Jordyn Monaghan, Krystal Lowe, Michael C Seto, Marc W Patry, Skye Stephens
Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death within correctional institutions, with men convicted of sexual offences over-represented among those who have attempted suicide. Despite an increased risk for suicidality, limited research has examined how past suicide attempts are associated with sexual offending and specific risk domains on assessment tools.
Aim: In consideration of shared risk factors for suicidality and sexual offending, the present study examined the association between previous suicide attempts and sexual offending, particularly in terms of risk domains.
Methods: The study sample comprised 369 men who underwent a comprehensive psychosexual assessment at a large sexual behaviour clinic between 1995 and 2006. Suicide attempt history was coded from clinical files and the association with Static-99R scores, recidivism, sexual interest in children, antisocial traits and diagnosis, and demographic variables was examined.
Results: Of our participants, 12.5% self-reported having previously attempted suicide. Although there was no significant association between Static-99R scores and previous suicide attempts, the magnitude of the effect was the same as previous research. Previous suicide attempts were significantly associated with an individual's age, prior non-sexual violence, and four or more previous sentencing dates.
Conclusion: Given the limited research in this area, the findings are important for increasing the understanding of suicide risk among people who have sexually offended. Study results suggest the need for an increasing understanding of suicide risk and more targeted suicide assessment and management strategies for those with sexual convictions.
{"title":"The Association Between Previous Suicide Attempts and Risk Level According to the Static-99R in Men Who Have Sexually Offended.","authors":"Jordyn Monaghan, Krystal Lowe, Michael C Seto, Marc W Patry, Skye Stephens","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Suicide is a leading cause of death within correctional institutions, with men convicted of sexual offences over-represented among those who have attempted suicide. Despite an increased risk for suicidality, limited research has examined how past suicide attempts are associated with sexual offending and specific risk domains on assessment tools.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>In consideration of shared risk factors for suicidality and sexual offending, the present study examined the association between previous suicide attempts and sexual offending, particularly in terms of risk domains.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study sample comprised 369 men who underwent a comprehensive psychosexual assessment at a large sexual behaviour clinic between 1995 and 2006. Suicide attempt history was coded from clinical files and the association with Static-99R scores, recidivism, sexual interest in children, antisocial traits and diagnosis, and demographic variables was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of our participants, 12.5% self-reported having previously attempted suicide. Although there was no significant association between Static-99R scores and previous suicide attempts, the magnitude of the effect was the same as previous research. Previous suicide attempts were significantly associated with an individual's age, prior non-sexual violence, and four or more previous sentencing dates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the limited research in this area, the findings are important for increasing the understanding of suicide risk among people who have sexually offended. Study results suggest the need for an increasing understanding of suicide risk and more targeted suicide assessment and management strategies for those with sexual convictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ebonnie Landwehr, David Garratt-Reed, Chloe Maxwell-Smith
Background
Stalkers' perpetration of verbal violence causes victims adverse mental health consequences, yet little research has examined this behaviour. Identifying correlates of verbal violence, as present in police data, could support the development of evidence-based practical strategies for police.
Aims
To understand the relationship between men's psychological distress or substance use, as identified by police, and their verbal violence against their female intimate partner stalking victims.
Methods
Data were extracted from anonymised police records of 603 men in Western Australia linked to a stalking offence in relation to a woman who is or was their intimate partner. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine whether police-identified psychological distress or drug use, as described in police incident reports, was significantly associated with verbal violence perpetration. Separate models were used to assess different expressions of verbal violence: ‘death/injury/sexual assault threats’ to the victim or of ‘other verbal violence’ only, and of the binary aggregate of these groups.
Results
Police-identified psychological distress (OR = 2.3–3.1) and drug use (OR = 2.1–2.2) were independently associated with reported verbal violence perpetration. Different patterns of findings emerged when verbal violence expression was differentiated across four contrasting groups. The model comparing ‘death/injury/sexual assault threats’ with ‘no verbal violence recorded’ explained over four times the variance of the model comparing ‘other verbal violence only’ with ‘no verbal violence recorded’. Physical violence was also relevant for understanding verbal violence perpetration.
