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Low sense of mattering in society and delinquency among young people: An initial investigation 青少年的社会责任感低与犯罪:一项初步调查。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2356
Mael Virat, Gordon Flett, Lisa Massez, Nathalie Przygodzki-Lionet

Background

Studies of mattering and delinquency among young people have, to date, focused solely on whether teenagers think that they matter to each other. No one has yet examined the extent to which young people think that they matter to society generally and how this relates to delinquency.

Aims

To explore relationships between young peoples' sense of being of value to society and their delinquent intentions. First, we tested relationships between such ‘societal mattering’ scores and delinquent intentions; secondly, we tested self-rated attitudes towards the criminal justice system and associating with delinquent peers as possible mediators of any relationship.

Methods

Four hundred and twenty-eight 10- to 21-year-olds were recruited by social media, flyers or in one school in France. They were asked to complete a schedule online, in private, first rating themselves on a five-point Likert scale according to the statement ‘I feel like I matter in society’. They were then asked to rate the frequency and variety of their own delinquency and delinquent intentions, then the extent to which they related to peers with positive or negative attitudes towards the law and its representatives and their own attitudes towards the criminal justice system.

Results

Under one in three of these young people felt that they mattered in society. Regression analyses showed that lower sense of such mattering was associated with delinquent intentions, even after controlling for own past delinquency, age and gender. Peers' attitudes and personal attitudes towards the justice system partially mediated this link.

Conclusion

Our findings add to literature on sense of place in society and criminal behaviours by showing, for the first time, that a sense of not mattering in society, or mattering little, is likely to be associated with delinquency. Although we recommend extending this study to international, population-based samples, we suggest school and community initiatives to ensure that young people do feel valued by society, which may contribute to community safety.

背景:迄今为止,有关青少年的 "重要感 "和犯罪问题的研究仅集中于青少年是否认为他们彼此重要。目的:探讨青少年对社会的价值感与他们的犯罪意图之间的关系。首先,我们测试了这种 "社会重要性 "得分与犯罪意图之间的关系;其次,我们测试了对刑事司法系统和与犯罪同龄人交往的自评态度,作为任何关系的可能中介:我们通过社交媒体、传单或在法国一所学校招募了 428 名 10 至 21 岁的青少年。他们被要求在网上私下填写一份计划表,首先根据 "我觉得自己在社会中很重要 "这句话,用李克特五点量表给自己打分。然后,要求他们对自己犯罪的频率和种类以及犯罪意图进行评分,再对他们与对法律及其代表持积极或消极态度的同龄人的关系以及他们自己对刑事司法系统的态度进行评分:在这些青少年中,不到三分之一的人认为自己在社会中很重要。回归分析表明,即使在控制了自己过去的犯罪情况、年龄和性别之后,这种重要感较低也与犯罪意图有关。同伴的态度和个人对司法系统的态度在一定程度上调节了这种联系:我们的研究结果为有关社会地位感和犯罪行为的文献增添了新的内容,它首次表明,社会地位感不重要或不重要很可能与犯罪有关。尽管我们建议将这项研究扩展到以人口为基础的国际样本中,但我们建议学校和社区采取一些措施,确保青少年确实感到自己受到社会的重视,这可能有助于社区安全。
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引用次数: 0
Suicide and self-harm in prisons: The challenge of service evaluation and prevention 监狱中的自杀和自残问题:服务评估和预防的挑战。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2358
Alexander Challinor, Joe Rafferty, Noir Thomas, Sarah Pilling, Sahil Bhandari, Saied Ibrahim, Nav Kapur

Very high rates of suicide and self-harm in prisons worldwide emphasise the need for evidence-based approaches to prevention. Real world evaluations of organisational changes and service developments within prisons could yield important insights, but there are challenges to achieving this, as we found from an evaluation in a single UK institution.

