首页 > 最新文献

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health最新文献

英文 中文
Meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in prison: A comment on Fazel and Favril (2024) and reanalysis of the data 监狱中注意力缺陷多动障碍患病率的元分析:对 Fazel 和 Favril(2024 年)的评论以及对数据的重新分析。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2347
Stéphanie Baggio, Orestis Efthimiou

Background

Fazel and Favril presented a reanalysis of our previously published systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prison.

Aims

The current paper addresses some of the criticisms of Fazel and Favril on our meta-analysis and presents a reanalysis of the data, focusing on adult detained persons.

Methods

We conducted a meta—regression on 28 studies (n = 7710) to estimae the pooled prevalence of ADHD.

Results

This reanalysis yielded a pooled estimate of 22.2% for the prevalence of ADHD (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.7; 28.6), which disagrees with the estimate given by Fazel and Favril (8.3%, 95% CI: 3.8; 12.8).

Conclusion

We argue that the ADHD prevalence provided by Fazel and Favril was an underestimate due to their use of too restrictive exclusion criteria and suboptimal analysis methods. Our reanalysis on detained adults suggests a higher ADHD prevalence, which highlights the need to diagnose and treat ADHD in prison.

背景:法泽尔和法夫里尔对我们之前发表的关于监狱中注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患病率的系统综述和荟萃分析进行了重新分析。目的:本文回应了法泽尔和法夫里尔对我们的荟萃分析提出的一些批评,并对数据进行了重新分析,重点关注成年被拘留者:我们对 28 项研究(n = 7710)进行了元回归,以估计多动症的总体患病率:结果:重新分析得出的ADHD患病率总体估计值为22.2%(95%置信区间[CI]:15.7;28.6),这与Fazel和Favril给出的估计值(8.3%,95% CI:3.8;12.8)不同:我们认为,Fazel 和 Favril 提供的多动症患病率被低估了,这是因为他们使用了过于严格的排除标准和不理想的分析方法。我们对被拘留的成年人进行的重新分析表明,多动症的患病率更高,这凸显了在监狱中诊断和治疗多动症的必要性。
{"title":"Meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in prison: A comment on Fazel and Favril (2024) and reanalysis of the data","authors":"Stéphanie Baggio,&nbsp;Orestis Efthimiou","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2347","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2347","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fazel and Favril presented a reanalysis of our previously published systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prison.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current paper addresses some of the criticisms of Fazel and Favril on our meta-analysis and presents a reanalysis of the data, focusing on adult detained persons.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a meta—regression on 28 studies (<i>n</i> = 7710) to estimae the pooled prevalence of ADHD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This reanalysis yielded a pooled estimate of 22.2% for the prevalence of ADHD (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.7; 28.6), which disagrees with the estimate given by Fazel and Favril (8.3%, 95% CI: 3.8; 12.8).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We argue that the ADHD prevalence provided by Fazel and Favril was an underestimate due to their use of too restrictive exclusion criteria and suboptimal analysis methods. Our reanalysis on detained adults suggests a higher ADHD prevalence, which highlights the need to diagnose and treat ADHD in prison.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 4","pages":"385-390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141318603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A comparison of patient ratings and staff ratings of disability using the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule in individuals with psychotic spectrum disorders who are forensic psychiatric inpatients 使用世界卫生组织残疾评估表对法医精神病住院患者中的精神病谱系障碍患者的残疾评级和工作人员的残疾评级进行比较。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-02 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2344
Malin V. Källman, Mathilde Hedlund-Lindberg, Marianne Kristiansson, Anette G. M. Johansson

Background

Psychosocial rehabilitation in forensic psychiatric services requires sound measurement of patient and staff perceptions of psychosocial function. The recommended World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS), designed for this, has not been examined with offender patients.

Aims

To examine patient and staff WHODAS ratings of secure hospital inpatients with psychosis, any differences between them and explore associations with other clinical factors.

Methods

Seventy-three patients self-rated on the WHODAS after 3 months as inpatients. An occupational therapist interviewed the patient's primary nurse and care team at about the same time (staff ratings). Scores were calculated according to the WHODAS manual. WHODAS scores and interview-rated symptom severity, cognitive measures, daily antipsychotic dose and duration of care were compared.

Results

Patient ratings indicated less disability than staff ratings for total score and for the domains of understanding and communicating, getting along and life activities. Self-care and participation ratings were similar. Patients were more likely to rate themselves as disabled in getting around (mobility). Only one-fifth of patient- and staff- ratings (16, 22%) were similar, while for nearly a third of the patients (23, 32%) self-ratings were higher than staff ratings. More severe positive symptoms were associated with higher self-rated WHODAS disability after accounting for treatment duration, negative symptoms, cognitive score and antipsychotic dose. No variable accounted for the staff/patient differences in ratings.

Conclusion

Our mean WHODAS score findings echoed those in other patient samples—of patient underestimation of disability, linked to severity of symptoms. In this study using the WHODAS for the first time in a forensic mental health secure inpatient service, however, we found that, by comparing individuals, half of the patients reported equivalent or greater disability than did staff. Future research should focus on elucidating from patients what contributes to their self-ratings. Understanding their thought processes in rating may enhance rehabilitation planning.

