Journal of General Psychology最新文献

Gender disparity persists in the United States; women are still paid less than men and are also subject to discrimination in the workplace based on the fact that they may become mothers. Further, there is evidence to indicate that single mothers are judged more harshly than their married mother counterparts and single fathers. As a form of amelioration, some women self medicate with alcohol and according to the CDC), alcohol use disorder (AUD) is on the rise for women. Although there is research on gender disparity, the motherhood penalty, and AUD, there are no experiments testing socio-cognitive judgments on those combined factors and specifically examining what we term "the single motherhood penalty". Therefore, in two experiments using between-participants designs, participants rated a picture of a person (female or male) paired with a brief description where marital status (single or married) and type of ailment (alcohol or physical) was manipulated. In Experiment 1, a passive AUD manipulation did not show a clear single motherhood penalty. In Experiment 2, the results of an active AUD manipulation supported the predicted single motherhood penalty (Experiment 2a), but did not show an analogous single fatherhood penalty (Experiment 2 b). These findings are the first to offer empirical evidence that socio-cognitive judgments might perpetuate the interplay of the single motherhood penalty and AUD.

Emotion is assumed to be stored in long-term memory as a concept by a feature (e.g., "tears" for "sadness") that is a memory unit of a concept. Memory activation of emotion concepts via features is supposed to enable recognition of emotional states. Emotion concepts are associated with various perceptual features oriented toward the interior and exterior of the body. Although previous studies have revealed that internal perceptual features need to recognize emotional experiences, how external perceptual features contribute to memory representation of emotions is unclear. This study focused on sadness and aimed to identify how color, which is an external perceptual feature, represents sadness in long-term memory. We hypothesized that colors continuously represent positive and negative aspects of sadness. Participants rated the congruency between each of 99 color visual stimuli and five major emotions, six sadness-related situations, and five psychological properties. Consistent with the prediction, two bluish color groups appeared to represent sadness based on emotional congruency ratings. Colors with the highest sadness ratings were related to dark and dull bluish ones. On the other hand, lighter bluish colors mixed with green appearance were similarly congruent with both sadness and happiness. The lightness properties of these sadness-related bluish colors continuously represent sadness dominancy (sadness rating minus happiness rating). Additionally, sadness dominancy of each sadness-related color group was differently associated with sadness-related situations. These findings indicate that color features contribute to memory representation of sadness in association with situations and that color features continuously instantiate negative and positive aspects of sadness.

This study investigated crosslinguistic phonological awareness and phonological recoding skills in Chinese reading acquisition among early Chinese adolescent students. 76 Chinese children participated in this study and finished a series of reading measurements over 1 year (from Grade 5 to Grade 6). In Grade 5, they were assessed by Chinese phonological awareness (syllable, onset, rhyme, phoneme, and tone awareness), English phonological awareness (syllable, onset, and rime, phoneme awareness) as well as English and Chinese phonological recoding skills. In Grade 6, the students completed the measurement of Chinese lexical inferencing ability. Subsequent hierarchical regression analyses showed that Time 1 (Grade 5) Chinese phonological awareness and recoding skills made a joint intra-lingual contribution to later Chinese lexical inferencing ability. Moreover, English phonological recoding skills had a unique inter-lingual contribution to later Chinese lexical inferencing ability after age, nonverbal intelligence, and English phonological awareness were controlled for. Results expanded the self-teaching hypothesis to account for variations within and across languages over time and underscored the uniqueness of inter-lingual phonological recoding in later orthographic and semantic learning.

Although previous research has identified that perfectionism is associated with both narcissism and workaholism, research into the specific roles of potential perfectionism classes in these personality dynamics is currently unavailable. Furthermore, no study has investigated if the "useless superiority effort" dimension of inferiority feelings, which indicates an increased need for superiority over others potentially to overcome self-perceived inferiorities, is related to other important personality dynamics. This study was therefore conducted to identify if potential perfectionism classes that exist among academicians (N = 317) can simultaneously explain significant differences in their tendencies toward workaholism, narcissism, and useless superiority effort, after controlling for potential social desirability effect. A latent class analysis of two dimensions of perfectionism (discrepancy and high standards) revealed four distinct classes of academicians; non-perfectionists (NONPs; 20%), maladaptive perfectionists (MPs; 17%), normal perfectionists (NPs; 44%) and adaptive perfectionists (APs; 19%). Further analysis (MANCOVA) showed that while MPs have the highest tendencies toward workaholism and useless superiority effort, NONPs have the lowest tendencies toward these. Moreover, APs reported significantly lower useless superiority than NPs, despite scoring similarly on both narcissism and workaholism. Additionally, based on workaholism being related to narcissism, high standards and discrepancy dimensions of perfectionism, as well as useless superiority effort, while weekly work hours are not, it can be suggested that workaholism is qualitatively different from working long hours.

