The news media often associates robots with anxiety, yet there is limited empirical evidence regarding the actual impact of robots on mental health. This study employs individual-level survey data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and robot data from the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) to examine the influence of robot adoption on the mental health of the working-age population in China. Using a Bartik instrument variable constructed from foreign industry-level robot data, we find that robot adoption increases individual psychological depression levels. Further investigations illuminate that robot adoption adversely affects individual mental health by reducing current family income, exacerbating family income inequality, and lowering family expectations for future income. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the effects are stronger among men, individuals with lower education levels, manufacturing workers, migrants, and residents of large cities who have greater exposure to robots, as well as prime-age individuals, those with lower household economic conditions, and married individuals who face higher economic pressures. Our study highlights the need to enhance career transition support and social security systems to mitigate the hidden mental health cost of automation.
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