背景:法医精神病学服务中的社会心理康复需要对病人和工作人员对社会心理功能的看法进行合理的测量。目的:研究精神病安全医院住院病人的病人和工作人员对世界卫生组织残疾评估表 2.0(WHODAS)的评分,研究他们之间的差异,并探讨与其他临床因素的关联:73名患者在住院3个月后对WHODAS进行了自我评分。职业治疗师大约同时对患者的主治护士和护理团队进行了访谈(员工评分)。分数根据 WHODAS 手册计算。将WHODAS评分与访谈评定的症状严重程度、认知能力、每日抗精神病药物剂量和护理时间进行比较:结果:在总分以及理解与沟通、相处和生活活动等方面,患者评分显示的残疾程度低于工作人员评分。自理能力和参与能力的评分相似。患者更有可能将自己评为行动不便。只有五分之一的患者(16%,22%)和工作人员的评分相似,而近三分之一的患者(23%,32%)的自我评分高于工作人员的评分。在考虑了治疗时间、阴性症状、认知评分和抗精神病药物剂量后,阳性症状越严重,自评的 WHODAS 残疾程度越高。没有任何变量可以解释工作人员与患者之间的评分差异:我们的 WHODAS 平均评分结果与其他患者样本的结果一致--患者低估了与症状严重程度相关的残疾程度。然而,在这项首次在法医精神健康安全住院服务中使用 WHODAS 的研究中,我们发现,通过对个体进行比较,半数患者报告的残疾程度与工作人员报告的残疾程度相当或更高。未来的研究应侧重于向患者阐明是什么导致了他们的自我评分。了解他们在评级时的思维过程可能会有助于制定康复计划。
{"title":"A comparison of patient ratings and staff ratings of disability using the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule in individuals with psychotic spectrum disorders who are forensic psychiatric inpatients","authors":"Malin V. Källman,&nbsp;Mathilde Hedlund-Lindberg,&nbsp;Marianne Kristiansson,&nbsp;Anette G. M. Johansson","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2344","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2344","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Psychosocial rehabilitation in forensic psychiatric services requires sound measurement of patient and staff perceptions of psychosocial function. The recommended World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS), designed for this, has not been examined with offender patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To examine patient and staff WHODAS ratings of secure hospital inpatients with psychosis, any differences between them and explore associations with other clinical factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seventy-three patients self-rated on the WHODAS after 3 months as inpatients. An occupational therapist interviewed the patient's primary nurse and care team at about the same time (staff ratings). Scores were calculated according to the WHODAS manual. WHODAS scores and interview-rated symptom severity, cognitive measures, daily antipsychotic dose and duration of care were compared.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patient ratings indicated less disability than staff ratings for total score and for the domains of understanding and communicating, getting along and life activities. Self-care and participation ratings were similar. Patients were more likely to rate themselves as disabled in getting around (mobility). Only one-fifth of patient- and staff- ratings (16, 22%) were similar, while for nearly a third of the patients (23, 32%) self-ratings were higher than staff ratings. More severe positive symptoms were associated with higher self-rated WHODAS disability after accounting for treatment duration, negative symptoms, cognitive score and antipsychotic dose. No variable accounted for the staff/patient differences in ratings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our mean WHODAS score findings echoed those in other patient samples—of patient underestimation of disability, linked to severity of symptoms. In this study using the WHODAS for the first time in a forensic mental health secure inpatient service, however, we found that, by comparing individuals, half of the patients reported equivalent or greater disability than did staff. Future research should focus on elucidating from patients what contributes to their self-ratings. Understanding their thought processes in rating may enhance rehabilitation planning.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 4","pages":"347-359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141201085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Screening and identification of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in criminal legal settings: A realist review 在刑事法律环境中筛查和识别胎儿酒精谱系障碍:现实主义审查
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2336
Emma Jewell, Bianka Dunleavy, Martina Faitakis, Jessica W. Pun, Sarah Moss, Jacqueline Pei, Mansfield Mela, Katherine Flannigan, Melissa Tremblay, Kaitlyn McLachlan
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been identified as a promising approach to improve recognition, understanding and effective response to the unique needs of those with FASD in criminal legal settings. However, to date, there has been limited synthesis of relevant screening tools, indicators, or implementation considerations in this context.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Aims</h3> <p>The present review aimed to synthesise evidence and develop a conceptual framework for understanding how, when, why, for whom and by whom FASD screening tools, items and/or indicators and characteristics serve to accurately identify people with FASD in criminal legal contexts, with consideration of individual and system needs relevant to effective implementation and response.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>A preregistered search was conducted using a modified realist review framework for both peer-reviewed articles and grey literature. Included sources were available in English, which focused on individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure and/or FASD with criminal legal involvement and offered new empirical evidence. Sources were reviewed using the Quality Control Tool for Screening Titles and Abstracts by Second Reviewer framework, extracted using a structured coding form and narratively synthesised.