Conclusions
This study is the first to explore correlates of intimate partner stalkers' verbal violence perpetration. According to police records, verbal violence was differentially associated with psychological distress, drug use and physical violence according to type of verbal violence and comparison group. These differences suggest that verbal violence expression types should be considered separately when intervening and within research designs.
{"title":"Understanding Verbal Violence Perpetration Among Intimate Partner Stalkers Using Police-Identified Psychological Distress and Drug Use","authors":"Ebonnie Landwehr, David Garratt-Reed, Chloe Maxwell-Smith","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70009","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stalkers' perpetration of verbal violence causes victims adverse mental health consequences, yet little research has examined this behaviour. Identifying correlates of verbal violence, as present in police data, could support the development of evidence-based practical strategies for police.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To understand the relationship between men's psychological distress or substance use, as identified by police, and their verbal violence against their female intimate partner stalking victims.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were extracted from anonymised police records of 603 men in Western Australia linked to a stalking offence in relation to a woman who is or was their intimate partner. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine whether police-identified psychological distress or drug use, as described in police incident reports, was significantly associated with verbal violence perpetration. Separate models were used to assess different expressions of verbal violence: ‘death/injury/sexual assault threats’ to the victim or of ‘other verbal violence’ only, and of the binary aggregate of these groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Police-identified psychological distress (OR = 2.3–3.1) and drug use (OR = 2.1–2.2) were independently associated with reported verbal violence perpetration. Different patterns of findings emerged when verbal violence expression was differentiated across four contrasting groups. The model comparing ‘death/injury/sexual assault threats’ with ‘no verbal violence recorded’ explained over four times the variance of the model comparing ‘other verbal violence only’ with ‘no verbal violence recorded’. Physical violence was also relevant for understanding verbal violence perpetration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study is the first to explore correlates of intimate partner stalkers' verbal violence perpetration. According to police records, verbal violence was differentially associated with psychological distress, drug use and physical violence according to type of verbal violence and comparison group. These differences suggest that verbal violence expression types should be considered separately when intervening and within research designs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"290-300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kim Barnett, Noor Butt, Rosie Allen, Pauline Goodlad, Anne Krayer, Adam O'Neill, Peter Huxley, Catherine Robinson, Emily Peckham, Rob Poole
Background
With a rising prison population, a substantial portion of whom are identified as substance misusers, it is important to understand the availability of treatment pathways, their successes and areas for improvement. Given the likely importance of national factors in criminal justice and substance use service provision, we chose to focus on one country.
Aim
To review substance misuse treatment and outcomes for such treatments as implemented in British prisons for men.
Methods
We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review, searching Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Sociology Collection, Web of Science Core Collection and Social Science Premium Collection between 1 January 2000 and 5 June 2024. Included were empirical, peer-reviewed studies of processes and outcomes of UK male prison-based substance misuse programmes. Primary outcomes included changes in substance use, withdrawal symptoms and experiences of interventions, whereas secondary outcomes encompassed quality of life, locus of control and mental health. Because of study design heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not possible. Analysis followed JBI methodology with a convergent synthesis.
Results
Fourteen studies were included: 8 qualitative, 5 quantitative studies of which 3 were randomised control trials (RCTs) and 1 mixed-methods study, with a combined sample of 4037 participants engaged in opioid substitute treatment (OST) and/or psychosocial interventions. Four key themes emerged: the power of purposeful activity, strengthening support systems, bridging patient needs with treatment plans and, for those in opiate programmes, experiences and engagement with opioid substitution treatments.
