual crime specific treatment or public protection measures (e.g., registration and notification). Instead, gender-responsive interventions should focus on the women's risk for general criminal recidivism and strive to promote successful reintegration.</p>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145281362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Developments in Forensic Case Formulation: A Special Section","authors":"Jason Davies, Mary McMurran","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70016","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"243-245"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145259674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CBMH Special Section on Formulation","authors":"Caroline Logan","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70015","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"246-248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People from ethnically minoritised backgrounds are significantly over-represented within the criminal justice system, as are those with personality difficulties. The offender personality disorder pathway offers services for people with personality difficulties associated with serious offending and aims to work in a culturally attuned way with individuals from ethnically minoritised backgrounds.
Aims
To establish a baseline of how culturally informed formulations are within our services.
Methods
Twenty-one formulations from community services were audited, and two audits of 23 and 24 formulations, respectively, were carried out in our custodial service. Training was implemented between these two audits. Formulations were audited using two tools: the London Pathways Partnership (LPP) formulation audit tool and the London Pathways Unit (LPU) culturally informed formulation (LPU-CIF) audit tool. The latter was not used in the community audit.
Results
There was a broad range of means on the LPP formulation audit tool and the LPU-CIF and both were below adequacy. There was a narrower range of scores on the LPU-CIF. The LPU-CIF scores increased across all items between the two audits but were below the threshold of adequacy.
Conclusions
The audits suggest that formulations across both services are easily understood, psychologically informed and include developmental histories. However, they do not adequately consider people's cultural experience and protected characteristics. Although not without limitations, these audits highlight a need for further training to develop staff's confidence and competence when developing formulations for people under our service.
{"title":"A Culturally Informed Audit of Psychological Formulations Completed in Prison and Community Settings on the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway","authors":"Deodata Monero, Iona Schloessingk-Monastesse, Ellis Hayes, Roxanna Short, Angharad Toman, Clare Wellington, Elena Xenophontos","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>People from ethnically minoritised backgrounds are significantly over-represented within the criminal justice system, as are those with personality difficulties. The offender personality disorder pathway offers services for people with personality difficulties associated with serious offending and aims to work in a culturally attuned way with individuals from ethnically minoritised backgrounds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To establish a baseline of how culturally informed formulations are within our services.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-one formulations from community services were audited, and two audits of 23 and 24 formulations, respectively, were carried out in our custodial service. Training was implemented between these two audits. Formulations were audited using two tools: the London Pathways Partnership (LPP) formulation audit tool and the London Pathways Unit (LPU) culturally informed formulation (LPU-CIF) audit tool. The latter was not used in the community audit.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was a broad range of means on the LPP formulation audit tool and the LPU-CIF and both were below adequacy. There was a narrower range of scores on the LPU-CIF. The LPU-CIF scores increased across all items between the two audits but were below the threshold of adequacy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The audits suggest that formulations across both services are easily understood, psychologically informed and include developmental histories. However, they do not adequately consider people's cultural experience and protected characteristics. Although not without limitations, these audits highlight a need for further training to develop staff's confidence and competence when developing formulations for people under our service.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"256-262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145239867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jordyn Monaghan, Krystal Lowe, Michael C Seto, Marc W Patry, Skye Stephens
Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death within correctional institutions, with men convicted of sexual offences over-represented among those who have attempted suicide. Despite an increased risk for suicidality, limited research has examined how past suicide attempts are associated with sexual offending and specific risk domains on assessment tools.
Aim: In consideration of shared risk factors for suicidality and sexual offending, the present study examined the association between previous suicide attempts and sexual offending, particularly in terms of risk domains.
Methods: The study sample comprised 369 men who underwent a comprehensive psychosexual assessment at a large sexual behaviour clinic between 1995 and 2006. Suicide attempt history was coded from clinical files and the association with Static-99R scores, recidivism, sexual interest in children, antisocial traits and diagnosis, and demographic variables was examined.
Results: Of our participants, 12.5% self-reported having previously attempted suicide. Although there was no significant association between Static-99R scores and previous suicide attempts, the magnitude of the effect was the same as previous research. Previous suicide attempts were significantly associated with an individual's age, prior non-sexual violence, and four or more previous sentencing dates.