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>The search yielded 52 sources, 11 FASD screening tools designed for or applied in criminal legal settings and 38 potential FASD indicators or characteristics relevant to identifying people who may have FASD in criminal legal settings, organised into six conceptually related domains. There was limited evidence supporting the psychometric properties of screening tools across populations or settings, though growing evidence highlights the promise of some instruments. Although few studies characterised potential considerations to be made when implementing a screening tool or approach, both system and individual level needs related to recognising and effectively responding to FASD in criminal legal contexts were identified, and findings revealed strong support among legal and clinical professionals regarding the need for FASD screening in these settings.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>Findings of this review can be used to inform the development, selection, implementation and evaluation of FASD screening tools in criminal legal settings
背景对胎儿酒精谱系障碍(FASD)进行筛查已被认为是一种很有前途的方法,可以提高对刑事法律环境中 FASD 患者独特需求的识别、理解和有效应对。然而,迄今为止,对相关筛查工具、指标或在此背景下的实施考虑因素的综述十分有限。 目的 本综述旨在综合证据并制定一个概念框架,以了解FASD筛查工具、项目和/或指标及特征如何、何时、为何、针对谁以及由谁在刑事法律环境中准确识别FASD患者,同时考虑与有效实施和应对相关的个人和系统需求。 方法 采用修改后的现实主义审查框架,对同行评议文章和灰色文献进行了预先登记的搜索。所纳入的资料均为英文,重点关注产前酒精暴露和/或涉及刑事法律问题的 FASD 患者,并提供新的经验证据。第二审稿人使用筛选标题和摘要的质量控制工具框架对资料来源进行审查,使用结构化编码表进行提取,并进行叙述性综合。 结果 搜索结果包括52个资料来源、11个为刑事法律环境设计或应用的FASD筛查工具,以及38个潜在的FASD指标或特征,这些指标或特征与在刑事法律环境中识别可能患有FASD的人有关,并分为六个概念相关的领域。尽管有越来越多的证据表明一些筛查工具大有可为,但支持不同人群或不同环境下筛查工具心理测量特性的证据有限。尽管很少有研究描述了在实施筛查工具或方法时可能需要考虑的因素,但还是确定了在刑事法律环境中与识别和有效应对 FASD 相关的系统和个人层面的需求,研究结果显示,法律和临床专业人员强烈支持在这些环境中进行 FASD 筛查。 结论 本综述的结果可用于为刑事法律环境中FASD筛查工具的开发、选择、实施和评估提供信息,并强调需要继续加强资源、政策和跨部门响应,以更好地支持刑事法律环境中FASD患者的需求。
{"title":"Screening and identification of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in criminal legal settings: A realist review","authors":"Emma Jewell,&nbsp;Bianka Dunleavy,&nbsp;Martina Faitakis,&nbsp;Jessica W. Pun,&nbsp;Sarah Moss,&nbsp;Jacqueline Pei,&nbsp;Mansfield Mela,&nbsp;Katherine Flannigan,&nbsp;Melissa Tremblay,&nbsp;Kaitlyn McLachlan","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2336","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been identified as a promising approach to improve recognition, understanding and effective response to the unique needs of those with FASD in criminal legal settings. However, to date, there has been limited synthesis of relevant screening tools, indicators, or implementation considerations in this context.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Aims&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The present review aimed to synthesise evidence and develop a conceptual framework for understanding how, when, why, for whom and by whom FASD screening tools, items and/or indicators and characteristics serve to accurately identify people with FASD in criminal legal contexts, with consideration of individual and system needs relevant to effective implementation and response.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;A preregistered search was conducted using a modified realist review framework for both peer-reviewed articles and grey literature. Included sources were available in English, which focused on individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure and/or FASD with criminal legal involvement and offered new empirical evidence. Sources were reviewed using the Quality Control Tool for Screening Titles and Abstracts by Second Reviewer framework, extracted using a structured coding form and narratively synthesised.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The search yielded 52 sources, 11 FASD screening tools designed for or applied in criminal legal settings and 38 potential FASD indicators or characteristics relevant to identifying people who may have FASD in criminal legal settings, organised into six conceptually related domains. There was limited evidence supporting the psychometric properties of screening tools across populations or settings, though growing evidence highlights the promise of some instruments. Although few studies characterised potential considerations to be made when implementing a screening tool or approach, both system and individual level needs related to recognising and effectively responding to FASD in criminal legal contexts were identified, and findings revealed strong support among legal and clinical professionals regarding the need for FASD screening in these settings.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Findings of this review can be used to inform the development, selection, implementation and evaluation of FASD screening tools in criminal legal settings ","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 2","pages":"208-270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140651238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CBMH special issue editorial: Neurodivergent conditions and criminal behaviour CBMH 特刊社论:神经差异条件与犯罪行为
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2335
Ken Courtenay
{"title":"CBMH special issue editorial: Neurodivergent conditions and criminal behaviour","authors":"Ken Courtenay","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2335","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2335","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 2","pages":"115-116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140569424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adult prisoners: An updated meta-analysis 成年囚犯中注意力缺陷多动障碍的患病率:最新荟萃分析
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2337
Seena Fazel, Louis Favril