全球监狱中的自杀率和自残率非常高,这强调了以证据为基础的预防方法的必要性。对监狱内的组织变革和服务发展进行实际评估可以产生重要的启示,但正如我们在英国一所监狱的评估中发现的那样,要做到这一点还面临着挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Psychopathy checklist-youth version scores and recurring victimisation by an intimate partner in a justice-involved sample: A comparison of young men and women using longitudinal data 精神变态检查表-青年版得分与司法介入样本中亲密伴侣的重复伤害:使用纵向数据对青年男女进行比较。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2355
Michelle N. Harris, Leah E. Daigle, Dennis Reidy, Travis Chafin, Nick D. Thomson

Background

People involved in the criminal justice system are at increased risk of recurring intimate partner violent (IPV) victimisation. Experience of trauma is linked to a variety of negative outcomes, including repeated experiences, so it is important to identify factors that may distinguish non-victims, single-event victims and recurring victims at an early stage as this could hold potential for intervention efforts. Research studies have identified individual-level risk factors for IPV victimisation but have not investigated psychopathy traits or sex differences.

Aims

To examine sex differences in psychopathy scores and later IPV victimisation.

Methods

Using the Pathways to Desistance study, a longitudinal study of 1354 adjudicated adolescent offenders, relationships between psychopathy checklist-youth version (PCL-YV) scores measured during the baseline wave, independent/control variables in wave 6 and self-reported IPV victimisation in wave 7 were explored using multinomial regression models.

Results

Among justice-involved young adults (average age 19), PCL-YV scores differentiated between non-victims, single-event victims and recurring victims. Higher total scores and higher ratings on the antisocial behaviours facet of psychopathy significantly increased the relative risk of recurring victimisation by an intimate partner overall, and specifically of emotional or physical intimate partner violence. For the young women but not the young men, a higher scoring on the interpersonal manipulation facet of psychopathy specifically increased the relative risk of being a recurring victim of any intimate partner violence.

Conclusions

Sex-specific differences in relationships between high PVL-YV scores and recurring IPV victimisation can be used to screen for risk of repeated trauma for justice-involved young adults, which may change a trajectory of continued involvement in the criminal justice system to a trajectory of resilience and recovery.

背景:涉及刑事司法系统的人再次成为亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)受害者的风险会增加。创伤经历与包括重复经历在内的各种负面结果相关联,因此在早期阶段识别可能区分非受害者、单一事件受害者和重复受害者的因素非常重要,因为这可能为干预工作带来潜力。研究已经确定了个人层面的 IPV 受害风险因素,但尚未对心理变态特征或性别差异进行调查:方法:利用对1354名被判刑的青少年罪犯进行的纵向研究--"通往戒毒之路研究",使用多项式回归模型探讨了基线波测量的精神变态检查表--青少年版(PCL-YV)得分、第6波的独立/控制变量和第7波的自我报告的IPV受害情况之间的关系:在参与司法活动的年轻人(平均年龄 19 岁)中,PCL-YV 分数区分了非受害者、单一事件受害者和重复受害者。总分越高,心理变态的反社会行为方面的评分越高,就会显著增加再次遭受亲密伴侣伤害的相对风险,特别是遭受亲密伴侣情感或身体暴力的风险。对于年轻女性而非年轻男性来说,在心理变态的人际操纵方面得分越高,成为任何亲密伴侣暴力的重复受害者的相对风险就越高:结论:PVL-YV高分与再次遭受亲密伴侣暴力侵害之间的性别差异可用于筛查涉及司法程序的年轻成年人再次遭受创伤的风险,这可能会将持续卷入刑事司法系统的轨迹转变为复原力和恢复力的轨迹。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the reciprocal associations between symptoms of depression and anxiety and contact with the criminal justice system 研究抑郁和焦虑症状与接触刑事司法系统之间的相互关系。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2354
Ian A. Silver, Joseph A. Schwartz, Samantha L. Allen

Background

Taken together, prior publications on the association between symptoms of depression and anxiety and contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) suggest a bi-directional relationship, but all the studies only focus on one direction in this relationship.

Aims

To examine, in longitudinally collected data, period-specific within-individual change in anxiety and depression measures preceding arrest measurement and, separately, following arrest measurement.

Methods

Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, a nationally representative sample of people born between 1980 and 1984 and first interviewed between ages 12–17 and a publicly accessible database. Our focus was on data for the 11 years 2000–2010. Using whole sample data, we tested for a reciprocal association between depression and anxiety during each 2-year period and arrests during the following year, and vice versa, allowing for relatively fixed characteristics such as sex, age and socio-economic indicators. We used period-specific change modelling to test relationships.

Results

We found that within-individual increases in depression and anxiety scores over short periods (2-year periods) of time was associated with an increase in the number of arrests subsequent over the following year, consistently throughout the whole of the 10 years studies. The reciprocal association was also observed, albeit the magnitude of the effects was much smaller.