Conclusion: Given the limited research in this area, the findings are important for increasing the understanding of suicide risk among people who have sexually offended. Study results suggest the need for an increasing understanding of suicide risk and more targeted suicide assessment and management strategies for those with sexual convictions.
{"title":"The Association Between Previous Suicide Attempts and Risk Level According to the Static-99R in Men Who Have Sexually Offended.","authors":"Jordyn Monaghan, Krystal Lowe, Michael C Seto, Marc W Patry, Skye Stephens","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Suicide is a leading cause of death within correctional institutions, with men convicted of sexual offences over-represented among those who have attempted suicide. Despite an increased risk for suicidality, limited research has examined how past suicide attempts are associated with sexual offending and specific risk domains on assessment tools.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>In consideration of shared risk factors for suicidality and sexual offending, the present study examined the association between previous suicide attempts and sexual offending, particularly in terms of risk domains.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study sample comprised 369 men who underwent a comprehensive psychosexual assessment at a large sexual behaviour clinic between 1995 and 2006. Suicide attempt history was coded from clinical files and the association with Static-99R scores, recidivism, sexual interest in children, antisocial traits and diagnosis, and demographic variables was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of our participants, 12.5% self-reported having previously attempted suicide. Although there was no significant association between Static-99R scores and previous suicide attempts, the magnitude of the effect was the same as previous research. Previous suicide attempts were significantly associated with an individual's age, prior non-sexual violence, and four or more previous sentencing dates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the limited research in this area, the findings are important for increasing the understanding of suicide risk among people who have sexually offended. Study results suggest the need for an increasing understanding of suicide risk and more targeted suicide assessment and management strategies for those with sexual convictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ebonnie Landwehr, David Garratt-Reed, Chloe Maxwell-Smith
Background
Stalkers' perpetration of verbal violence causes victims adverse mental health consequences, yet little research has examined this behaviour. Identifying correlates of verbal violence, as present in police data, could support the development of evidence-based practical strategies for police.
Aims
To understand the relationship between men's psychological distress or substance use, as identified by police, and their verbal violence against their female intimate partner stalking victims.
Methods
Data were extracted from anonymised police records of 603 men in Western Australia linked to a stalking offence in relation to a woman who is or was their intimate partner. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine whether police-identified psychological distress or drug use, as described in police incident reports, was significantly associated with verbal violence perpetration. Separate models were used to assess different expressions of verbal violence: ‘death/injury/sexual assault threats’ to the victim or of ‘other verbal violence’ only, and of the binary aggregate of these groups.
Results
Police-identified psychological distress (OR = 2.3–3.1) and drug use (OR = 2.1–2.2) were independently associated with reported verbal violence perpetration. Different patterns of findings emerged when verbal violence expression was differentiated across four contrasting groups. The model comparing ‘death/injury/sexual assault threats’ with ‘no verbal violence recorded’ explained over four times the variance of the model comparing ‘other verbal violence only’ with ‘no verbal violence recorded’. Physical violence was also relevant for understanding verbal violence perpetration.
Conclusions
This study is the first to explore correlates of intimate partner stalkers' verbal violence perpetration. According to police records, verbal violence was differentially associated with psychological distress, drug use and physical violence according to type of verbal violence and comparison group. These differences suggest that verbal violence expression types should be considered separately when intervening and within research designs.