Background

Previous meta-analyses may have overestimated the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prisoners by including data from selected samples.

Aims

To estimate the prevalence of ADHD in unselected samples of adults in prison and examine potential sources of heterogeneity by meta-regression and subgroup analyses.

Methods

We assessed all studies included in a 2018 systematic review for eligibility and updated the literature search to include studies published up to September 2023.

Results

A total of 11 studies reporting robust diagnostic data on ADHD in 3919 unselected adults in prison were included. In meta-regression, ADHD prevalence did not differ between men and women but it was significantly higher in studies using a two-phase design. In random sampling studies, the pooled prevalence of ADHD was 8.3% (95% CI: 3.8–12.8) which was further halved after the removal of an outlier.

Conclusion

One in 12 adults in prison have been diagnosed with ADHD. Our findings highlight the importance of using clear and consistent inclusion criteria in meta-analyses of prevalence.

背景以往的荟萃分析可能会因为纳入了选定样本的数据而高估了囚犯中注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的患病率.目的通过荟萃回归和亚组分析,估算未选定样本的成年囚犯中ADHD的患病率,并研究潜在的异质性来源。方法我们评估了2018年系统综述中纳入的所有研究的资格,并更新了文献检索,纳入了截至2023年9月发表的研究。结果共纳入了11项研究,这些研究报告了3919名未入选的成年囚犯中ADHD的可靠诊断数据。在元回归中,ADHD的患病率在男女之间没有差异,但在采用两阶段设计的研究中,患病率明显较高。在随机取样的研究中,ADHD的总患病率为8.3%(95% CI:3.8-12.8),在去除一个离群值后,患病率进一步降低了一半。我们的研究结果凸显了在对患病率进行荟萃分析时使用明确一致的纳入标准的重要性。
{"title":"Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adult prisoners: An updated meta-analysis","authors":"Seena Fazel,&nbsp;Louis Favril","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2337","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2337","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Previous meta-analyses may have overestimated the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prisoners by including data from selected samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To estimate the prevalence of ADHD in unselected samples of adults in prison and examine potential sources of heterogeneity by meta-regression and subgroup analyses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We assessed all studies included in a 2018 systematic review for eligibility and updated the literature search to include studies published up to September 2023.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 11 studies reporting robust diagnostic data on ADHD in 3919 unselected adults in prison were included. In meta-regression, ADHD prevalence did not differ between men and women but it was significantly higher in studies using a two-phase design. In random sampling studies, the pooled prevalence of ADHD was 8.3% (95% CI: 3.8–12.8) which was further halved after the removal of an outlier.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One in 12 adults in prison have been diagnosed with ADHD. Our findings highlight the importance of using clear and consistent inclusion criteria in meta-analyses of prevalence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 3","pages":"339-346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140569592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A literature review of outcome and treatment options after acquired brain injury: Suggestions for adult offenders using knowledge from the general population 关于后天性脑损伤后的结果和治疗方案的文献综述:利用普通人群的知识为成年罪犯提供建议。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2334
Esther Q. J. de Geus, Maarten V. Milders, Joan E. van Horn, Frank A. Jonker, Thijs Fassaert, Juliette C. Hutten, Femke Kuipers, Christel Grimbergen, Siri D. S. Noordermeer
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a major health problem, often with negative effects on behaviour and mental health as well as cognition. Prevalence of ABI is exceptionally high among offenders and increases their re-offending risk. Information on risk factors for ABI and its outcomes among offenders that could guide effective treatment for them is, nevertheless, scarce and dispersed. However, there is a more substantial literature about the general population that could inform work with brain-injured offenders, especially when selecting for samples or subgroups with similar relevant characteristics, such as lower socio-economic status (SES), pre-injury lower tested intelligence score (<85) and pre-injury mental health problems.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Aims</h3> <p>To explore brain injury data from non-offender samples of otherwise similar socio-economic and mental health and ability characteristics to offenders then, first, to describe their untreated outcomes and, secondly, outcomes after frequently used interventions in these circumstances, noting factors associated with their effectiveness.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Method</h3> <p>Three databases were systematically searched for the years 2010–2022; first, using terms for brain injury or damage and cognitive (dys)function, mental health or quality of life. Second, in a separate search, we used these terms <i>and</i> terms for interventions and rehabilitation. In the second review, studies were selected for clear, distinguishable data on age, sex, SES and lifestyle factors to facilitate inferences for offenders. A narrative analytical approach was adopted for both reviews.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Samples with characteristics that are typical in offender groups, including lower SES, lower pre-injury intelligence quotient (<85), prior cognitive impairments and prior mental health problems, had poorer cognitive and behavioural outcomes following ABI than those without such additional problems, together with lower treatment adherence. With respect to treatment, adequate motivation and self-awareness were associated with better cognitive and behavioural outcomes than when these were low or absent, regardless of the outcome measured.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>More complex pre-injury mental health problems and social disadvantages typical of offenders are associated with poorer post-brain injury recovery
背景:获得性脑损伤(ABI)是一个重大的健康问题,通常会对行为、心理健康和认知能力产生负面影响。后天性脑损伤在罪犯中的发病率极高,并增加了他们再次犯罪的风险。然而,有关罪犯心理健康障碍的风险因素及其后果的资料却很少,而且分散,无法指导对罪犯的有效治疗。目的:从社会经济、心理健康和能力特征与罪犯相似的非罪犯样本中探索脑损伤数据,然后首先描述他们未经治疗的结果,其次描述在这些情况下常用干预措施的结果,并注意与这些措施有效性相关的因素:首先,我们使用脑损伤或脑损伤、认知(功能障碍)、心理健康或生活质量等术语对 2010-2022 年的三个数据库进行了系统检索。其次,在另一项检索中,我们使用了这些术语以及干预和康复术语。在第二篇综述中,我们选择了有关年龄、性别、社会经济地位和生活方式等因素的明确、可区分的数据,以便于对罪犯进行推断。两篇综述均采用了叙述分析法:结果:研究样本具有罪犯群体的典型特征,包括较低的社会经济地位、较低的受伤前智商(结论:受伤前的心理健康更为复杂)、较高的生活方式和较低的生活质量(结论:受伤前的心理健康更为复杂):罪犯典型的受伤前更复杂的心理健康问题和社会不利条件与脑损伤后更差的恢复有关。本文通过汇集遵循特定结果轨迹的研究成果,为实践知识增添了新的内容。总体而言,针对普通人群的成功脑损伤干预措施所针对的伤前困难与罪犯中出现的困难相当,这表明针对伤情的个性化治疗以及对这些困难的考虑能够最大限度地取得积极成果。
{"title":"A literature review of outcome and treatment options after acquired brain injury: Suggestions for adult offenders using knowledge from the general population","authors":"Esther Q. J. de Geus,&nbsp;Maarten V. Milders,&nbsp;Joan E. van Horn,&nbsp;Frank A. Jonker,&nbsp;Thijs Fassaert,&nbsp;Juliette C. Hutten,&nbsp;Femke Kuipers,&nbsp;Christel Grimbergen,&nbsp;Siri D. S. Noordermeer","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2334","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2334","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a major health problem, often with negative effects on behaviour and mental health as well as cognition. Prevalence of ABI is exceptionally high among offenders and increases their re-offending risk. Information on risk factors for ABI and its outcomes among offenders that could guide effective treatment for them is, nevertheless, scarce and dispersed. However, there is a more substantial literature about the general population that could inform work with brain-injured offenders, especially when selecting for samples or subgroups with similar relevant characteristics, such as lower socio-economic status (SES), pre-injury lower tested intelligence score (&lt;85) and pre-injury mental health problems.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Aims&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;To explore brain injury data from non-offender samples of otherwise similar socio-economic and mental health and ability characteristics to offenders then, first, to describe their untreated outcomes and, secondly, outcomes after frequently used interventions in these circumstances, noting factors associated with their effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Method&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Three databases were systematically searched for the years 2010–2022; first, using terms for brain injury or damage and cognitive (dys)function, mental health or quality of life. Second, in a separate search, we used these terms &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; terms for interventions and rehabilitation. In the second review, studies were selected for clear, distinguishable data on age, sex, SES and lifestyle factors to facilitate inferences for offenders. A narrative analytical approach was adopted for both reviews.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Samples with characteristics that are typical in offender groups, including lower SES, lower pre-injury intelligence quotient (&lt;85), prior cognitive impairments and prior mental health problems, had poorer cognitive and behavioural outcomes following ABI than those without such additional problems, together with lower treatment adherence. With respect to treatment, adequate motivation and self-awareness were associated with better cognitive and behavioural outcomes than when these were low or absent, regardless of the outcome measured.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;More complex pre-injury mental health problems and social disadvantages typical of offenders are associated with poorer post-brain injury recovery","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 3","pages":"311-338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Police shootings, violent crime, race and socio-economic factors in municipalities in the United States of America 美国各城市的警察枪击案、暴力犯罪、种族和社会经济因素。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2333
Howard Henderson, Jennifer Wyatt Bourgeois, Sven Smith, Christopher J. Ferguson, Juan Barthelemy