Conclusion

This study adds to the literature on the association between mental health and CJS contact by showing that they may be reciprocally associated. This suggests that facilitating co-working or even formal partnerships between community mental health services and justice-related services could be beneficial.

背景综合来看,之前发表的有关抑郁症状和焦虑症状与接触刑事司法系统(CJS)之间关系的文章表明两者之间存在双向关系,但所有研究都只关注这种关系的一个方向。方法数据来自 1997 年全国青少年纵向研究(National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997),这是一项具有全国代表性的抽样调查,调查对象为 1980 年至 1984 年间出生、首次受访年龄在 12-17 岁之间的青少年。我们的重点是 2000-2010 年这 11 年的数据。在考虑到性别、年龄和社会经济指标等相对固定的特征的情况下,我们使用全样本数据检验了每两年期间的抑郁和焦虑与下一年的逮捕之间是否存在相互关联,反之亦然。结果我们发现,抑郁和焦虑得分在短期内(2 年)的增加与下一年被捕人数的增加有关,这在整个 10 年研究中是一致的。本研究表明,心理健康与刑事司法系统接触之间可能存在相互关联,从而为有关心理健康与刑事司法系统接触之间关联的文献增添了新的内容。这表明,促进社区心理健康服务机构与司法相关服务机构之间的合作甚至正式伙伴关系可能是有益的。
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引用次数: 0
Do autism and psychopathy co-occur? A systematic review and clinical discussion 自闭症和精神病态会同时发生吗?系统回顾与临床讨论
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2352
David Murphy, Freya Walker, Josephine Broyd

Background

Although the prevalence is unknown, psychopathy can be a possible co-occurring condition associated with autism especially among forensic populations. However, the relationship between these two conditions remains poorly understood.

Aims

To carry out a systematic review of the available literature exploring the relationship between autism and psychopathy.

Methods

A systematic literature review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using terms for autism and psychopathy to search the literature databases Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, ASSIA, APA Psych Info, Medline and EMBASE from 1980 to March 2024. For inclusion, we required that a recognised measure of autism and psychopathy or associated features of the latter had been used.

Results

Of the 4230 potential articles identified, 37 met the selection criteria. Insufficient and inconsistent methodologies for data pooling meant that a narrative analysis was used. Although there is some overlap, four broad themes emerged relating to (1) assessment and frequency of co-occurrence, (2) behavioural and neurophysiological expressions of empathy, (3) behavioural contagion effects, mirroring, mimicry and other linking mechanisms and (4) emotional face perception and theory of mind characteristics. Within these areas there are some specific differences between the two conditions. However, the research to date examining the relationship between autism and psychopathy has mostly been with children and males, carried out with non-clinical non-forensic populations, as well as using self-report measures and parental ratings. Prior research has also largely focused on looking for differences between these conditions rather than co-occurrence.

Conclusion

This review outlines a case for considering autism and psychopathy as distinct, but potentially co-occurring conditions and highlights the need for more research into how the two conditions interact with clinical populations. There also appears to be a need for guidelines on when and how to assess psychopathy with autistic individuals and a better understanding of the therapeutic needs and factors influencing the long-term outcomes of autistic individuals who may also present with co-occurring psychopathy.

