Fazel and Favril presented a reanalysis of our previously published systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prison.
Aims
The current paper addresses some of the criticisms of Fazel and Favril on our meta-analysis and presents a reanalysis of the data, focusing on adult detained persons.
Methods
We conducted a meta—regression on 28 studies (n = 7710) to estimae the pooled prevalence of ADHD.
Results
This reanalysis yielded a pooled estimate of 22.2% for the prevalence of ADHD (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.7; 28.6), which disagrees with the estimate given by Fazel and Favril (8.3%, 95% CI: 3.8; 12.8).
Conclusion
We argue that the ADHD prevalence provided by Fazel and Favril was an underestimate due to their use of too restrictive exclusion criteria and suboptimal analysis methods. Our reanalysis on detained adults suggests a higher ADHD prevalence, which highlights the need to diagnose and treat ADHD in prison.
{"title":"Meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in prison: A comment on Fazel and Favril (2024) and reanalysis of the data","authors":"Stéphanie Baggio, Orestis Efthimiou","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2347","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2347","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fazel and Favril presented a reanalysis of our previously published systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prison.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current paper addresses some of the criticisms of Fazel and Favril on our meta-analysis and presents a reanalysis of the data, focusing on adult detained persons.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a meta—regression on 28 studies (<i>n</i> = 7710) to estimae the pooled prevalence of ADHD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This reanalysis yielded a pooled estimate of 22.2% for the prevalence of ADHD (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.7; 28.6), which disagrees with the estimate given by Fazel and Favril (8.3%, 95% CI: 3.8; 12.8).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We argue that the ADHD prevalence provided by Fazel and Favril was an underestimate due to their use of too restrictive exclusion criteria and suboptimal analysis methods. Our reanalysis on detained adults suggests a higher ADHD prevalence, which highlights the need to diagnose and treat ADHD in prison.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 4","pages":"385-390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141318603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malin V. Källman, Mathilde Hedlund-Lindberg, Marianne Kristiansson, Anette G. M. Johansson
Background
Psychosocial rehabilitation in forensic psychiatric services requires sound measurement of patient and staff perceptions of psychosocial function. The recommended World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS), designed for this, has not been examined with offender patients.
Aims
To examine patient and staff WHODAS ratings of secure hospital inpatients with psychosis, any differences between them and explore associations with other clinical factors.
Methods
Seventy-three patients self-rated on the WHODAS after 3 months as inpatients. An occupational therapist interviewed the patient's primary nurse and care team at about the same time (staff ratings). Scores were calculated according to the WHODAS manual. WHODAS scores and interview-rated symptom severity, cognitive measures, daily antipsychotic dose and duration of care were compared.
Results
Patient ratings indicated less disability than staff ratings for total score and for the domains of understanding and communicating, getting along and life activities. Self-care and participation ratings were similar. Patients were more likely to rate themselves as disabled in getting around (mobility). Only one-fifth of patient- and staff- ratings (16, 22%) were similar, while for nearly a third of the patients (23, 32%) self-ratings were higher than staff ratings. More severe positive symptoms were associated with higher self-rated WHODAS disability after accounting for treatment duration, negative symptoms, cognitive score and antipsychotic dose. No variable accounted for the staff/patient differences in ratings.
Conclusion
Our mean WHODAS score findings echoed those in other patient samples—of patient underestimation of disability, linked to severity of symptoms. In this study using the WHODAS for the first time in a forensic mental health secure inpatient service, however, we found that, by comparing individuals, half of the patients reported equivalent or greater disability than did staff. Future research should focus on elucidating from patients what contributes to their self-ratings. Understanding their thought processes in rating may enhance rehabilitation planning.