Conclusions
Participants articulated diverse treatment needs, highlighting the necessity of individualised and tailored reduction or maintenance plans. Treatment requires a comprehensive approach with the aim of facilitating effective social integration.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Substance Misuse Treatment Processes and Outcomes as Implemented in Prisons for Men in the UK","authors":"Kim Barnett, Noor Butt, Rosie Allen, Pauline Goodlad, Anne Krayer, Adam O'Neill, Peter Huxley, Catherine Robinson, Emily Peckham, Rob Poole","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70008","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With a rising prison population, a substantial portion of whom are identified as substance misusers, it is important to understand the availability of treatment pathways, their successes and areas for improvement. Given the likely importance of national factors in criminal justice and substance use service provision, we chose to focus on one country.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To review substance misuse treatment and outcomes for such treatments as implemented in British prisons for men.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review, searching Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Sociology Collection, Web of Science Core Collection and Social Science Premium Collection between 1 January 2000 and 5 June 2024. Included were empirical, peer-reviewed studies of processes and outcomes of UK male prison-based substance misuse programmes. Primary outcomes included changes in substance use, withdrawal symptoms and experiences of interventions, whereas secondary outcomes encompassed quality of life, locus of control and mental health. Because of study design heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not possible. Analysis followed JBI methodology with a convergent synthesis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fourteen studies were included: 8 qualitative, 5 quantitative studies of which 3 were randomised control trials (RCTs) and 1 mixed-methods study, with a combined sample of 4037 participants engaged in opioid substitute treatment (OST) and/or psychosocial interventions. Four key themes emerged: the power of purposeful activity, strengthening support systems, bridging patient needs with treatment plans and, for those in opiate programmes, experiences and engagement with opioid substitution treatments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants articulated diverse treatment needs, highlighting the necessity of individualised and tailored reduction or maintenance plans. Treatment requires a comprehensive approach with the aim of facilitating effective social integration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"270-289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Rouse, K. Pillai, B. McKenna, A. Simpson, J. Cavney, J. Skipworth, R. Tapsell, D. Madell
Background
There is little research into appropriate measures of value for money in prison mental health services.
Aims
To develop and evaluate an accountability framework for an enhanced Prison Model of Care for people with serious mental illness in five New Zealand prisons. A key objective was to identify people with such illnesses who were missing from existing caseloads.
Methods
A generic public sector accountability framework was modified to provide measures of value for money around efficiency in its three component criteria of effectiveness and economy using a pre/post design, allowing measurement of flows between successive stages of this prison healthcare model. Measures were arranged into common dimensions around outcomes, outputs, inputs and costs, varied across the stages. The framework was populated with data collected from five prisons for the pre- and post-implementation periods.
Results
Improvements in the three criteria were generally obtained across all five areas of service delivery but especially in the screening, assessment, intervention and reintegration stages. Since these three criteria are major components of value for money, they provide evidence for improvement in value for money of the mental health services in these prisons. Other desired operational changes achieved were a threefold increase in the nurse to doctor ratio at the triage stage and slight increase in doctor to nurse ratio at the treatment stage. Overall, the implementation of this model of care achieved an increase in the size of caseload from 6.1% to 7.3% of the prison muster, equivalent to an increase in caseload of 21%.
Conclusions
This accountability framework confirmed the value for money of the Prison Model of Care for severe mental illness, highlighting areas of good performance as well as areas requiring further development. The framework also provides measures that can be used as key performance indicators in ongoing monitoring.
{"title":"Does the Implementation of a Model of Care Improve the Value for Money of Mental Health Services in Prisons?","authors":"P. Rouse, K. Pillai, B. McKenna, A. Simpson, J. Cavney, J. Skipworth, R. Tapsell, D. Madell","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70005","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is little research into appropriate measures of value for money in prison mental health services.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To develop and evaluate an accountability framework for an enhanced Prison Model of Care for people with serious mental illness in five New Zealand prisons. A key objective was to identify people with such illnesses who were missing from existing caseloads.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A generic public sector accountability framework was modified to provide measures of value for money around efficiency in its three component criteria of effectiveness and economy using a pre/post design, allowing measurement of flows between successive stages of this prison healthcare model. Measures were arranged into common dimensions around outcomes, outputs, inputs and costs, varied across the stages. The framework was populated with data collected from five prisons for the pre- and post-implementation periods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Improvements in the three criteria were generally obtained across all five areas of service delivery but especially in the screening, assessment, intervention and reintegration stages. Since these three criteria are major components of value for money, they provide evidence for improvement in value for money of the mental health services in these prisons. Other desired operational changes achieved were a threefold increase in the nurse to doctor ratio at the triage stage and slight increase in doctor to nurse ratio at the treatment stage. Overall, the implementation of this model of care achieved an increase in the size of caseload from 6.1% to 7.3% of the prison muster, equivalent to an increase in caseload of 21%.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This accountability framework confirmed the value for money of the Prison Model of Care for severe mental illness, highlighting areas of good performance as well as areas requiring further development. The framework also provides measures that can be used as key performance indicators in ongoing monitoring.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"228-239"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144849387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katie Minnett, Caitriona Higgins, Sharlene Akinyemi, Philip Minoudis, Emily Turton
Background
This was an evaluation of the quality of formulations for women within a community offender personality disorder pathway (OPDP) service. The evaluation was conducted following the delivery of a bespoke ‘formulating females who offend’ training event using a bespoke gender-responsive audit tool.