背景虽然发病率尚不清楚,但精神病态可能与自闭症并发,尤其是在法医人群中。Aims To carry out a systematic review of the available literature exploring the relationship between autism and psychopathy.MethodsA systematic literature review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using terms of autism and psychopathy to search the literature databases Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, ASSIA, APA Psych Info, Medline and EMBASE from 1980 to March 2024.为了纳入研究,我们要求使用公认的自闭症和心理变态测量方法或后者的相关特征。结果在所发现的 4230 篇潜在文章中,有 37 篇符合筛选标准。由于汇集数据的方法不足且不一致,因此我们采用了叙事分析法。尽管有一些重叠,但还是出现了四个广泛的主题,分别涉及:(1) 评估和共同发生的频率;(2) 共情的行为和神经生理学表达;(3) 行为传染效应、镜像、模仿和其他联系机制;(4) 情感面孔感知和心智理论特征。在这些领域中,两种情况之间存在一些具体的差异。然而,迄今为止,有关自闭症与精神变态之间关系的研究大多针对儿童和男性,在非临床非法医人群中进行,并使用自我报告测量法和父母评分法。结论 本综述概述了将自闭症和精神病态视为不同但可能同时存在的病症的理由,并强调有必要对这两种病症如何与临床人群相互作用开展更多研究。此外,似乎还需要制定有关何时以及如何对自闭症患者进行心理病态评估的指南,并更好地了解可能同时伴有心理病态的自闭症患者的治疗需求以及影响其长期疗效的因素。
{"title":"Do autism and psychopathy co-occur? A systematic review and clinical discussion","authors":"David Murphy,&nbsp;Freya Walker,&nbsp;Josephine Broyd","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2352","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2352","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although the prevalence is unknown, psychopathy can be a possible co-occurring condition associated with autism especially among forensic populations. However, the relationship between these two conditions remains poorly understood.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To carry out a systematic review of the available literature exploring the relationship between autism and psychopathy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic literature review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using terms for autism and psychopathy to search the literature databases Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, ASSIA, APA Psych Info, Medline and EMBASE from 1980 to March 2024. For inclusion, we required that a recognised measure of autism and psychopathy or associated features of the latter had been used.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 4230 potential articles identified, 37 met the selection criteria. Insufficient and inconsistent methodologies for data pooling meant that a narrative analysis was used. Although there is some overlap, four broad themes emerged relating to (1) assessment and frequency of co-occurrence, (2) behavioural and neurophysiological expressions of empathy, (3) behavioural contagion effects, mirroring, mimicry and other linking mechanisms and (4) emotional face perception and theory of mind characteristics. Within these areas there are some specific differences between the two conditions. However, the research to date examining the relationship between autism and psychopathy has mostly been with children and males, carried out with non-clinical non-forensic populations, as well as using self-report measures and parental ratings. Prior research has also largely focused on looking for differences between these conditions rather than co-occurrence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review outlines a case for considering autism and psychopathy as distinct, but potentially co-occurring conditions and highlights the need for more research into how the two conditions interact with clinical populations. There also appears to be a need for guidelines on when and how to assess psychopathy with autistic individuals and a better understanding of the therapeutic needs and factors influencing the long-term outcomes of autistic individuals who may also present with co-occurring psychopathy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"34 5","pages":"411-430"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Psychopathy traits explain variance shared between features of substance use disorders and violence 精神变态特征解释了药物使用障碍和暴力特征之间的共同差异
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2353
Samuel R. Vincent, Emily E. Graupman, William J. McGarrigle, David S. Kosson

Background

There is a substantial research literature on identifying risk and protective factors for violence perpetration. Substance use disorders have long been identified as constituting a significant predictor of violent behaviour. Psychopathy traits have also been similarly recognised, but inter-relationships between psychopathy traits, features of substance use disorders and violence have been little explored.

Aims

To determine the degree to which shared variance between substance dependence symptoms and violence, as indicated by criminal charges for violent offences, among jailed men can be explained by psychopathy traits.

Methods

Features of dependence on substances in three drug classes (alcohol, cannabis and cocaine) were assessed in a sample of 682 men in a county jail awaiting trial on criminal charges, many for violent offences. Statistical comparisons of zero-order and partial correlations tested whether accounting for psychopathy total and facet scores, assessed by the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), affected associations between substance dependence symptoms and violent charges.

Results

Total PCL-R scores accounted for a significant proportion of the shared variance between the history of criminal charges for violence offences and lifetime substance dependence symptoms in all three drug classes. At the facet level, controlling for ratings on the interpersonal and modified antisocial facets reduced the association between criminal charges for violent offences and symptoms of cocaine dependence; controlling for ratings on a modified antisocial facet also attenuated links between alcohol and cannabis dependence symptoms and history of charges for violent offences.

Conclusion

These findings build on the sparse literature to date on the role of psychopathy traits on relationships between features of substance use disorders and violence. Given that the observed connection between substance dependence symptoms and charges for violent offences is partly accounted for by individual differences in psychopathy traits, it follows that effective treatment for those traits may be useful, perhaps essential to reducing links between features of some substance use disorders and violent offending.