{"title":"Understanding Verbal Violence Perpetration Among Intimate Partner Stalkers Using Police-Identified Psychological Distress and Drug Use","authors":"Ebonnie Landwehr, David Garratt-Reed, Chloe Maxwell-Smith","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70009","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stalkers' perpetration of verbal violence causes victims adverse mental health consequences, yet little research has examined this behaviour. Identifying correlates of verbal violence, as present in police data, could support the development of evidence-based practical strategies for police.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To understand the relationship between men's psychological distress or substance use, as identified by police, and their verbal violence against their female intimate partner stalking victims.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were extracted from anonymised police records of 603 men in Western Australia linked to a stalking offence in relation to a woman who is or was their intimate partner. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine whether police-identified psychological distress or drug use, as described in police incident reports, was significantly associated with verbal violence perpetration. Separate models were used to assess different expressions of verbal violence: ‘death/injury/sexual assault threats’ to the victim or of ‘other verbal violence’ only, and of the binary aggregate of these groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Police-identified psychological distress (OR = 2.3–3.1) and drug use (OR = 2.1–2.2) were independently associated with reported verbal violence perpetration. Different patterns of findings emerged when verbal violence expression was differentiated across four contrasting groups. The model comparing ‘death/injury/sexual assault threats’ with ‘no verbal violence recorded’ explained over four times the variance of the model comparing ‘other verbal violence only’ with ‘no verbal violence recorded’. Physical violence was also relevant for understanding verbal violence perpetration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study is the first to explore correlates of intimate partner stalkers' verbal violence perpetration. According to police records, verbal violence was differentially associated with psychological distress, drug use and physical violence according to type of verbal violence and comparison group. These differences suggest that verbal violence expression types should be considered separately when intervening and within research designs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"290-300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kim Barnett, Noor Butt, Rosie Allen, Pauline Goodlad, Anne Krayer, Adam O'Neill, Peter Huxley, Catherine Robinson, Emily Peckham, Rob Poole
Background
With a rising prison population, a substantial portion of whom are identified as substance misusers, it is important to understand the availability of treatment pathways, their successes and areas for improvement. Given the likely importance of national factors in criminal justice and substance use service provision, we chose to focus on one country.
Aim
To review substance misuse treatment and outcomes for such treatments as implemented in British prisons for men.
Methods
We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review, searching Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Sociology Collection, Web of Science Core Collection and Social Science Premium Collection between 1 January 2000 and 5 June 2024. Included were empirical, peer-reviewed studies of processes and outcomes of UK male prison-based substance misuse programmes. Primary outcomes included changes in substance use, withdrawal symptoms and experiences of interventions, whereas secondary outcomes encompassed quality of life, locus of control and mental health. Because of study design heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not possible. Analysis followed JBI methodology with a convergent synthesis.
Results
Fourteen studies were included: 8 qualitative, 5 quantitative studies of which 3 were randomised control trials (RCTs) and 1 mixed-methods study, with a combined sample of 4037 participants engaged in opioid substitute treatment (OST) and/or psychosocial interventions. Four key themes emerged: the power of purposeful activity, strengthening support systems, bridging patient needs with treatment plans and, for those in opiate programmes, experiences and engagement with opioid substitution treatments.
Conclusions
Participants articulated diverse treatment needs, highlighting the necessity of individualised and tailored reduction or maintenance plans. Treatment requires a comprehensive approach with the aim of facilitating effective social integration.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Substance Misuse Treatment Processes and Outcomes as Implemented in Prisons for Men in the UK","authors":"Kim Barnett, Noor Butt, Rosie Allen, Pauline Goodlad, Anne Krayer, Adam O'Neill, Peter Huxley, Catherine Robinson, Emily Peckham, Rob Poole","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70008","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With a rising prison population, a substantial portion of whom are identified as substance misusers, it is important to understand the availability of treatment pathways, their successes and areas for improvement. Given the likely importance of national factors in criminal justice and substance use service provision, we chose to focus on one country.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To review substance misuse treatment and outcomes for such treatments as implemented in British prisons for men.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review, searching Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Sociology Collection, Web of Science Core Collection and Social Science Premium Collection between 1 January 2000 and 5 June 2024. Included were empirical, peer-reviewed studies of processes and outcomes of UK male prison-based substance misuse programmes. Primary outcomes included changes in substance use, withdrawal symptoms and experiences of interventions, whereas secondary outcomes encompassed quality of life, locus of control and mental health. Because of study design heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not possible. Analysis followed JBI methodology with a convergent synthesis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fourteen studies were included: 8 qualitative, 5 quantitative studies of which 3 were randomised control trials (RCTs) and 1 mixed-methods study, with a combined sample of 4037 participants engaged in opioid substitute treatment (OST) and/or psychosocial interventions. Four key themes emerged: the power of purposeful activity, strengthening support systems, bridging patient needs with treatment plans and, for those in opiate programmes, experiences and engagement with opioid substitution treatments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants articulated diverse treatment needs, highlighting the necessity of individualised and tailored reduction or maintenance plans. Treatment requires a comprehensive approach with the aim of facilitating effective social integration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"270-289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Rouse, K. Pillai, B. McKenna, A. Simpson, J. Cavney, J. Skipworth, R. Tapsell, D. Madell
Background
There is little research into appropriate measures of value for money in prison mental health services.