Aims
The aims of this evaluation were to use and review a bespoke gender-specific formulation audit tool and to evaluate the impact of a formulation training package on the quality of formulations and referral rates for women in the OPD pathway.
Methods
A training day was held for a range of professionals working within the OPD women's pathway. Professionals were requested to submit formulations they had completed prior to the training day and following the training day. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results
The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between women with a formulation and those without a formulation on number of referrals to relevant services. However, formulation audit scores showed no significant differences scores pre and post training.
Conclusions
This evaluation successfully utilised a gender-specific formulation audit tool for women who have offended. Use of formulation increased referrals, which has the potential to improve wellbeing and reduce risk for complex women in the criminal justice system. There was no significant improvement in the quality of formulations written after attendance at a training event. The authors provide suggestions for a future evaluation to improve the audit tool by establishing a threshold for adequacy. Recommendations are made to improve staff skills in formulation by including a more extensive development package.
{"title":"Development and Impact of a Specialist Formulation Tool Piloted in the OPD Women's Pathway","authors":"Katie Minnett, Caitriona Higgins, Sharlene Akinyemi, Philip Minoudis, Emily Turton","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70006","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This was an evaluation of the quality of formulations for women within a community offender personality disorder pathway (OPDP) service. The evaluation was conducted following the delivery of a bespoke ‘formulating females who offend’ training event using a bespoke gender-responsive audit tool.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aims of this evaluation were to use and review a bespoke gender-specific formulation audit tool and to evaluate the impact of a formulation training package on the quality of formulations and referral rates for women in the OPD pathway.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A training day was held for a range of professionals working within the OPD women's pathway. Professionals were requested to submit formulations they had completed prior to the training day and following the training day. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between women with a formulation and those without a formulation on number of referrals to relevant services. However, formulation audit scores showed no significant differences scores pre and post training.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This evaluation successfully utilised a gender-specific formulation audit tool for women who have offended. Use of formulation increased referrals, which has the potential to improve wellbeing and reduce risk for complex women in the criminal justice system. There was no significant improvement in the quality of formulations written after attendance at a training event. The authors provide suggestions for a future evaluation to improve the audit tool by establishing a threshold for adequacy. Recommendations are made to improve staff skills in formulation by including a more extensive development package.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"249-255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144849386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justice-involved young people face high rates of mental disorders, yet their needs often go unmet and their engagement with mental healthcare is low. Personal accounts by such young people are crucial for understanding how to enhance service delivery and informing future research. Bringing these together is important for narrowing the gaps in practice and research in this field.
Aim
The aim of this study is to answer, from published literature, two key questions: (1) How do young people involved with justice systems perceive their mental health and what factors influence these perceptions? (2) What do they view as barriers and facilitators to access to mental healthcare when within the justice system and what are their care preferences?
Methods
A systematic review and thematic synthesis were conducted using English-language studies that reported qualitative data on such views. Eight electronic databases were searched, as was the grey literature. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research.
Findings
Twenty-four studies involving 887 participants under the age of 21 were included. Four overarching themes emerged, with 15 supporting streams. Highlighted themes were low mental health literacy, stigmatising perceptions towards mental health and lack of trust in other people or the system. A call for belonging and connection with others was identified.
Conclusion
Justice-involved young people often fall through the cracks of the mental healthcare system due to systematic, environmental and individual challenges. Better awareness of the personal experiences and concerns of these young people is essential for service and system improvements.