背景关于确定暴力行为风险和保护因素的研究文献很多。长期以来,人们一直认为药物使用障碍是暴力行为的重要预测因素。目的确定精神变态特质在多大程度上可以解释药物依赖症状与暴力行为之间的共同差异,暴力犯罪的刑事指控显示了被监禁男性中药物依赖症状与暴力行为之间的共同差异。方法在一个县监狱中对 682 名因刑事指控(其中许多是暴力犯罪)而候审的男性进行抽样调查,评估他们对三类药物(酒精、大麻和可卡因)的依赖特征。通过对零阶和部分相关性进行统计比较,检验了心理病理学检查表-修订版(PCL-R)评估的心理病理学总分和分面得分是否会影响药物依赖症状与暴力指控之间的关联。结果PCL-R总分在暴力犯罪刑事指控史与所有三种药物类别的终生药物依赖症状之间的共同变异中占很大比例。在侧面水平上,控制人际侧面和修正的反社会侧面的评分会降低暴力犯罪刑事指控与可卡因依赖症状之间的联系;控制修正的反社会侧面的评分也会削弱酒精和大麻依赖症状与暴力犯罪指控史之间的联系。鉴于所观察到的药物依赖症状与暴力犯罪指控之间的联系部分是由心理变态特质的个体差异造成的,因此,针对这些特质的有效治疗可能是有用的,也许对于减少某些药物使用障碍的特征与暴力犯罪之间的联系至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Psychopathy, criminogenic cognitions and emotional responses to affective stimuli among male adult offenders 男性成年罪犯的变态心理、犯罪认知和对情感刺激的情绪反应。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2351
Steluța Manole, Violeta Enea

Background

Previous research has consistently shown value in studying emotion processing with psychopathy, but the relative effect of aural and visual stimulation has hardly been considered.

Aims

Our aims were to (1) compare reaction time and self-rated valence ((un)pleasantness), arousal and sense of being dominated by affective sounds or visual images among offenders with and without psychopathy (=/>26) on the psychopathy check-list revised; (2) investigate any associations, controlling for social desirability and depression; (3) explore the possible mediating effect of criminogenic cognitions on any relationships between psychopathy and emotional responses to affective stimuli.

Methods

Professional educators invited all male offenders serving semi-open custody sentences in one prison to participate. After a semi structured interview to assess psychopathy, they self-reported on criminogenic cognition, depression and social desirability scales, before a computer task using standardised human and animal sounds and images. Using the self-assessment manikin, participants rated the emotional valence, arousal and dominance levels when pleasant, unpleasant and neutral sounds or images were presented.

Results

About one in three prisoners completed all the ratings—120 men, of mean age 38.8 years (SD = 11.06). All had shorter reaction times to sounds than images. Offenders with high affective-interpersonal factor scores rated all types of sounds as less pleasant. Men with high psychopathy scores took longer to respond to unpleasant images than those with lower scores. There was a positive relationship between psychopathy factors and criminogenic cognitions and the external locus of criminogenic cognitions mediated the relationship between psychopathy facets and emotional responses of valence to pleasant sounds.

Conclusion

Our findings confirm the potential importance of emotional reactions to sounds as well as images among men with psychopathy. Given the shorter reaction times to sounds, in real life sounds could prove more provocative than images. While only small differences emerged between men above and below the PCL-R threshold, indications from facet analyses suggest that further study of sound stimuli could enhance the understanding of emotional response differences to inform interventions. Future research in this area should focus on human-related stimuli and add alexithy