{"title":"A comparison of patient ratings and staff ratings of disability using the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule in individuals with psychotic spectrum disorders who are forensic psychiatric inpatients","authors":"Malin V. Källman, Mathilde Hedlund-Lindberg, Marianne Kristiansson, Anette G. M. Johansson","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2344","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2344","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Psychosocial rehabilitation in forensic psychiatric services requires sound measurement of patient and staff perceptions of psychosocial function. The recommended World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS), designed for this, has not been examined with offender patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To examine patient and staff WHODAS ratings of secure hospital inpatients with psychosis, any differences between them and explore associations with other clinical factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seventy-three patients self-rated on the WHODAS after 3 months as inpatients. An occupational therapist interviewed the patient's primary nurse and care team at about the same time (staff ratings). Scores were calculated according to the WHODAS manual. WHODAS scores and interview-rated symptom severity, cognitive measures, daily antipsychotic dose and duration of care were compared.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patient ratings indicated less disability than staff ratings for total score and for the domains of understanding and communicating, getting along and life activities. Self-care and participation ratings were similar. Patients were more likely to rate themselves as disabled in getting around (mobility). Only one-fifth of patient- and staff- ratings (16, 22%) were similar, while for nearly a third of the patients (23, 32%) self-ratings were higher than staff ratings. More severe positive symptoms were associated with higher self-rated WHODAS disability after accounting for treatment duration, negative symptoms, cognitive score and antipsychotic dose. No variable accounted for the staff/patient differences in ratings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our mean WHODAS score findings echoed those in other patient samples—of patient underestimation of disability, linked to severity of symptoms. In this study using the WHODAS for the first time in a forensic mental health secure inpatient service, however, we found that, by comparing individuals, half of the patients reported equivalent or greater disability than did staff. Future research should focus on elucidating from patients what contributes to their self-ratings. Understanding their thought processes in rating may enhance rehabilitation planning.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 4","pages":"347-359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141201085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emma Jewell, Bianka Dunleavy, Martina Faitakis, Jessica W. Pun, Sarah Moss, Jacqueline Pei, Mansfield Mela, Katherine Flannigan, Melissa Tremblay, Kaitlyn McLachlan
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been identified as a promising approach to improve recognition, understanding and effective response to the unique needs of those with FASD in criminal legal settings. However, to date, there has been limited synthesis of relevant screening tools, indicators, or implementation considerations in this context.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Aims</h3> <p>The present review aimed to synthesise evidence and develop a conceptual framework for understanding how, when, why, for whom and by whom FASD screening tools, items and/or indicators and characteristics serve to accurately identify people with FASD in criminal legal contexts, with consideration of individual and system needs relevant to effective implementation and response.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>A preregistered search was conducted using a modified realist review framework for both peer-reviewed articles and grey literature. Included sources were available in English, which focused on individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure and/or FASD with criminal legal involvement and offered new empirical evidence. Sources were reviewed using the Quality Control Tool for Screening Titles and Abstracts by Second Reviewer framework, extracted using a structured coding form and narratively synthesised.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>The search yielded 52 sources, 11 FASD screening tools designed for or applied in criminal legal settings and 38 potential FASD indicators or characteristics relevant to identifying people who may have FASD in criminal legal settings, organised into six conceptually related domains. There was limited evidence supporting the psychometric properties of screening tools across populations or settings, though growing evidence highlights the promise of some instruments. Although few studies characterised potential considerations to be made when implementing a screening tool or approach, both system and individual level needs related to recognising and effectively responding to FASD in criminal legal contexts were identified, and findings revealed strong support among legal and clinical professionals regarding the need for FASD screening in these settings.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>Findings of this review can be used to inform the development, selection, implementation and evaluation of FASD screening tools in criminal legal settings
{"title":"Screening and identification of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in criminal legal settings: A realist review","authors":"Emma Jewell, Bianka Dunleavy, Martina Faitakis, Jessica W. Pun, Sarah Moss, Jacqueline Pei, Mansfield Mela, Katherine Flannigan, Melissa Tremblay, Kaitlyn McLachlan","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2336","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been identified as a promising approach to improve recognition, understanding and effective response to the unique needs of those with FASD in criminal legal settings. However, to date, there has been limited synthesis of relevant screening tools, indicators, or implementation considerations in this context.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present review aimed to synthesise evidence and develop a conceptual framework for understanding how, when, why, for whom and by whom FASD screening tools, items and/or indicators and characteristics serve to accurately identify people with FASD in criminal legal contexts, with consideration of individual and system needs relevant to effective implementation and response.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A preregistered search was conducted using a modified realist review framework for both peer-reviewed articles and grey literature. Included sources were available in English, which focused on individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure and/or FASD with criminal legal involvement and offered new empirical evidence. Sources were reviewed using the Quality Control Tool for Screening Titles and Abstracts by Second Reviewer framework, extracted using a structured coding form and narratively synthesised.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The search yielded 52 sources, 11 FASD screening tools designed for or applied in criminal legal settings and 38 potential FASD indicators or characteristics relevant to identifying people who may have FASD in criminal legal settings, organised into six conceptually related domains. There was limited evidence supporting the psychometric properties of screening tools across populations or settings, though growing evidence highlights the promise of some instruments. Although few studies characterised potential considerations to be made when implementing a screening tool or approach, both system and individual level needs related to recognising and effectively responding to FASD in criminal legal contexts were identified, and findings revealed strong support among legal and clinical professionals regarding the need for FASD screening in these settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings of this review can be used to inform the development, selection, implementation and evaluation of FASD screening tools in criminal legal settings ","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 2","pages":"208-270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140651238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous meta-analyses may have overestimated the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prisoners by including data from selected samples.