{"title":"Perceptions of Mental Health, Mental Health Needs and Access to Mental Healthcare Among Justice-Involved Young People: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence","authors":"Mojca Babovič","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Justice-involved young people face high rates of mental disorders, yet their needs often go unmet and their engagement with mental healthcare is low. Personal accounts by such young people are crucial for understanding how to enhance service delivery and informing future research. Bringing these together is important for narrowing the gaps in practice and research in this field.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this study is to answer, from published literature, two key questions: (1) How do young people involved with justice systems perceive their mental health and what factors influence these perceptions? (2) What do they view as barriers and facilitators to access to mental healthcare when within the justice system and what are their care preferences?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic review and thematic synthesis were conducted using English-language studies that reported qualitative data on such views. Eight electronic databases were searched, as was the grey literature. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-four studies involving 887 participants under the age of 21 were included. Four overarching themes emerged, with 15 supporting streams. Highlighted themes were low mental health literacy, stigmatising perceptions towards mental health and lack of trust in other people or the system. A call for belonging and connection with others was identified.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Justice-involved young people often fall through the cracks of the mental healthcare system due to systematic, environmental and individual challenges. Better awareness of the personal experiences and concerns of these young people is essential for service and system improvements.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"206-227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144822828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joscha Hausam, Friedrich Lösel, Robert J. B. Lehmann
Background
Homelessness is an urgent social issue that is often linked to poor mental health. Despite their vulnerability, people experiencing homelessness remain an understudied group.
Aims
This study examined the mental health of people experiencing homelessness and its association with victimisation, alcohol use disorder, hopelessness and sociodemographic factors.
Methods
Data were collected from 112 people experiencing homelessness in Berlin, Germany (40% women, average age 44, homeless for 4 years). Participants completed a set of validated questionnaires (e.g., Symptom Checklist—Revised for mental health problems).
Results
Results indicate significantly elevated levels of mental health problems, hopelessness and alcohol use disorder in the sample, along with high rates of victimisation. Correlational and regression analyses revealed significant associations between mental health and victimisation but not with alcohol use disorder and hopelessness. Associations with sociodemographics suggest that younger people and people with a migration background are particularly affected by mental health problems.
Conclusions
The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive interventions that address social and structural inequalities to improve the mental health of this highly vulnerable population. More research with larger, culturally sensitive samples and longitudinal designs is needed to better understand and address the complex interplay between homelessness and mental health.
{"title":"Mental Health of People Experiencing Homelessness and the Role of Hopelessness, Alcohol Use Disorder and Victimisation","authors":"Joscha Hausam, Friedrich Lösel, Robert J. B. Lehmann","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70003","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Homelessness is an urgent social issue that is often linked to poor mental health. Despite their vulnerability, people experiencing homelessness remain an understudied group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examined the mental health of people experiencing homelessness and its association with victimisation, alcohol use disorder, hopelessness and sociodemographic factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were collected from 112 people experiencing homelessness in Berlin, Germany (40% women, average age 44, homeless for 4 years). Participants completed a set of validated questionnaires (e.g., Symptom Checklist—Revised for mental health problems).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Results indicate significantly elevated levels of mental health problems, hopelessness and alcohol use disorder in the sample, along with high rates of victimisation. Correlational and regression analyses revealed significant associations between mental health and victimisation but not with alcohol use disorder and hopelessness. Associations with sociodemographics suggest that younger people and people with a migration background are particularly affected by mental health problems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive interventions that address social and structural inequalities to improve the mental health of this highly vulnerable population. More research with larger, culturally sensitive samples and longitudinal designs is needed to better understand and address the complex interplay between homelessness and mental health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"197-205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144691947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Childhood traumas and low theory of mind abilities have been shown to be associated with violence, crime and schizophrenia. Understanding the factors that predispose to violent behaviour by patients with schizophrenia is important for treatment and safety.
Aims
To investigate relationships between childhood trauma, theory of mind and violent behaviour in patients with schizophrenia and in a healthy comparison sample. Our hypothesis was that patients with schizophrenia who had been violent would be more likely to have a history of childhood trauma and show impairments in theory of mind impairments than either non-violent patients with schizophrenia or healthy non-violent people.
Methods
In a cross-sectional design, we recruited 30 patients with schizophrenia who had a history of violent crime, 50 patients with schizophrenia but no history of violence and 50 healthy people without history of violence. Each participant completed the positive and negative syndrome scale, childhood trauma questionnaire, the reading the mind in the eyes test and the hinting task.