研究背景以往的研究一直表明,研究心理变态的情绪处理很有价值,但听觉和视觉刺激的相对效果却几乎没有被考虑过。目的:我们的目的是:(1)比较心理变态检查表修订版上有心理变态和没有心理变态(=/>26)的罪犯的反应时间和自评情绪((不)愉快度)、唤醒和被情感声音或视觉图像支配的感觉;(2)在控制社会宜人性和抑郁的情况下,调查任何关联;(3)探索犯罪认知对心理变态和对情感刺激的情绪反应之间任何关系的可能中介效应:方法:专业教育工作者邀请一所监狱的所有半开放式监管服刑的男性罪犯参加。在进行半结构化访谈以评估心理变态后,他们对犯罪认知、抑郁和社会可取性量表进行自我报告,然后使用标准化的人类和动物声音和图像进行计算机任务。使用自我评估人体模型,当呈现出令人愉悦、令人不悦和中性的声音或图像时,参与者对情绪价值、唤醒和支配水平进行评分:结果:大约三分之一的囚犯完成了所有评分--120 名男性,平均年龄 38.8 岁(SD = 11.06)。所有囚犯对声音的反应时间均短于对图像的反应时间。情感-人际因素得分较高的犯人对所有类型的声音的评分都较低。心理变态得分高的男性对不愉快图像的反应时间比得分低的男性长。心理变态因素与犯罪认知之间存在正相关,而犯罪认知的外部位置在心理变态因素与对悦耳声音的情绪反应之间起着中介作用:我们的研究结果证实了精神变态男性对声音和图像的情绪反应的潜在重要性。鉴于声音的反应时间较短,在现实生活中,声音可能比图像更具煽动性。虽然高于和低于 PCL-R 临界值的男性之间只有很小的差异,但是面分析表明,对声音刺激的进一步研究可以加深对情绪反应差异的理解,从而为干预措施提供依据。今后这方面的研究应侧重于与人类相关的刺激,并增加情感障碍测量。
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引用次数: 0
Probation practice and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 缓刑做法与注意力缺陷多动障碍。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2348
Jane E. Wood
<div> <section> <h3> Rationale</h3> <p>Twenty-one Community Rehabilitation Companies were set up following the division of the National Probation Services during ‘Transforming Rehabilitation’ in England and Wales, under a 2013 Ministry of Justice initiative. Reunification commenced in 2018. A study completed prior to these changes suggested that probation officers had had little training in recognising attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and may have been underestimating its prevalence among their clientele. Given the substantial changes in probation staffing and organisation since 2018, a new study seems warranted.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Aims</h3> <p>The aim of the study was to understand experiences of people under a community sentence who reported having ADHD and of probation staff working with them.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Using a qualitative research design, one-to-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with client facing probation staff recruited from one Community Rehabilitation Company. Service users undertaking a community sentence who had been diagnosed with or self-identified as having ADHD were then identified and recruited by these staff; those who consented were also interviewed. Transcripts were analysed using a thematic analytic approach.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Thirteen probation staff and six male offenders under community sentences, agreed to participate and completed interviews. The overarching themes emerging from the two groups were similar, both reflecting on descriptions of ADHD; treatment of ADHD; experiences of having or working with ADHD in the wider community and in the criminal justice system specifically and visions of future support needs tied to the order. In addition, probation officers specifically raised the matter of payment by results. Both service users and probation staff identified gaps in knowledge, experience and services, but areas of good practice were also identified.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusion</h3> <p>The findings highlight the continuing under-acknowledgement of tailored clinical support for people serving a community sentence who have ADHD together with a lack of support and training about ADHD for probation staff. Return to the national organisation of probation services and recognition of need for a range of relevant skills offers a great opportunity for re-evaluating supervision and management of offenders under community sentences who have ADHD. These findings provide the basis for a template for developing knowledge
理由:根据司法部 2013 年的一项倡议,英格兰和威尔士在 "改造康复 "期间对国家缓刑服务进行了划分,随后成立了 21 家社区康复公司。重新统一于 2018 年开始。在这些变革之前完成的一项研究表明,缓刑监督官几乎没有接受过识别注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的培训,他们可能低估了这一疾病在客户中的流行程度。鉴于自 2018 年以来缓刑人员配备和组织结构发生了重大变化,似乎有必要开展一项新的研究。研究目的:本研究旨在了解据报患有多动症的社区服刑人员以及与他们合作的缓刑工作人员的经历:采用定性研究设计,对一家社区康复公司的缓刑工作人员进行了一对一的半结构化访谈。然后由这些工作人员确定和招募被诊断为或自我认定为患有多动症的正在接受社区服刑的服务对象,并对同意接受访谈的服务对象进行访谈。访谈记录采用主题分析法进行分析:13 名缓刑监督人员和 6 名被判处社区服刑的男性罪犯同意参与并完成了访谈。两组访谈中出现的首要主题相似,都反映了对多动症的描述;多动症的治疗;在更广泛的社区和刑事司法系统中患有多动症或与多动症打交道的经历,以及对与该命令相关的未来支持需求的看法。此外,缓刑监督官特别提出了按结果付费的问题。服务使用者和缓刑监督人员都指出了在知识、经验和服务方面的不足,但也发现了一些良好做法:研究结果突出表明,对患有多动症的社区服刑人员提供有针对性的临床支持的认识仍然不足,缓刑工作人员也缺乏有关多动症的支持和培训。恢复缓刑服务的全国性组织以及认识到对一系列相关技能的需求,为重新评估对患有多动症的社区服刑罪犯的监督和管理提供了一个很好的机会。这些发现为缓刑工作人员提供知识和支持的模板奠定了基础,使他们能够识别多动症或其可能性,并有能力通过适当的知情个性化监管计划和获得专家服务建议和支持来贯彻执行。