Aims
To estimate the prevalence of ADHD in unselected samples of adults in prison and examine potential sources of heterogeneity by meta-regression and subgroup analyses.
Methods
We assessed all studies included in a 2018 systematic review for eligibility and updated the literature search to include studies published up to September 2023.
Results
A total of 11 studies reporting robust diagnostic data on ADHD in 3919 unselected adults in prison were included. In meta-regression, ADHD prevalence did not differ between men and women but it was significantly higher in studies using a two-phase design. In random sampling studies, the pooled prevalence of ADHD was 8.3% (95% CI: 3.8–12.8) which was further halved after the removal of an outlier.
Conclusion
One in 12 adults in prison have been diagnosed with ADHD. Our findings highlight the importance of using clear and consistent inclusion criteria in meta-analyses of prevalence.
{"title":"Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adult prisoners: An updated meta-analysis","authors":"Seena Fazel, Louis Favril","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2337","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2337","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Previous meta-analyses may have overestimated the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prisoners by including data from selected samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To estimate the prevalence of ADHD in unselected samples of adults in prison and examine potential sources of heterogeneity by meta-regression and subgroup analyses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We assessed all studies included in a 2018 systematic review for eligibility and updated the literature search to include studies published up to September 2023.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 11 studies reporting robust diagnostic data on ADHD in 3919 unselected adults in prison were included. In meta-regression, ADHD prevalence did not differ between men and women but it was significantly higher in studies using a two-phase design. In random sampling studies, the pooled prevalence of ADHD was 8.3% (95% CI: 3.8–12.8) which was further halved after the removal of an outlier.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One in 12 adults in prison have been diagnosed with ADHD. Our findings highlight the importance of using clear and consistent inclusion criteria in meta-analyses of prevalence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 3","pages":"339-346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140569592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Esther Q. J. de Geus, Maarten V. Milders, Joan E. van Horn, Frank A. Jonker, Thijs Fassaert, Juliette C. Hutten, Femke Kuipers, Christel Grimbergen, Siri D. S. Noordermeer
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a major health problem, often with negative effects on behaviour and mental health as well as cognition. Prevalence of ABI is exceptionally high among offenders and increases their re-offending risk. Information on risk factors for ABI and its outcomes among offenders that could guide effective treatment for them is, nevertheless, scarce and dispersed. However, there is a more substantial literature about the general population that could inform work with brain-injured offenders, especially when selecting for samples or subgroups with similar relevant characteristics, such as lower socio-economic status (SES), pre-injury lower tested intelligence score (<85) and pre-injury mental health problems.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Aims</h3> <p>To explore brain injury data from non-offender samples of otherwise similar socio-economic and mental health and ability characteristics to offenders then, first, to describe their untreated outcomes and, secondly, outcomes after frequently used interventions in these circumstances, noting factors associated with their effectiveness.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Method</h3> <p>Three databases were systematically searched for the years 2010–2022; first, using terms for brain injury or damage and cognitive (dys)function, mental health or quality of life. Second, in a separate search, we used these terms <i>and</i> terms for interventions and rehabilitation. In the second review, studies were selected for clear, distinguishable data on age, sex, SES and lifestyle factors to facilitate inferences for offenders. A narrative analytical approach was adopted for both reviews.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Samples with characteristics that are typical in offender groups, including lower SES, lower pre-injury intelligence quotient (<85), prior cognitive impairments and prior mental health problems, had poorer cognitive and behavioural outcomes following ABI than those without such additional problems, together with lower treatment adherence. With respect to treatment, adequate motivation and self-awareness were associated with better cognitive and behavioural outcomes than when these were low or absent, regardless of the outcome measured.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>More complex pre-injury mental health problems and social disadvantages typical of offenders are associated with poorer post-brain injury recovery
