Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health最新文献

{"title":"Detaining children: Are we sure we are doing the right things?","authors":"Annie Bartlett, Heidi Hales","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2232","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2232","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 3","pages":"149-153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40694453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Looking back, looking around, looking to the future","authors":"Susan Bailey","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2243","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2243","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 3","pages":"154-158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40694454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social, health and ethnicity correlates of complaints of excessive police force","authors":"Sven Smith,&nbsp;Christopher J. Ferguson,&nbsp;Claudia E. San Miguel,&nbsp;Marcus Antonius Ynalvez,&nbsp;Howard Henderson","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2255","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2255","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Following several high-profile police shootings of Black Americans, renewed debate has focused on race as a predictor of police violence. Past research has been inconsistent on this score. Some scholars argue that socioeconomic issues are better predictors of police-related violence than are race and ethnicity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To test relationships between complaints of excessive use of police violence and racial/ethnic population demographics, allowing for social and mental health variables.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We examined records from all 195 municipal police departments in California to identify complaints of excessive force by police and tested for associations between such complaints and health, socio-economic and demographic data from county records, using multivariate analyses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was no difference in reporting between communities according to Black or White American residency proportions; communities with more Latino Americans were less likely to complain formally of excessive use of police force. The strongest associate of complaints to police departments that their employees had used excessive force was experiencing mental distress in the community.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings are limited by reliance on complaints to police authorities rather than actual incidence of police use of excessive force and by having to map municipal data on to county data, but the finding that factors other than or in addition to any inherent police problems may contribute to excessive use of force by the police offers new lines for remedying the problem. In particular, our findings suggest that more training for police in recognising and managing mental distress and more provision of mental health experts to work alongside police would be worth evaluating as a next step.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 4","pages":"284-294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40593527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responding to neurodiversity in the courtroom: A brief evaluation of environmental accommodations to increase procedural fairness","authors":"Betony Clasby,&nbsp;Brigit Mirfin-Veitch,&nbsp;Rose Blackett,&nbsp;Sally Kedge,&nbsp;Esther Whitehead","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2239","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2239","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent research has highlighted that a high prevalence of young adults who have various forms of neurodivergence come into contact with the criminal justice system. Currently, many courts are not designed to respond to neurological differences often seen in young people who engage with them. The aim of this study was to identify ways to make locality courts more accessible, engaging, and ultimately more responsive to neurodivergence. A panel of neurodivergence specialists reviewed the general district courtroom environment of a new specialised young adult list court in Aotearoa New Zealand to identify potential barriers to accessibility and to highlight areas for improvement. The methodology involved naturalistic observation of a typical morning in the courtroom. We identified a series of recommendations with the potential to improve the court experience and increase access to justice for neurodivergent young adults. This study identified specific need for neurodiversity education and screening within the court environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 3","pages":"197-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9540328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40587760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse childhood experiences are important but not the only risk to child development: Revisiting a full risk/resilience matrix","authors":"Carole Sutton","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2238","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2238","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Much research has sought to distinguish key interacting factors affecting children as they develop which influence later outcomes. Some factors, notably adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), pose serious risks for later health or mental health problems for the children or predispose them for involvement in offending behaviours. However, other experiences, alongside ACEs, also pose risks and yet others offer protection. A matrix showing interacting influences from the mother's pregnancy onwards was published earlier; a revised matrix has been developed, showing a fresh picture of cumulative risk and protective factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 2","pages":"67-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40556327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric characteristics of the Dutch Personality Assessment Scale in Papiamento-speaking prisoners","authors":"Micha van de Vorst,&nbsp;Frans G. M. Heijtel,&nbsp;Glenn M. Matroos,&nbsp;David J. Vinkers","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2253","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2253","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although personality disorders are common among offenders, there is no validated translated questionnaire for the assessment of personality disorders in Papiamento, a Portuguese-Spanish influenced creole language, which is widely spoken on the former Dutch Antilles.