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引用次数: 0
Readmission after discharge from a medium secure service between 1999 and 2017: A retrospective cohort study 1999 年至 2017 年间从中度戒备服务机构出院后的再入院情况:回顾性队列研究
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2346
Charlotte Hill, Ruth Bagshaw, Andrew Watt
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Previous research into outcomes after treatment in medium secure psychiatric hospitals has mostly relied on pre-millennium data.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Aims</h3> <p>To examine patient and inpatient service-related factors associated with readmission within 2 years following discharge to the community or open conditions from conditions of medium security.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>A retrospective cohort study of 137 patients discharged either to the community or to open conditions from one 64-bed South Wales Regional Medium Secure Hospital Unit between July 1999 and November 2017 was completed using data from healthcare records to document demographics, diagnosis and nature of index offences together with researcher-completed ratings of inpatient progress using the Dangerousness Understanding Recovery and Urgency Manual (DUNDRUM) Programme Completion and DUNDRUM Recovery scales. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent associations between inpatient progress according to these measures and readmission.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Forty-three patients (31%) were readmitted within 2 years of discharge and 23 (17%) in breach of legal conditions on discharge. Most readmitted patients (<i>n</i> = 29, 67%) returned directly to medium secure care. There were significant binary level associations between readmission and severity of the index offences (lower), number of adverse childhood experiences (higher), history of drug misuse (more likely) and number of previous psychiatric admissions (higher). Binary logistic regression confirmed that these relationships were not independent. No inpatient service-related variables, according to DUNDRUM scale scores, showed an independent association with readmission within 2 years post-discharge.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>The proportion of medium security hospital patients who were readmitted within 2 years of discharge aligns with estimates found in earlier national research using the same follow-up period. Since levels of inpatient progress bore little if any relationship to longer term outcomes, our findings highlight the need for investigating factors in the discharge environment that are linked to readmission. It is possible that readmission may indicate effective monitoring and responsive care to the changing needs of patients, but a better understanding of this is essential.<
背景:以前对中度戒备精神病院治疗后结果的研究大多依赖于千年前的数据。目的:研究与中度戒备条件下出院后两年内重新入院相关的患者和住院服务相关因素:对1999年7月至2017年11月期间从拥有64张床位的南威尔士地区中度戒备医院病房出院到社区或开放条件下的137名患者进行了回顾性队列研究,利用医疗记录中的数据记录了人口统计学、诊断和指数犯罪的性质,以及研究人员使用危险性理解恢复和紧急手册(DUNDRUM)计划完成和DUNDRUM恢复量表完成的住院进展评分。我们使用二元逻辑回归分析来确定根据这些测量方法得出的住院进展与再入院之间的独立关联:43名患者(31%)在出院后两年内再次入院,23名患者(17%)违反了出院时的法定条件。大多数再次入院的患者(n = 29,67%)都直接回到了中度安全护理机构。重新入院与指数罪行的严重程度(较低)、童年不良经历的数量(较高)、药物滥用史(更有可能)和之前入住精神病院的次数(较高)之间存在明显的二元关联。二元逻辑回归证实这些关系并非独立存在。根据DUNDRUM量表评分,与住院服务相关的变量均与出院后两年内再次入院无关:中度戒备医院患者在出院后两年内再次入院的比例与早前使用相同随访期进行的全国性研究得出的估计结果一致。由于住院病人的病情进展水平与长期治疗结果几乎没有任何关系,我们的研究结果突出表明,有必要调查出院环境中与再入院有关的因素。再次入院可能表明对病人不断变化的需求进行了有效的监控和响应,但更好地了解这一点至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
The importance of excluding selected samples when estimating prevalence of mental disorders in the general prison population—A response to Baggio and Efthimiou (2024) 在估算普通监狱人口中精神障碍患病率时排除特定样本的重要性--回应 Baggio 和 Efthimiou (2024)。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-16 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2349
Seena Fazel, Louis Favril
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引用次数: 0
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Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health
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