{"title":"A literature review of outcome and treatment options after acquired brain injury: Suggestions for adult offenders using knowledge from the general population","authors":"Esther Q. J. de Geus, Maarten V. Milders, Joan E. van Horn, Frank A. Jonker, Thijs Fassaert, Juliette C. Hutten, Femke Kuipers, Christel Grimbergen, Siri D. S. Noordermeer","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2334","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2334","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a major health problem, often with negative effects on behaviour and mental health as well as cognition. Prevalence of ABI is exceptionally high among offenders and increases their re-offending risk. Information on risk factors for ABI and its outcomes among offenders that could guide effective treatment for them is, nevertheless, scarce and dispersed. However, there is a more substantial literature about the general population that could inform work with brain-injured offenders, especially when selecting for samples or subgroups with similar relevant characteristics, such as lower socio-economic status (SES), pre-injury lower tested intelligence score (<85) and pre-injury mental health problems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To explore brain injury data from non-offender samples of otherwise similar socio-economic and mental health and ability characteristics to offenders then, first, to describe their untreated outcomes and, secondly, outcomes after frequently used interventions in these circumstances, noting factors associated with their effectiveness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three databases were systematically searched for the years 2010–2022; first, using terms for brain injury or damage and cognitive (dys)function, mental health or quality of life. Second, in a separate search, we used these terms <i>and</i> terms for interventions and rehabilitation. In the second review, studies were selected for clear, distinguishable data on age, sex, SES and lifestyle factors to facilitate inferences for offenders. A narrative analytical approach was adopted for both reviews.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Samples with characteristics that are typical in offender groups, including lower SES, lower pre-injury intelligence quotient (<85), prior cognitive impairments and prior mental health problems, had poorer cognitive and behavioural outcomes following ABI than those without such additional problems, together with lower treatment adherence. With respect to treatment, adequate motivation and self-awareness were associated with better cognitive and behavioural outcomes than when these were low or absent, regardless of the outcome measured.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>More complex pre-injury mental health problems and social disadvantages typical of offenders are associated with poorer post-brain injury recovery","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 3","pages":"311-338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Howard Henderson, Jennifer Wyatt Bourgeois, Sven Smith, Christopher J. Ferguson, Juan Barthelemy
Background
Both police shootings and violent crime remain high in the United States of America compared to other developed nations but debates continue about whether race, mental health or other social factors are related to them.
Aims
Our aim was to test relationships between community factors indicative of socio-economic status, racial demographics, police shootings, and violent crime.
Methods
Data on police shootings, violent crime and community sociodemographic factors were drawn from two publicly accessible datasets: health and police records of 100 US municipalities and relationships between them explored using regression analyses.
Results
Data were from the 100 largest US municipalities as designated by the mapping police violence database. The median per capital violent crime rate was 5.94 and median killings by police per 10 thousand arrests was 13.7. Violent crime was found to be related mainly to income inequality and lower academic achievement in the community. Race was unrelated to violent crime after controlling for other factors. Police shootings were found to be related to community level mental health concerns, food insecurity and the municipality's violent crime rate.