Aims
To develop and evaluate an accountability framework for an enhanced Prison Model of Care for people with serious mental illness in five New Zealand prisons. A key objective was to identify people with such illnesses who were missing from existing caseloads.
Methods
A generic public sector accountability framework was modified to provide measures of value for money around efficiency in its three component criteria of effectiveness and economy using a pre/post design, allowing measurement of flows between successive stages of this prison healthcare model. Measures were arranged into common dimensions around outcomes, outputs, inputs and costs, varied across the stages. The framework was populated with data collected from five prisons for the pre- and post-implementation periods.
Results
Improvements in the three criteria were generally obtained across all five areas of service delivery but especially in the screening, assessment, intervention and reintegration stages. Since these three criteria are major components of value for money, they provide evidence for improvement in value for money of the mental health services in these prisons. Other desired operational changes achieved were a threefold increase in the nurse to doctor ratio at the triage stage and slight increase in doctor to nurse ratio at the treatment stage. Overall, the implementation of this model of care achieved an increase in the size of caseload from 6.1% to 7.3% of the prison muster, equivalent to an increase in caseload of 21%.
Conclusions
This accountability framework confirmed the value for money of the Prison Model of Care for severe mental illness, highlighting areas of good performance as well as areas requiring further development. The framework also provides measures that can be used as key performance indicators in ongoing monitoring.
{"title":"Does the Implementation of a Model of Care Improve the Value for Money of Mental Health Services in Prisons?","authors":"P. Rouse, K. Pillai, B. McKenna, A. Simpson, J. Cavney, J. Skipworth, R. Tapsell, D. Madell","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70005","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is little research into appropriate measures of value for money in prison mental health services.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To develop and evaluate an accountability framework for an enhanced Prison Model of Care for people with serious mental illness in five New Zealand prisons. A key objective was to identify people with such illnesses who were missing from existing caseloads.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A generic public sector accountability framework was modified to provide measures of value for money around efficiency in its three component criteria of effectiveness and economy using a pre/post design, allowing measurement of flows between successive stages of this prison healthcare model. Measures were arranged into common dimensions around outcomes, outputs, inputs and costs, varied across the stages. The framework was populated with data collected from five prisons for the pre- and post-implementation periods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Improvements in the three criteria were generally obtained across all five areas of service delivery but especially in the screening, assessment, intervention and reintegration stages. Since these three criteria are major components of value for money, they provide evidence for improvement in value for money of the mental health services in these prisons. Other desired operational changes achieved were a threefold increase in the nurse to doctor ratio at the triage stage and slight increase in doctor to nurse ratio at the treatment stage. Overall, the implementation of this model of care achieved an increase in the size of caseload from 6.1% to 7.3% of the prison muster, equivalent to an increase in caseload of 21%.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This accountability framework confirmed the value for money of the Prison Model of Care for severe mental illness, highlighting areas of good performance as well as areas requiring further development. The framework also provides measures that can be used as key performance indicators in ongoing monitoring.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"228-239"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144849387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katie Minnett, Caitriona Higgins, Sharlene Akinyemi, Philip Minoudis, Emily Turton
Background
This was an evaluation of the quality of formulations for women within a community offender personality disorder pathway (OPDP) service. The evaluation was conducted following the delivery of a bespoke ‘formulating females who offend’ training event using a bespoke gender-responsive audit tool.
Aims
The aims of this evaluation were to use and review a bespoke gender-specific formulation audit tool and to evaluate the impact of a formulation training package on the quality of formulations and referral rates for women in the OPD pathway.
Methods
A training day was held for a range of professionals working within the OPD women's pathway. Professionals were requested to submit formulations they had completed prior to the training day and following the training day. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results
The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between women with a formulation and those without a formulation on number of referrals to relevant services. However, formulation audit scores showed no significant differences scores pre and post training.
