Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-23DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102702
Subhashish Meher, Tianhao Wang, Mohan Sai Kiran Kumar Yadav Nartu, David Garcia, Chinthaka M Silva, Jorge F dos Santos, Isabella J. van Rooyen
Critical mineral supply chain limitations and the strategic importance of material conservation drive the urgent need for efficient recycling of high-value alloys. Traditional recycling through energy-intensive remelting causes compositional losses of critical minerals, exacerbating supply risks. This study demonstrates friction consolidation (FC) as a circular manufacturing solution that transforms machining waste into feedstock candidate, enhancing supply chain resilience for A709 steel and Inconel 617. FC employs solid-state processing to convert chips directly into dense billets without melting, preserving critical alloying elements such as nickel, cobalt, and chromium. A709 steel and Inconel 617 chips achieved ∼90 % relative density under optimized axial loads (20 kN and 65 kN, respectively). Microstructural transformation of starting chip material into fine grains (2–5 μm) increased hardness by 30–60 % for A709 and 50 % for Inconel 617. FC provides circular manufacturing that transforms machining waste into feedstock candidate, achieving superior yield and enhanced supply chain security.
{"title":"Friction consolidation as a sustainable circular manufacturing solution for critical mineral recovery in IN617 and A709 alloys","authors":"Subhashish Meher, Tianhao Wang, Mohan Sai Kiran Kumar Yadav Nartu, David Garcia, Chinthaka M Silva, Jorge F dos Santos, Isabella J. van Rooyen","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Critical mineral supply chain limitations and the strategic importance of material conservation drive the urgent need for efficient recycling of high-value alloys. Traditional recycling through energy-intensive remelting causes compositional losses of critical minerals, exacerbating supply risks. This study demonstrates friction consolidation (FC) as a circular manufacturing solution that transforms machining waste into feedstock candidate, enhancing supply chain resilience for A709 steel and Inconel 617. FC employs solid-state processing to convert chips directly into dense billets without melting, preserving critical alloying elements such as nickel, cobalt, and chromium. A709 steel and Inconel 617 chips achieved ∼90 % relative density under optimized axial loads (20 kN and 65 kN, respectively). Microstructural transformation of starting chip material into fine grains (2–5 μm) increased hardness by 30–60 % for A709 and 50 % for Inconel 617. FC provides circular manufacturing that transforms machining waste into feedstock candidate, achieving superior yield and enhanced supply chain security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102702"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102674
Zhijia Fu , Hanqing Xu , Mengdi Zhang , Zhuoyi Wang , Rui Li
This work aims to establish a high-performance and high-precision machine learning model for predicting entropy in CrFeNi alloys, in order to adjust the content of Al, Cu, and Si, and accurately regulate the FCC and BCC phases in CrFeNi entropy alloys. In the multi-stage screening system, Random Forest demonstrates high accuracy in phase prediction, validating the transformation from FCC to FCC+BCC phases with varying alloying content. XGBoost achieves the highest prediction accuracy for hardness (R² = 0.971) and corrosion current density (R² = 0.89). Through an integrated screening system, the Al10Cu3Cr10Fe10Ni10Si0.5 alloy is identified, exhibiting outstanding hardness (513.1 HV) and superior corrosion resistance (Icorr = 0.899 µA cm⁻²) among Al, Cu, and Si-doped high-entropy alloys. SHAP analysis enhances model interpretability, revealing that valence electron concentration significantly influences hardness, while cohesive energy notably affects corrosion resistance. The research results offer a novel perspective for material design, optimization, expanding sample size, and the interpretation of machine learning models, overcoming the problems of small-sample data and breaking the drawbacks of black-box models.