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate the Dutch Personality Scale as translated into Papiamento in the prison of Bonaire.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Dutch Personality Assessment Scale was translated into Papiamento by two independent experts and retranslated back into Dutch by two other fully bilingual and independent experts. Twenty-four Papiamento-speaking prisoners agreed to participate in the study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was good agreement on translation of the assessment items. The prisoner participants reported no difficulties in answering the questions. The internal consistency was acceptable for the seven subscales except for ‘egoism’ (<i>α</i> 0.21) and very good for ‘inadequacy’ and ‘social inadequacy’ (0.88 and 0.82 respectively). The scores of neuroticism, rigidity, egoism and dominance were higher than in the general Dutch population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Translation of the Dutch Personality Scale into the creole language Papiamento proved feasible. The cross-cultural translation and validation of personality assessment scales may be helpful in assessment of personality disorders in offenders speaking creole languages.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 4","pages":"279-283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40398550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Misuse of prescribed psychotropic medication and drug crime offending: A follow-up case-control study of former adolescent psychiatric inpatients","authors":"Mikaela Kontu,&nbsp;Liisa Kantojärvi,&nbsp;Helinä Hakko,&nbsp;Kaisa Riala,&nbsp;Pirkko Riipinen","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2254","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2254","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Various psychotropic prescription drugs are known to have potential for misuse. Among teenagers, non-medical use of prescription drugs may predate illicit drug use or occur concomitantly.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our aim was to examine prescriptions of psychotropic medications among drug crime offenders and non-criminal controls in a psychiatric inpatient cohort of 13–17-year-olds. Our research question was: were prescribed psychotropic and potentially addictive drugs associated with later drug crime offending.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our sample was of all 60 adolescents who had been convicted of a drug crime by young adulthood with a twice-sized control group, matched for gender, age and family-type, from a cohort of 508 adolescents consecutively admitted to a psychiatric inpatient care in Finland between April 2001 and March 2006. Adolescence-related information on substance use and psychiatric disorders was obtained by semi-structured interviews. Follow-up information on crimes and medication purchases was obtained from Finnish nationwide registers. The association of studied factors to drug crime offending was examined using stepwise binary logistic regression analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>75% of drug crime offenders and 47% of non-criminal controls had used addictive psychotropic medications during the follow-up period (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). 74% of all drug crime offenders' purchases of prescribed addictive drugs occurred within the year preceding drug crimes. Of addictive drugs, the use of clonazepam and gabapentinoids was most likely to associate with drug crime offending (AOR 7.77, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Conduct and substance use disorders diagnosed in adolescence (AOR 3.49, <i>p</i> = 0.010; AOR 2.34, <i>p</i> = 0.050) were predictors for drug crime offending.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that, when treating young adults with conduct disorder and a history of substance use, physicians should prescribe addictive medications with caution, favouring instead non-addictive medications complemented by psychosocial interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 2","pages":"124-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b8/3e/CBM-32-124.PMC9327718.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40239914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triarchic psychopathic traits versus self-control: Comparing associations with youth antisocial outcomes","authors":"Pedro Pechorro,&nbsp;Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves,&nbsp;Ricardo Barroso,&nbsp;Jorge Quintas,&nbsp;Matt DeLisi","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2252","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2252","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Psychopathy and low self-control are useful constructs for understanding antisociality/criminality. The triarchic model of psychopathy in particular is a recent and promising conceptualisation, composed of boldness, disinhibition, and meanness - three personality traits that have never been studied in tandem with low self-control.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To test relationships between the triarchic personality traits of boldness, disinhibition and meanness and low self-control with delinquent or antisocial acts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a cross-sectional, self-report study a schools' cohort of 14- to 18-year-olds (<i>Mean</i> 15.91 years, <i>SD</i> = 0.99 years) was recruited from regions in South Portugal and Lisbon, representative of the general population of this age in sex distribution and education. After parental consent, teenage volunteers in small groups completed psychopathy and self-control self-rating scales and then a questionnaire about their criminal or delinquent activities, all on one single occasion and in confidence from school staff or parents. Path analysis was used to test relationships.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>567 young people, 256 (45%) of them girls, completed all ratings, 89% of those invited to do so. Low self-control had the strongest relationship with antisocial/criminal acts, followed by the disinhibition or meanness traits of the triarchic psychopathy construct. The boldness trait of the triarchic psychopathy construct had the weakest relationship.