Conclusions
This evaluation successfully utilised a gender-specific formulation audit tool for women who have offended. Use of formulation increased referrals, which has the potential to improve wellbeing and reduce risk for complex women in the criminal justice system. There was no significant improvement in the quality of formulations written after attendance at a training event. The authors provide suggestions for a future evaluation to improve the audit tool by establishing a threshold for adequacy. Recommendations are made to improve staff skills in formulation by including a more extensive development package.
{"title":"Development and Impact of a Specialist Formulation Tool Piloted in the OPD Women's Pathway","authors":"Katie Minnett, Caitriona Higgins, Sharlene Akinyemi, Philip Minoudis, Emily Turton","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70006","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This was an evaluation of the quality of formulations for women within a community offender personality disorder pathway (OPDP) service. The evaluation was conducted following the delivery of a bespoke ‘formulating females who offend’ training event using a bespoke gender-responsive audit tool.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aims of this evaluation were to use and review a bespoke gender-specific formulation audit tool and to evaluate the impact of a formulation training package on the quality of formulations and referral rates for women in the OPD pathway.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A training day was held for a range of professionals working within the OPD women's pathway. Professionals were requested to submit formulations they had completed prior to the training day and following the training day. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between women with a formulation and those without a formulation on number of referrals to relevant services. However, formulation audit scores showed no significant differences scores pre and post training.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This evaluation successfully utilised a gender-specific formulation audit tool for women who have offended. Use of formulation increased referrals, which has the potential to improve wellbeing and reduce risk for complex women in the criminal justice system. There was no significant improvement in the quality of formulations written after attendance at a training event. The authors provide suggestions for a future evaluation to improve the audit tool by establishing a threshold for adequacy. Recommendations are made to improve staff skills in formulation by including a more extensive development package.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"249-255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144849386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justice-involved young people face high rates of mental disorders, yet their needs often go unmet and their engagement with mental healthcare is low. Personal accounts by such young people are crucial for understanding how to enhance service delivery and informing future research. Bringing these together is important for narrowing the gaps in practice and research in this field.
Aim
The aim of this study is to answer, from published literature, two key questions: (1) How do young people involved with justice systems perceive their mental health and what factors influence these perceptions? (2) What do they view as barriers and facilitators to access to mental healthcare when within the justice system and what are their care preferences?
Methods
A systematic review and thematic synthesis were conducted using English-language studies that reported qualitative data on such views. Eight electronic databases were searched, as was the grey literature. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research.
Findings
Twenty-four studies involving 887 participants under the age of 21 were included. Four overarching themes emerged, with 15 supporting streams. Highlighted themes were low mental health literacy, stigmatising perceptions towards mental health and lack of trust in other people or the system. A call for belonging and connection with others was identified.
Conclusion
Justice-involved young people often fall through the cracks of the mental healthcare system due to systematic, environmental and individual challenges. Better awareness of the personal experiences and concerns of these young people is essential for service and system improvements.
{"title":"Perceptions of Mental Health, Mental Health Needs and Access to Mental Healthcare Among Justice-Involved Young People: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence","authors":"Mojca Babovič","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Justice-involved young people face high rates of mental disorders, yet their needs often go unmet and their engagement with mental healthcare is low. Personal accounts by such young people are crucial for understanding how to enhance service delivery and informing future research. Bringing these together is important for narrowing the gaps in practice and research in this field.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this study is to answer, from published literature, two key questions: (1) How do young people involved with justice systems perceive their mental health and what factors influence these perceptions? (2) What do they view as barriers and facilitators to access to mental healthcare when within the justice system and what are their care preferences?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic review and thematic synthesis were conducted using English-language studies that reported qualitative data on such views. Eight electronic databases were searched, as was the grey literature. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-four studies involving 887 participants under the age of 21 were included. Four overarching themes emerged, with 15 supporting streams. Highlighted themes were low mental health literacy, stigmatising perceptions towards mental health and lack of trust in other people or the system. A call for belonging and connection with others was identified.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Justice-involved young people often fall through the cracks of the mental healthcare system due to systematic, environmental and individual challenges. Better awareness of the personal experiences and concerns of these young people is essential for service and system improvements.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"206-227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144822828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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