Results
Patients were significantly more likely to be male, without employment and on low income than healthy controls with a suggestion of the violent patient group being worst off. Childhood trauma history and theory of mind tests distinguished the schizophrenia groups from healthy controls but not from each other. Logistic regression analysis, comparing the schizophrenia groups only, confirmed that male sex and number of prior hospitalisations were the only two characteristics that independently distinguished the violent from the non-violent groups with schizophrenia.
Conclusions
Childhood trauma histories and theory of mind test results differed only between people with schizophrenia and healthy prosocial adults of similar age, but did not distinguish between the violent and non-violent people with schizophrenia. Whereas a pathway to violence in the context of schizophrenia from early trauma through impaired reading of others' emotions seems plausible, it still lacks evidence. Our findings suggest good reason to assess and treat impairments of emotional perception and processing in people with schizophrenia, but that the need is unlikely to be specific to those who become violent. This needs further res
{"title":"Is Schizophrenia a Scapegoat? the Role of Childhood Traumas and Theory of Mind on Crime","authors":"Cetin Sahabettin, Kapubagli-Cetin Nazlı, Sözeri-Varma Gülfizar, Toker-Ugurlu Tugce","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70002","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Childhood traumas and low theory of mind abilities have been shown to be associated with violence, crime and schizophrenia. Understanding the factors that predispose to violent behaviour by patients with schizophrenia is important for treatment and safety.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To investigate relationships between childhood trauma, theory of mind and violent behaviour in patients with schizophrenia and in a healthy comparison sample. Our hypothesis was that patients with schizophrenia who had been violent would be more likely to have a history of childhood trauma and show impairments in theory of mind impairments than either non-violent patients with schizophrenia or healthy non-violent people.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a cross-sectional design, we recruited 30 patients with schizophrenia who had a history of violent crime, 50 patients with schizophrenia but no history of violence and 50 healthy people without history of violence. Each participant completed the positive and negative syndrome scale, childhood trauma questionnaire, the reading the mind in the eyes test and the hinting task.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients were significantly more likely to be male, without employment and on low income than healthy controls with a suggestion of the violent patient group being worst off. Childhood trauma history and theory of mind tests distinguished the schizophrenia groups from healthy controls but not from each other. Logistic regression analysis, comparing the schizophrenia groups only, confirmed that male sex and number of prior hospitalisations were the only two characteristics that independently distinguished the violent from the non-violent groups with schizophrenia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Childhood trauma histories and theory of mind test results differed only between people with schizophrenia and healthy prosocial adults of similar age, but did not distinguish between the violent and non-violent people with schizophrenia. Whereas a pathway to violence in the context of schizophrenia from early trauma through impaired reading of others' emotions seems plausible, it still lacks evidence. Our findings suggest good reason to assess and treat impairments of emotional perception and processing in people with schizophrenia, but that the need is unlikely to be specific to those who become violent. This needs further res","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"187-196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mary McMurran, Libby Payne, Alys Harrop, Nicola Bowes
Background
The Parole Board for England & Wales makes decisions on the release or continued detention of people in prison. Psychological risk assessments (PRAs) assist in decision making and it is crucial that they are of good quality, including coherent and useful case formulations.
Aims
The purpose of this study was to examine Parole Board members’ views on the accessibility, quality and usefulness of case formulations in PRAs.
Method
Interviews were conducted with 8 psychologist/psychiatrist members and 11 independent/judicial members.
Results
Respondents valued formulations in identifying idiosyncratic risk factors and linking these to risk management strategies. Nevertheless, they identified challenges to their validity, with concerns about facts versus hypotheses. Particular problems were seen in the assessment of those denying their offending and in collaborative case formulation. Integrating information and hypothesising under what conditions a risk factor might be activated was seen as important. Ignoring ethnic and cultural factors was seen as commonplace.
Conclusion
The opinions of Parole Board users of PRAs provide information that could be used to improve the validity and usefulness of risk formulations, including adding to existing practice guidelines. A broader study of users’ perceptions of PRAs as a whole, not just formulations, would be useful and research on impacts is desirable.