Conclusion
The evidence suggests that socio-economic factors are the primary drivers of both violent crime perpetration and police shootings. Policy approaches aimed at improving education and reducing poverty are likely to mitigate both violent crime and police shootings. However, it is important to recognise that being Black is an indicator of particular disadvantage within this context. This underscores the need for comprehensive strategies that address the systemic issues of racial disparities and socio-economic inequality, while also acknowledging the complex interplay of race, poverty and policing in the context of violent crime and police shootings.
{"title":"Police shootings, violent crime, race and socio-economic factors in municipalities in the United States of America","authors":"Howard Henderson, Jennifer Wyatt Bourgeois, Sven Smith, Christopher J. Ferguson, Juan Barthelemy","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2333","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2333","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both police shootings and violent crime remain high in the United States of America compared to other developed nations but debates continue about whether race, mental health or other social factors are related to them.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our aim was to test relationships between community factors indicative of socio-economic status, racial demographics, police shootings, and violent crime.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data on police shootings, violent crime and community sociodemographic factors were drawn from two publicly accessible datasets: health and police records of 100 US municipalities and relationships between them explored using regression analyses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were from the 100 largest US municipalities as designated by the mapping police violence database. The median per capital violent crime rate was 5.94 and median killings by police per 10 thousand arrests was 13.7. Violent crime was found to be related mainly to income inequality and lower academic achievement in the community. Race was unrelated to violent crime after controlling for other factors. Police shootings were found to be related to community level mental health concerns, food insecurity and the municipality's violent crime rate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The evidence suggests that socio-economic factors are the primary drivers of both violent crime perpetration and police shootings. Policy approaches aimed at improving education and reducing poverty are likely to mitigate both violent crime and police shootings. However, it is important to recognise that being Black is an indicator of particular disadvantage within this context. This underscores the need for comprehensive strategies that address the systemic issues of racial disparities and socio-economic inequality, while also acknowledging the complex interplay of race, poverty and policing in the context of violent crime and police shootings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 3","pages":"296-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140132848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dean Burns, Conor Murray, Jennifer Ferguson, Linda Moore
Background
Visits present an opportunity for prisoners to preserve family ties and reduce isolation, but not all receive visits from family or friends whilst incarcerated.
Aims
To locate, appraise and synthesise qualitative data on the experiences of adult male prisoners (aged 18 years+) who do not receive prison visits from family or friends.
Methods
Nine electronic databases were searched from the date of their inception until March 2023. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies, and data from the studies were synthesised using the thematic synthesis method.
Results
Eighteen studies from seven countries (the USA, the UK [England, Northern Ireland & Scotland], Canada, Netherlands and the Philippines) were eligible for inclusion. Three main themes emerged: (1) reasons for not receiving visits, (2) harmful effects of not receiving visits and (3) the value of volunteer visitor programmes. Practical problems were cited as interfering with visiting opportunities, but also some prisoners or families chose not to meet in prison. Loneliness and depression were extensively described as effects of not receiving visits. Qualities associated with volunteer visitors included raised self-esteem, improved mood and personal growth.
Conclusion
Narratives of the experiences of adult men in prison without visits from family or friends suggest that not only the practical difficulties of imprisonment affect visiting; barriers that prisoners themselves impose would merit further exploration, as would family and relationship dynamics during incarceration and the emotional impact of prison visits, for both prisoners and their families. There are suggestions of therapeutic as well as humanitarian benefits from volunteer visiting programmes. There is a gap in the literature about any specific effect on rebuilding family relationships.