Background

Both police shootings and violent crime remain high in the United States of America compared to other developed nations but debates continue about whether race, mental health or other social factors are related to them.

Aims

Our aim was to test relationships between community factors indicative of socio-economic status, racial demographics, police shootings, and violent crime.

Methods

Data on police shootings, violent crime and community sociodemographic factors were drawn from two publicly accessible datasets: health and police records of 100 US municipalities and relationships between them explored using regression analyses.

Results

Data were from the 100 largest US municipalities as designated by the mapping police violence database. The median per capital violent crime rate was 5.94 and median killings by police per 10 thousand arrests was 13.7. Violent crime was found to be related mainly to income inequality and lower academic achievement in the community. Race was unrelated to violent crime after controlling for other factors. Police shootings were found to be related to community level mental health concerns, food insecurity and the municipality's violent crime rate.

Conclusion

The evidence suggests that socio-economic factors are the primary drivers of both violent crime perpetration and police shootings. Policy approaches aimed at improving education and reducing poverty are likely to mitigate both violent crime and police shootings. However, it is important to recognise that being Black is an indicator of particular disadvantage within this context. This underscores the need for comprehensive strategies that address the systemic issues of racial disparities and socio-economic inequality, while also acknowledging the complex interplay of race, poverty and policing in the context of violent crime and police shootings.