{"title":"Does Risk Formulation Help Independent Review Board Decisions on Release of Prisoners? A Qualitative Study With Parole Board Members in England and Wales","authors":"Mary McMurran, Libby Payne, Alys Harrop, Nicola Bowes","doi":"10.1002/cbm.70001","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Parole Board for England & Wales makes decisions on the release or continued detention of people in prison. Psychological risk assessments (PRAs) assist in decision making and it is crucial that they are of good quality, including coherent and useful case formulations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this study was to examine Parole Board members’ views on the accessibility, quality and usefulness of case formulations in PRAs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Interviews were conducted with 8 psychologist/psychiatrist members and 11 independent/judicial members.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respondents valued formulations in identifying idiosyncratic risk factors and linking these to risk management strategies. Nevertheless, they identified challenges to their validity, with concerns about facts versus hypotheses. Particular problems were seen in the assessment of those denying their offending and in collaborative case formulation. Integrating information and hypothesising under what conditions a risk factor might be activated was seen as important. Ignoring ethnic and cultural factors was seen as commonplace.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The opinions of Parole Board users of PRAs provide information that could be used to improve the validity and usefulness of risk formulations, including adding to existing practice guidelines. A broader study of users’ perceptions of PRAs as a whole, not just formulations, would be useful and research on impacts is desirable.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 5","pages":"263-269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144643770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gemma Dearn, Jennifer Bradbury, Helen Thomas, Rachael Wheatley
Background
In earlier research with prisoners, we observed that convicted stalkers had skill deficits in interpreting their experiences of stalking and their motivations for it, suggesting narcissistic vulnerability.
Aims
Our primary aim was to explore the prevalence of narcissistic vulnerability in men serving a prison sentence in England and to investigate differences in narcissistic vulnerability and attachment styles between men convicted of stalking offences and men convicted of other offences but serving similar sentences.
Methods
Participants were from across 16 closed custodial settings in England. Everyone serving a sentence for a stalking offence was invited to participate together with a same size sample of men serving similar sentences for other offences and without a stalking history. 25%–30% of the eligible men agreed to participate. Each completed three psychometric scales, rating themselves on the Narcissistic Vulnerability Scale (NVS), the Brief-Pathological Narcissism Inventory (B-PNI) and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) scale. A series of independent sample t-tests were used to compare the experimental group to the other-conviction control group.
Results
Twenty-nine individuals sentenced for stalking offences and 25 other prisoners, all men, completed. The stalking group had significantly higher mean scores on narcissistic vulnerability according to both scales and significantly higher mean attachment style difficulties together with higher mean anxiety scores and avoidant scores.
Conclusions
Our findings add data on aspects of personality to a limited pool that supports understanding of men convicted of stalking. Although our sampling and data collection were both limited by the COVID-19 pandemic conditions, our findings further evidence the case for intervention with respect to ameliorating the personality characteristics of narcissistic vulnerability and attachment styles of such men.
{"title":"The Prevalence of Narcissistic Vulnerability in Men in English Prisons After Criminal Conviction for Stalking","authors":"Gemma Dearn, Jennifer Bradbury, Helen Thomas, Rachael Wheatley","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2388","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2388","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In earlier research with prisoners, we observed that convicted stalkers had skill deficits in interpreting their experiences of stalking and their motivations for it, suggesting narcissistic vulnerability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our primary aim was to explore the prevalence of narcissistic vulnerability in men serving a prison sentence in England and to investigate differences in narcissistic vulnerability and attachment styles between men convicted of stalking offences and men convicted of other offences but serving similar sentences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants were from across 16 closed custodial settings in England. Everyone serving a sentence for a stalking offence was invited to participate together with a same size sample of men serving similar sentences for other offences and without a stalking history. 25%–30% of the eligible men agreed to participate. Each completed three psychometric scales, rating themselves on the Narcissistic Vulnerability Scale (NVS), the Brief-Pathological Narcissism Inventory (B-PNI) and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) scale. A series of independent sample <i>t</i>-tests were used to compare the experimental group to the other-conviction control group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-nine individuals sentenced for stalking offences and 25 other prisoners, all men, completed. The stalking group had significantly higher mean scores on narcissistic vulnerability according to both scales and significantly higher mean attachment style difficulties together with higher mean anxiety scores and avoidant scores.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings add data on aspects of personality to a limited pool that supports understanding of men convicted of stalking. Although our sampling and data collection were both limited by the COVID-19 pandemic conditions, our findings further evidence the case for intervention with respect to ameliorating the personality characteristics of narcissistic vulnerability and attachment styles of such men.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"35 4","pages":"179-186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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