{"title":"The experiences of men in prison who do not receive visits from family or friends: A qualitative systematic review","authors":"Dean Burns, Conor Murray, Jennifer Ferguson, Linda Moore","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2332","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2332","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Visits present an opportunity for prisoners to preserve family ties and reduce isolation, but not all receive visits from family or friends whilst incarcerated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To locate, appraise and synthesise qualitative data on the experiences of adult male prisoners (aged 18 years+) who do not receive prison visits from family or friends.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nine electronic databases were searched from the date of their inception until March 2023. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies, and data from the studies were synthesised using the thematic synthesis method.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eighteen studies from seven countries (the USA, the UK [England, Northern Ireland & Scotland], Canada, Netherlands and the Philippines) were eligible for inclusion. Three main themes emerged: (1) reasons for not receiving visits, (2) harmful effects of not receiving visits and (3) the value of volunteer visitor programmes. Practical problems were cited as interfering with visiting opportunities, but also some prisoners or families chose not to meet in prison. Loneliness and depression were extensively described as effects of not receiving visits. Qualities associated with volunteer visitors included raised self-esteem, improved mood and personal growth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Narratives of the experiences of adult men in prison without visits from family or friends suggest that not only the practical difficulties of imprisonment affect visiting; barriers that prisoners themselves impose would merit further exploration, as would family and relationship dynamics during incarceration and the emotional impact of prison visits, for both prisoners and their families. There are suggestions of therapeutic as well as humanitarian benefits from volunteer visiting programmes. There is a gap in the literature about any specific effect on rebuilding family relationships.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 3","pages":"271-295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clare S. Allely, Emma Jouenne, Alexander Westphal, Ekkehart Staufenberg, David Murphy
Background
To date, there is no evidence supporting the existence of an association between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and extremism in the general population. However, there is increasing recognition that several features of ASD may provide the context of vulnerability to engage in extremist behaviour.
Aims
This paper sets out the case for a dedicated clinical approach to better integrate clinical risk appraisal processes with an assessment of ASD individuals' vulnerabilities within the Criminal Justice System.
Methods and Results
In this paper the Framework for the Assessment of Risk & Protection in Offenders on the Autistic Spectrum (FARAS): A Guide for Risk Assessors Working with Offenders on the Autistic Spectrum is explored. In developing the FARAS, Al-Attar proposed seven facets of ASD that ‘may have different functional links with push and pull factors to terrorism’ (p. 928), which include circumscribed interests; rich vivid fantasy and impaired social imagination; need for order, rules, rituals, routine and predictability; obsessionality, repetition and collecting; social interaction and communication difficulties; cognitive styles and Sensory processing.
Discussion and Conclusion
We describe the FARAS within the context of the most widely used clinical risk appraisal ‘aide memoire’ instruments integral to the Structured Professional Judgement of risk process, namely the HCR20v3.
{"title":"Autism spectrum disorder, extremism and risk assessment","authors":"Clare S. Allely, Emma Jouenne, Alexander Westphal, Ekkehart Staufenberg, David Murphy","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2330","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2330","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To date, there is no evidence supporting the existence of an association between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and extremism in the general population. However, there is increasing recognition that several features of ASD may provide the context of vulnerability to engage in extremist behaviour.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper sets out the case for a dedicated clinical approach to better integrate clinical risk appraisal processes with an assessment of ASD individuals' vulnerabilities within the Criminal Justice System.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper the Framework for the Assessment of Risk & Protection in Offenders on the Autistic Spectrum (FARAS): A Guide for Risk Assessors Working with Offenders on the Autistic Spectrum is explored. In developing the FARAS, Al-Attar proposed seven facets of ASD that ‘may have different functional links with push and pull factors to terrorism’ (p. 928), which include circumscribed interests; rich vivid fantasy and impaired social imagination; need for order, rules, rituals, routine and predictability; obsessionality, repetition and collecting; social interaction and communication difficulties; cognitive styles and Sensory processing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We describe the FARAS within the context of the most widely used clinical risk appraisal ‘aide memoire’ instruments integral to the Structured Professional Judgement of risk process, namely the HCR20v3.