背景:与其他发达国家相比,美国警察枪击案和暴力犯罪居高不下,但关于种族、心理健康或其他社会因素是否与之相关的争论仍在继续。目的:我们的目的是检验表明社会经济地位、种族人口统计、警察枪击案和暴力犯罪的社区因素之间的关系:有关警察枪击案、暴力犯罪和社区社会人口因素的数据来自两个可公开获取的数据集:美国 100 个城市的卫生和警察记录,并使用回归分析探讨了它们之间的关系:结果:数据来自警察暴力绘图数据库指定的美国最大的 100 个城市。每首都暴力犯罪率的中位数为 5.94,每 10,000 次逮捕中警察杀人案件的中位数为 13.7。研究发现,暴力犯罪主要与收入不平等和社区学术成就较低有关。在控制了其他因素后,种族与暴力犯罪无关。研究发现,警察枪击案与社区层面的心理健康问题、粮食不安全以及该市的暴力犯罪率有关:证据表明,社会经济因素是暴力犯罪和警察枪击案的主要驱动因素。旨在改善教育和减少贫困的政策措施可能会减轻暴力犯罪和警察枪击事件。然而,重要的是要认识到,在这种情况下,黑人是一个特别不利的指标。这就强调需要制定全面的战略,解决种族差异和社会经济不平等的系统性问题,同时也承认在暴力犯罪和警察枪击事件中种族、贫困和警务工作之间复杂的相互作用。
{"title":"Police shootings, violent crime, race and socio-economic factors in municipalities in the United States of America","authors":"Howard Henderson,&nbsp;Jennifer Wyatt Bourgeois,&nbsp;Sven Smith,&nbsp;Christopher J. Ferguson,&nbsp;Juan Barthelemy","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2333","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2333","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both police shootings and violent crime remain high in the United States of America compared to other developed nations but debates continue about whether race, mental health or other social factors are related to them.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our aim was to test relationships between community factors indicative of socio-economic status, racial demographics, police shootings, and violent crime.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data on police shootings, violent crime and community sociodemographic factors were drawn from two publicly accessible datasets: health and police records of 100 US municipalities and relationships between them explored using regression analyses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were from the 100 largest US municipalities as designated by the mapping police violence database. The median per capital violent crime rate was 5.94 and median killings by police per 10 thousand arrests was 13.7. Violent crime was found to be related mainly to income inequality and lower academic achievement in the community. Race was unrelated to violent crime after controlling for other factors. Police shootings were found to be related to community level mental health concerns, food insecurity and the municipality's violent crime rate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The evidence suggests that socio-economic factors are the primary drivers of both violent crime perpetration and police shootings. Policy approaches aimed at improving education and reducing poverty are likely to mitigate both violent crime and police shootings. However, it is important to recognise that being Black is an indicator of particular disadvantage within this context. This underscores the need for comprehensive strategies that address the systemic issues of racial disparities and socio-economic inequality, while also acknowledging the complex interplay of race, poverty and policing in the context of violent crime and police shootings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 3","pages":"296-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140132848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The experiences of men in prison who do not receive visits from family or friends: A qualitative systematic review 没有家人或朋友探视的男性囚犯的经历:定性系统回顾。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2332
Dean Burns, Conor Murray, Jennifer Ferguson, Linda Moore

Background

Visits present an opportunity for prisoners to preserve family ties and reduce isolation, but not all receive visits from family or friends whilst incarcerated.

Aims

To locate, appraise and synthesise qualitative data on the experiences of adult male prisoners (aged 18 years+) who do not receive prison visits from family or friends.

Methods

Nine electronic databases were searched from the date of their inception until March 2023. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies, and data from the studies were synthesised using the thematic synthesis method.

Results

Eighteen studies from seven countries (the USA, the UK [England, Northern Ireland & Scotland], Canada, Netherlands and the Philippines) were eligible for inclusion. Three main themes emerged: (1) reasons for not receiving visits, (2) harmful effects of not receiving visits and (3) the value of volunteer visitor programmes. Practical problems were cited as interfering with visiting opportunities, but also some prisoners or families chose not to meet in prison. Loneliness and depression were extensively described as effects of not receiving visits. Qualities associated with volunteer visitors included raised self-esteem, improved mood and personal growth.

Conclusion

Narratives of the experiences of adult men in prison without visits from family or friends suggest that not only the practical difficulties of imprisonment affect visiting; barriers that prisoners themselves impose would merit further exploration, as would family and relationship dynamics during incarceration and the emotional impact of prison visits, for both prisoners and their families. There are suggestions of therapeutic as well as humanitarian benefits from volunteer visiting programmes. There is a gap in the literature about any specific effect on rebuilding family relationships.