A sense of control over time and over what is happening in life is highly significant for psychological functioning. The aim of this experiment was to test the effect of fatalistic time perspective on self-esteem in extraverts and introverts. We conducted an experiment in which fatalistic time perspective was induced in participants (N = 104) high and low in extraversion. The experimental group's task was to put themselves into the situation of the presented character, who exhibited a strongly fatalistic time perspective. The results showed that introverts after the induction of fatalistic time perspective had higher self-esteem than introverts after neutral induction. There was no significant difference in self-esteem between extraverts after the induction of fatalistic time perspective and extraverts after neutral induction. We interpreted the results in the context of the interactive model of fatalism.

Recent research suggests that linguistic and musical information are processed by shared working memory resources in non-musicians. However, it is still unclear how musical information is actively maintained by those with extensive musical experience. Some evidence suggests that those with musical experience may utilize distinct processing systems for the active maintenance of linguistic and musical information. To explore this possibility, a cross-modal interference paradigm was used in which those with and without musical experience were presented with an initial stimulus (word or chord), followed by intervening stimuli (words, chords, or silence), and then a comparison stimulus (word or chord). The participants' task was to indicate whether the comparison stimulus was the same or different from the initial stimulus. Results revealed a pattern of data that would be expected if the active maintenance of linguistic and musical information was accomplished by distinct systems in those with musical experience and a unitary system in non-musicians.

The Satisfaction with Family Life Scale (SWFLS) is a measure of a person's satisfaction with their family life as a whole that has been used in different cultural contexts. However, its internal structure and factorial invariance have not been investigated simultaneously in culturally different samples from America and Europe. The current study aims to evaluate the internal structure and factorial invariance of the SWLFS in adolescents from Peru and Portugal, through a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. The study was conducted on 439 adolescents from Peru (N = 232; Age_average = 15.50, S.D. = 0.65) and Portugal (N = 207; Age_average = 16.16, S.D. = 0.81). First, the confirmatory factorial analysis for each group was carried out, followed by the multi-group confirmatory factorial analyses. Results indicated that the one-factor structure of the SWLFS presents a good adjustment to the data, in addition to an adequate internal consistency. Moreover, the presence of configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance is demonstrated across culturally different samples. The SWFLS is a brief and valid measure of satisfaction with family life that is useful for intercultural comparisons between samples of adolescents from Peru and Portugal.

This study is designed to investigate the mental health status of college students under the current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and explore potential influential factors. We surveyed 1128 people including 435 medical students and 693 nonmedical students by a self-designed questionnaire containing general demographic characteristics, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Self-Rating Depression Scale, and Chinese Perceived Stress Scale. SPSS 23.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The incidence of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress were 8.4, 22.7, and 42.9% among college students during the COVID-19, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that sex, specialty, and Family conflict were all positively associated with SAS, SDS, and CPSS (p<0.05). Stepwise linear retrospective analysis showed that family conflicts and specialty were the influencing factors of SAS, SDS, and CPSS. There were significantly differences between medical students and nonmedical students in the frequency of SDS abnormality score (Z=-4.125, p<0.001) and the frequency of CPSS abnormality (χ²=7.836, p=0.005). According to the results, we can come to the conclusion that college students have different degrees of psychological problems during the COVID-19. Family conflicts and specialty were the influencing factors of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress.

Self-selection of different employment opportunities was predicted to be a function of dispositional differences in self-monitoring. In two studies, participants read two job descriptions containing attributes that matched the skills and needs of either high self-monitors or low self-monitors. Participants then indicated which job they would accept if offered both jobs and subsequently completed the 25-item Self-Monitoring Scale. Scale responses were used to create univariate/categorical (high vs. low self-monitors) and bivariate/two dimensional (acquisitive, protective) indices of self-monitoring. In Study 1, low self-monitors and high self-monitors chose personally congruent jobs. These divergent choices were observed regardless of the way (univariate model, alternative bivariate model) self-monitoring was assessed. In Study 2, these self-monitoring differences were moderated by job status. These moderated choices of jobs were obtained when self-monitoring was assessed in its conventional and acquisitive (i.e., impression management for gain) forms but not in its protective (i.e., impression management for self-defense) form. In both studies, sex differences did not account for self-monitoring differences. These findings suggest on-the-job differences between high and low self-monitors may represent self-selection processes occurring before job-based experiences.

Ego depletion, the finding that initial exertion of self-control hinders performance on subsequent self-control tasks, has become a controversial topic. There have been discrepant results from empirical studies and different conclusions drawn from meta-analyses and multilab studies. We examined ego depletion and three potential moderators in a preregistered experiment using a within-subjects design in order to overcome limitations of the standard between-subjects design. In two sessions separated by 1 week, participants (N = 214) completed an ego depletion or control version of a Stroop task. Each Stroop task was followed by manipulation check questions and an antisaccade task. Participants also completed measures of lay theory of willpower, trait self-control, and action orientation. There was no significant evidence for ego depletion, and Bayes factors strongly favored the null hypotheses that there was no difference in antisaccade performance (accuracy or response time) after ego depletion and control Stroop tasks. Additionally, lay theory willpower, trait self-control, and action orientation were not significantly related to ego depletion effects. Exploratory between-subjects comparisons that omitted participants who responded at lower than chance accuracy levels, however, found significant ego depletion effects. These results provide further evidence that ego depletion effects are elusive.