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that the most effective targets for intervention to prevent or limit antisocial behaviours by young people are likely to be self-control and disinhibition. Behavioural interventions that improve social skills and verbal problem-solving that encourage listening and waiting in response to environmental stimuli are likely to effect reduction of impulsive and aggressive reactions to others and so reduce conduct problems. Since disinhibition and self-control are such overlapping constructs, improvements in one area will generally facilitate improvements in the other area.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 4","pages":"267-278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40057907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring substance use as rule-violating behaviour during inpatient treatment of offender patients with schizophrenia","authors":"Martina Sonnweber,&nbsp;Johannes Kirchebner,&nbsp;Moritz Philipp Günther,&nbsp;Johannes Rene Kappes,&nbsp;Steffen Lau","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2245","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2245","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rule-violating behaviour in the form of substance misuse has been studied primarily within the context of prison settings, but not in forensic psychiatric settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our aim was to explore factors that are associated with substance misuse during hospitalisation in patients among those patients in a Swiss forensic psychiatric inpatient unit who were suffering from a disorder along the schizophrenia spectrum.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>From a database of demographic, clinical and offending data on all residents at any time between 1982 and 2016 in the forensic psychiatric hospital in Zurich, 364 cases fulfilled diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia or a schizophrenia-like illness and formed our sample. Any confirmed use of alcohol or illicit substances during admission (yes/no) was the dependent variable. Its relationship to all 507 other variables was explored by machine learning. To counteract overfitting, data were divided into training and validation set. The best model from the training set was tested on the validation set.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Substance use as a secure hospital inpatient was unusual (15, 14%). Prior substance use disorder accounted for so much of the variance (AUC 0.92) that it was noted but excluded from further models. In the resulting model of best fit, variables related to rule breaking, younger age overall and at onset of schizophrenia and nature of offending behaviour, substance misuse as a minor and having records of complications in prior psychiatric treatment were associated with substance misuse during hospitalisation, as was length of inpatient treatment. In the initial model the AUC was 0.92. Even after removal of substance use disorder from the final model, performance indicators were meaningful with a balanced accuracy of 67.95, an AUC of 0.735, a sensitivity of 81.48% and a specificity of 57.58%.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Substance misuse in secure forensic psychiatric hospitals is unusual but worthy of clinical and research consideration because of its association with other rule violations and longer hospitalisation. More knowledge is needed about effective interventions and rehabilitation for this group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 4","pages":"255-266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42435457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The all-Wales forensic adolescent consultation and treatment service (FACTS): A 5-year referral cohort study","authors":"Natasha Kalebic,&nbsp;Sarah Argent,&nbsp;Harry Austin,&nbsp;Lachlan Bramley,&nbsp;Gwen O’Connor,&nbsp;Caroline Hoskins,&nbsp;Abigail Willis,&nbsp;Julie Withecomb,&nbsp;Andrew Forrester,&nbsp;Peter Morgan,&nbsp;Pamela J. Taylor","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2244","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2244","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>FACTS is a Wales-wide mental health service for 10–17-year-olds with needs beyond the remit of mainstream child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). As a purely consultation-liaison service, it differs from other UK services in the field.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe a complete cohort of referrals to FACTS 2013–2017 with service exit by June 2018.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clinical, social and offending data were extracted from FACTS records.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>80 young people completed a FACTS episode, averaging nearly a year (309 days; range 13–859 days). Mostly boys (65, 81%) of mean age 15.4 years (range 9–18), two-thirds (<i>n</i> = 53) had three or more referral reasons, one invariably being threatened/actual harm to others; only half were criminal-justice involved. Half (41, 51%) were committing sexually harmful acts. Half were self-harming (41, 51%). All but seven had had at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE), nearly half (35, 44%) four or more. Nevertheless, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was rarely diagnosed (7, 9%); just over one-quarter (23, 29%) had no diagnosis at all. Correspondence analyses endorsed two distinct Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder groups, distinguished by presence/absence of evidenced brain damage or dysfunction. Suicide-related behaviours clustered with the other diagnoses, flashbacks and psychotic symptoms with no diagnosis. Change in home circumstances during a FACTS episode was slight.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The complexity of presenting problems and service involvement evidences need for FACTS. The extent of persistently harmful sexual behaviours is a novel finding, suggesting need for more expert input for this at other service levels. Rarity of PTSD diagnoses was surprising given the extent of ACEs. This raises concerns that services focus on disorder signs rather than the child's inner life. Given the extent of problems, minimal change may be a positive outcome – especially when remaining in the community. Further development of this service should include explicit case-by-case goals and indicative outcome markers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 3","pages":"159-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81306483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}