背景:目的:查找、评估和综合有关未接受家人或朋友探监的成年男性囚犯(18 岁以上)的经历的定性数据:方法:对九个电子数据库进行了检索,检索时间从开始检索之日起至 2023 年 3 月。采用定性研究的 "批判性评估技能计划 "清单对纳入研究的质量进行评估,并采用专题综合法对研究数据进行综合:来自 7 个国家(美国、英国[英格兰、北爱尔兰和苏格兰]、加拿大、荷兰和菲律宾)的 18 项研究符合纳入条件。出现了三大主题:(1) 不接受探访的原因;(2) 不接受探访的有害影响;(3) 志愿探访者计划的价值。实际问题被认为是影响探视机会的原因,但也有一些囚犯或家属选择不在狱中会面。孤独和抑郁被广泛描述为不接受探视的影响。与探视志愿者相关的品质包括提高自尊、改善情绪和个人成长:成年男子在狱中没有家人或朋友探视的经历表明,不仅监禁的实际困难会影响探视,囚犯自身造成的障碍也值得进一步探讨,监禁期间的家庭和关系动态以及监狱探视对囚犯及其家人的情感影响也是如此。有观点认为,志愿者探监计划既能带来治疗效果,也能带来人道主义方面的益处。关于对重建家庭关系的任何具体影响,文献中还存在空白。
{"title":"The experiences of men in prison who do not receive visits from family or friends: A qualitative systematic review","authors":"Dean Burns,&nbsp;Conor Murray,&nbsp;Jennifer Ferguson,&nbsp;Linda Moore","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2332","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2332","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Visits present an opportunity for prisoners to preserve family ties and reduce isolation, but not all receive visits from family or friends whilst incarcerated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To locate, appraise and synthesise qualitative data on the experiences of adult male prisoners (aged 18 years+) who do not receive prison visits from family or friends.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nine electronic databases were searched from the date of their inception until March 2023. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies, and data from the studies were synthesised using the thematic synthesis method.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eighteen studies from seven countries (the USA, the UK [England, Northern Ireland &amp; Scotland], Canada, Netherlands and the Philippines) were eligible for inclusion. Three main themes emerged: (1) reasons for not receiving visits, (2) harmful effects of not receiving visits and (3) the value of volunteer visitor programmes. Practical problems were cited as interfering with visiting opportunities, but also some prisoners or families chose not to meet in prison. Loneliness and depression were extensively described as effects of not receiving visits. Qualities associated with volunteer visitors included raised self-esteem, improved mood and personal growth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Narratives of the experiences of adult men in prison without visits from family or friends suggest that not only the practical difficulties of imprisonment affect visiting; barriers that prisoners themselves impose would merit further exploration, as would family and relationship dynamics during incarceration and the emotional impact of prison visits, for both prisoners and their families. There are suggestions of therapeutic as well as humanitarian benefits from volunteer visiting programmes. There is a gap in the literature about any specific effect on rebuilding family relationships.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 3","pages":"271-295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Autism spectrum disorder, extremism and risk assessment 自闭症谱系障碍、极端主义和风险评估。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2330
Clare S. Allely, Emma Jouenne, Alexander Westphal, Ekkehart Staufenberg, David Murphy

Background

To date, there is no evidence supporting the existence of an association between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and extremism in the general population. However, there is increasing recognition that several features of ASD may provide the context of vulnerability to engage in extremist behaviour.

Aims

This paper sets out the case for a dedicated clinical approach to better integrate clinical risk appraisal processes with an assessment of ASD individuals' vulnerabilities within the Criminal Justice System.

Methods and Results

In this paper the Framework for the Assessment of Risk & Protection in Offenders on the Autistic Spectrum (FARAS): A Guide for Risk Assessors Working with Offenders on the Autistic Spectrum is explored. In developing the FARAS, Al-Attar proposed seven facets of ASD that ‘may have different functional links with push and pull factors to terrorism’ (p. 928), which include circumscribed interests; rich vivid fantasy and impaired social imagination; need for order, rules, rituals, routine and predictability; obsessionality, repetition and collecting; social interaction and communication difficulties; cognitive styles and Sensory processing.

Discussion and Conclusion

We describe the FARAS within the context of the most widely used clinical risk appraisal ‘aide memoire’ instruments integral to the Structured Professional Judgement of risk process, namely the HCR20v3.