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 2","pages":"182-196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2330","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139717890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p> <i>Despite tremendous public and media interest in murder–suicide, scientific research that sheds new light on either the prevalence of mental disorders among perpetrators of mass murder–suicide or the role of mental disorders when they appear relevant has been rare. I outline several assumptions and challenges that may encumber scholarship in this area but also identify some promising avenues for future research. Greater scientific understanding of any associations between mental disorders and murder–suicide could lead to more evidence-based interventions that could help prevent these lethal attacks.</i> </p><p>In recent decades, incidents of mass murder–suicide—including mass shootings and suicide terrorism—have received a great deal of attention from the public, the media and scholars. However, research that sheds new light on either the prevalence of mental disorders among these perpetrators or the role of mental disorders in their violent behaviour has been rare. This is partly evidenced in the review by Theodorou and colleagues (<span>2024</span>) in this issue of CBMH, which found only 60 qualifying studies on family, mass shooter and terrorist perpetrators combined. Below, I outline several assumptions and challenges that may encumber scholarship in this area and then identify some promising avenues for future research.</p><p>Although mental illness is sometimes used as an independent variable in studies of mass murder–suicide—along with other individual characteristics such as age, sex, race, employment status and criminal record—research that is specifically designed to generate better understanding of perpetrators' mental state is rare.</p><p>One reason may be the assumption that all perpetrators must have had mental disorders due to the extreme nature of their crimes. If this were true, there would not be much more value in documenting the presence of this variable than in studying how many perpetrators breathed air; in both cases, the results would be self-evident and known in advance. There is a long history in which other acts of mass violence—including genocide and terrorism—were assumed to be the product of mental illness and psychopathology, because most people could not imagine anyone would do such things unless they were ‘crazy’ (Lankford, <span>2008</span>). However, as the National Council for Mental Wellbeing (<span>2019</span>) has wisely warned, it is not accurate that all ‘acts that seem incomprehensible to the average person are due to mental illness’ (pp. v–vi). Determining which deviant behaviours are commonly associated with mental disorders can only be determined through scientific inquiry.</p><p>The opposite assumption—that mental disorders are largely irrelevant to some types of mass murder–suicide (Atran, <span>2003</span>; McCauley, <span>2002</span>; Pape, <span>2005</span>; Skeem & Mulvey, <span>2020</span>)—may inhibit research as well. For those who adopt this perspective, the
{"title":"Studying mental disorders among perpetrators of mass murder–suicide: Methodological challenges and promising avenues for new research","authors":"Adam Lankford","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2323","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2323","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <i>Despite tremendous public and media interest in murder–suicide, scientific research that sheds new light on either the prevalence of mental disorders among perpetrators of mass murder–suicide or the role of mental disorders when they appear relevant has been rare. I outline several assumptions and challenges that may encumber scholarship in this area but also identify some promising avenues for future research. Greater scientific understanding of any associations between mental disorders and murder–suicide could lead to more evidence-based interventions that could help prevent these lethal attacks.</i>\u0000 </p><p>In recent decades, incidents of mass murder–suicide—including mass shootings and suicide terrorism—have received a great deal of attention from the public, the media and scholars. However, research that sheds new light on either the prevalence of mental disorders among these perpetrators or the role of mental disorders in their violent behaviour has been rare. This is partly evidenced in the review by Theodorou and colleagues (<span>2024</span>) in this issue of CBMH, which found only 60 qualifying studies on family, mass shooter and terrorist perpetrators combined. Below, I outline several assumptions and challenges that may encumber scholarship in this area and then identify some promising avenues for future research.</p><p>Although mental illness is sometimes used as an independent variable in studies of mass murder–suicide—along with other individual characteristics such as age, sex, race, employment status and criminal record—research that is specifically designed to generate better understanding of perpetrators' mental state is rare.</p><p>One reason may be the assumption that all perpetrators must have had mental disorders due to the extreme nature of their crimes. If this were true, there would not be much more value in documenting the presence of this variable than in studying how many perpetrators breathed air; in both cases, the results would be self-evident and known in advance. There is a long history in which other acts of mass violence—including genocide and terrorism—were assumed to be the product of mental illness and psychopathology, because most people could not imagine anyone would do such things unless they were ‘crazy’ (Lankford, <span>2008</span>). However, as the National Council for Mental Wellbeing (<span>2019</span>) has wisely warned, it is not accurate that all ‘acts that seem incomprehensible to the average person are due to mental illness’ (pp. v–vi). Determining which deviant behaviours are commonly associated with mental disorders can only be determined through scientific inquiry.</p><p>The opposite assumption—that mental disorders are largely irrelevant to some types of mass murder–suicide (Atran, <span>2003</span>; McCauley, <span>2002</span>; Pape, <span>2005</span>; Skeem & Mulvey, <span>2020</span>)—may inhibit research as well. For those who adopt this perspective, the","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139643129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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