背景:迄今为止,尚无证据支持自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)与普通人群中的极端主义之间存在关联。然而,越来越多的人认识到,自闭症的一些特征可能为从事极端主义行为的脆弱性提供了背景。目的:本文阐述了采用专门的临床方法将临床风险评估过程与刑事司法系统中对自闭症患者脆弱性的评估更好地结合起来的理由:在本文中,自闭症谱系罪犯风险与保护评估框架(FARAS):方法:本文探讨了自闭症罪犯风险评估与保护框架(FARAS):风险评估员工作指南。在制定 FARAS 时,Al-Attar 提出了自闭症的七个方面,这些方面 "可能与恐怖主义的推力和拉力因素有着不同的功能联系"(第 928 页),其中包括:被限制的兴趣;丰富生动的幻想和受损的社会想象力;对秩序、规则、仪式、常规和可预测性的需求;强迫性、重复和收集;社会交往和沟通困难;认知风格和感官处理:我们结合临床上最广泛使用的风险评估 "备忘录 "工具,即 HCR20v3,对 FARAS 进行了描述。
{"title":"Autism spectrum disorder, extremism and risk assessment","authors":"Clare S. Allely,&nbsp;Emma Jouenne,&nbsp;Alexander Westphal,&nbsp;Ekkehart Staufenberg,&nbsp;David Murphy","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2330","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2330","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To date, there is no evidence supporting the existence of an association between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and extremism in the general population. However, there is increasing recognition that several features of ASD may provide the context of vulnerability to engage in extremist behaviour.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper sets out the case for a dedicated clinical approach to better integrate clinical risk appraisal processes with an assessment of ASD individuals' vulnerabilities within the Criminal Justice System.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper the Framework for the Assessment of Risk &amp; Protection in Offenders on the Autistic Spectrum (FARAS): A Guide for Risk Assessors Working with Offenders on the Autistic Spectrum is explored. In developing the FARAS, Al-Attar proposed seven facets of ASD that ‘may have different functional links with push and pull factors to terrorism’ (p. 928), which include circumscribed interests; rich vivid fantasy and impaired social imagination; need for order, rules, rituals, routine and predictability; obsessionality, repetition and collecting; social interaction and communication difficulties; cognitive styles and Sensory processing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We describe the FARAS within the context of the most widely used clinical risk appraisal ‘aide memoire’ instruments integral to the Structured Professional Judgement of risk process, namely the HCR20v3.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 2","pages":"182-196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2330","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139717890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Studying mental disorders among perpetrators of mass murder–suicide: Methodological challenges and promising avenues for new research 研究大规模谋杀-自杀者的精神障碍:研究方法上的挑战和新研究的前景。
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2323
Adam Lankford
<p> <i>Despite tremendous public and media interest in murder–suicide, scientific research that sheds new light on either the prevalence of mental disorders among perpetrators of mass murder–suicide or the role of mental disorders when they appear relevant has been rare. I outline several assumptions and challenges that may encumber scholarship in this area but also identify some promising avenues for future research. Greater scientific understanding of any associations between mental disorders and murder–suicide could lead to more evidence-based interventions that could help prevent these lethal attacks.</i> </p><p>In recent decades, incidents of mass murder–suicide—including mass shootings and suicide terrorism—have received a great deal of attention from the public, the media and scholars. However, research that sheds new light on either the prevalence of mental disorders among these perpetrators or the role of mental disorders in their violent behaviour has been rare. This is partly evidenced in the review by Theodorou and colleagues (<span>2024</span>) in this issue of CBMH, which found only 60 qualifying studies on family, mass shooter and terrorist perpetrators combined. Below, I outline several assumptions and challenges that may encumber scholarship in this area and then identify some promising avenues for future research.</p><p>Although mental illness is sometimes used as an independent variable in studies of mass murder–suicide—along with other individual characteristics such as age, sex, race, employment status and criminal record—research that is specifically designed to generate better understanding of perpetrators' mental state is rare.</p><p>One reason may be the assumption that all perpetrators must have had mental disorders due to the extreme nature of their crimes. If this were true, there would not be much more value in documenting the presence of this variable than in studying how many perpetrators breathed air; in both cases, the results would be self-evident and known in advance. There is a long history in which other acts of mass violence—including genocide and terrorism—were assumed to be the product of mental illness and psychopathology, because most people could not imagine anyone would do such things unless they were ‘crazy’ (Lankford, <span>2008</span>). However, as the National Council for Mental Wellbeing (<span>2019</span>) has wisely warned, it is not accurate that all ‘acts that seem incomprehensible to the average person are due to mental illness’ (pp. v–vi). Determining which deviant behaviours are commonly associated with mental disorders can only be determined through scientific inquiry.</p><p>The opposite assumption—that mental disorders are largely irrelevant to some types of mass murder–suicide (Atran, <span>2003</span>; McCauley, <span>2002</span>; Pape, <span>2005</span>; Skeem & Mulvey, <span>2020</span>)—may inhibit research as well. For those who adopt this perspective, the
虽然了解大规模枪杀者、自杀式恐怖分子和其他犯罪者中精神障碍的普遍程度是重要的第一步,但还需要进一步了解精神状态在极端暴力中的功能性作用。Theodorou 等人(2024 年)从文献中总结出一些主题,这些主题也可以影响未来的研究。反过来,这些信息可能会带来更多基于证据的干预措施,有助于预防这些致命的攻击。
{"title":"Studying mental disorders among perpetrators of mass murder–suicide: Methodological challenges and promising avenues for new research","authors":"Adam Lankford","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2323","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2323","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;\u0000 &lt;i&gt;Despite tremendous public and media interest in murder–suicide, scientific research that sheds new light on either the prevalence of mental disorders among perpetrators of mass murder–suicide or the role of mental disorders when they appear relevant has been rare. I outline several assumptions and challenges that may encumber scholarship in this area but also identify some promising avenues for future research. Greater scientific understanding of any associations between mental disorders and murder–suicide could lead to more evidence-based interventions that could help prevent these lethal attacks.&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In recent decades, incidents of mass murder–suicide—including mass shootings and suicide terrorism—have received a great deal of attention from the public, the media and scholars. However, research that sheds new light on either the prevalence of mental disorders among these perpetrators or the role of mental disorders in their violent behaviour has been rare. This is partly evidenced in the review by Theodorou and colleagues (&lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;) in this issue of CBMH, which found only 60 qualifying studies on family, mass shooter and terrorist perpetrators combined. Below, I outline several assumptions and challenges that may encumber scholarship in this area and then identify some promising avenues for future research.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although mental illness is sometimes used as an independent variable in studies of mass murder–suicide—along with other individual characteristics such as age, sex, race, employment status and criminal record—research that is specifically designed to generate better understanding of perpetrators' mental state is rare.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;One reason may be the assumption that all perpetrators must have had mental disorders due to the extreme nature of their crimes. If this were true, there would not be much more value in documenting the presence of this variable than in studying how many perpetrators breathed air; in both cases, the results would be self-evident and known in advance. There is a long history in which other acts of mass violence—including genocide and terrorism—were assumed to be the product of mental illness and psychopathology, because most people could not imagine anyone would do such things unless they were ‘crazy’ (Lankford, &lt;span&gt;2008&lt;/span&gt;). However, as the National Council for Mental Wellbeing (&lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;) has wisely warned, it is not accurate that all ‘acts that seem incomprehensible to the average person are due to mental illness’ (pp. v–vi). Determining which deviant behaviours are commonly associated with mental disorders can only be determined through scientific inquiry.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The opposite assumption—that mental disorders are largely irrelevant to some types of mass murder–suicide (Atran, &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; McCauley, &lt;span&gt;2002&lt;/span&gt;; Pape, &lt;span&gt;2005&lt;/span&gt;; Skeem &amp; Mulvey, &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;)—may inhibit research as well. For those who adopt this perspective, the","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139643129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1