本工作旨在建立高性能、高精度的CrFeNi合金熵预测机器学习模型，以调整CrFeNi熵合金中Al、Cu和Si的含量，并精确调节FCC和BCC相。在多级筛选系统中，随机森林显示出较高的相预测精度，验证了不同合金含量FCC相向FCC+BCC相的转变。XGBoost对硬度（R²= 0.971）和腐蚀电流密度（R²= 0.89）的预测精度最高。通过综合筛选系统，鉴定出Al10Cu3Cr10Fe10Ni10Si0.5合金，在Al、Cu、si高熵合金中具有优异的硬度（513.1 HV）和耐腐蚀性（Icorr = 0.899 μ A cm⁻²）。SHAP分析增强了模型的可解释性，发现价电子浓度显著影响硬度，而结合能显著影响耐蚀性。研究结果为材料设计、优化、扩大样本量以及机器学习模型的解释提供了新的视角，克服了小样本数据的问题，打破了黑箱模型的弊端。
{"title":"Designing of Cr-Cu-Fe-Al-Ni-Si high entropy alloy with high performance based on machine learning","authors":"Zhijia Fu , Hanqing Xu , Mengdi Zhang , Zhuoyi Wang , Rui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work aims to establish a high-performance and high-precision machine learning model for predicting entropy in CrFeNi alloys, in order to adjust the content of Al, Cu, and Si, and accurately regulate the FCC and BCC phases in CrFeNi entropy alloys. In the multi-stage screening system, Random Forest demonstrates high accuracy in phase prediction, validating the transformation from FCC to FCC+BCC phases with varying alloying content. XGBoost achieves the highest prediction accuracy for hardness (R² = 0.971) and corrosion current density (R² = 0.89). Through an integrated screening system, the Al<sub>10</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>Cr<sub>10</sub>Fe<sub>10</sub>Ni<sub>10</sub>Si<sub>0.5</sub> alloy is identified, exhibiting outstanding hardness (513.1 HV) and superior corrosion resistance (I<sub>corr</sub> = 0.899 µA cm⁻²) among Al, Cu, and Si-doped high-entropy alloys. SHAP analysis enhances model interpretability, revealing that valence electron concentration significantly influences hardness, while cohesive energy notably affects corrosion resistance. The research results offer a novel perspective for material design, optimization, expanding sample size, and the interpretation of machine learning models, overcoming the problems of small-sample data and breaking the drawbacks of black-box models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102686
Lei Zhang , Jida Zhang , Yuxin Cao , Jiaxin Lai , Jianhua Li , Kangxin Ouyang
This study systematically investigates the effects of substituting Zn with Ni on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behavior of as-cast Mg84Y8Zn8-xNix (x = 0, 4, 8 at.%) alloys with a dominant long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase. Microstructural analysis reveals that partial substitution with 4 at.% Ni results in the highest volume fraction of the LPSO phase, reaching 89.3%, and the Mg84Y8Zn4Ni4 alloy exhibits optimal compressive properties, with an ultimate compressive strength of 474.3 MPa and a compressive elongation of 40.6%. However, Ni addition lowers LPSO microhardness. Tribological tests show that the Mg84Y8Zn8 alloy offers the lowest volumetric wear rate and most stable friction coefficient across all loads, indicating superior wear resistance. In contrast, the Mg84Y8Zn4Ni4 alloy, despite its high LPSO content and compressive strength, demonstrates the poorest wear performance, highlighting that wear resistance depends more on LPSO hardness than its volume fraction.
{"title":"Effects of substituting Zn with Ni on the microstructure and tribological behavior of Mg-Y-Zn alloys with a dominant LPSO phase","authors":"Lei Zhang , Jida Zhang , Yuxin Cao , Jiaxin Lai , Jianhua Li , Kangxin Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the effects of substituting Zn with Ni on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behavior of as-cast Mg<sub>84</sub>Y<sub>8</sub>Zn<sub>8-</sub><em><sub>x</sub></em>Ni<em><sub>x</sub></em> (<em>x</em> = 0, 4, 8 at.%) alloys with a dominant long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase. Microstructural analysis reveals that partial substitution with 4 at.% Ni results in the highest volume fraction of the LPSO phase, reaching 89.3%, and the Mg<sub>84</sub>Y<sub>8</sub>Zn<sub>4</sub>Ni<sub>4</sub> alloy exhibits optimal compressive properties, with an ultimate compressive strength of 474.3 MPa and a compressive elongation of 40.6%. However, Ni addition lowers LPSO microhardness. Tribological tests show that the Mg<sub>84</sub>Y<sub>8</sub>Zn<sub>8</sub> alloy offers the lowest volumetric wear rate and most stable friction coefficient across all loads, indicating superior wear resistance. In contrast, the Mg<sub>84</sub>Y<sub>8</sub>Zn<sub>4</sub>Ni<sub>4</sub> alloy, despite its high LPSO content and compressive strength, demonstrates the poorest wear performance, highlighting that wear resistance depends more on LPSO hardness than its volume fraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102686"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnesium alloys hold immense potential for biodegradable orthopedic implants, yet their rapid degradation, coarse microstructure, and limited ductility hinder clinical translation. This study investigates a novel Mg–1.5Zn–0.5Ca alloy system modified with varying rare earth Erbium (Er) additions (0.75, 2, 5, 8 wt%) and processed through a sequential route of casting, homogenization, and symmetric hot rolling to simultaneously enhance mechanical performance, corrosion resistance, and cytocompatibility. Comprehensive characterization using SEM, EDS, XRD, and EBSD, revealed that 2 wt% Er produced the most refined microstructure, weakened basal texture and uniform W-phase dispersion. In addition, rolling significantly improved grain morphology and suppressed galvanic intermetallic networks, correlating with superior tensile properties (UTS ≈ 236 MPa, elongation ≈ 29 %) and minimized corrosion activity, as confirmed by electrochemical and immersion analyses. Moreover, SECM technique was introduced that demonstrated the lowest localized electrochemical current in 2 wt% Er alloy in rolled state, indicating stable degradation behavior. In addition cytocompatibility assessment using MC3T3-E1 cells validated cell viability above 70 %, meeting ISO 10,993–5 and USFDA standards. This integrated processing–composition approach establishes the rolled Er alloy as a promising candidate for next-generation biodegradable Mg implants, offering an optimal balance of mechanical integrity, corrosion control, and biological safety.
{"title":"Correlative investigation of microstructure, localized corrosion behavior and mechanical properties in hot rolled Mg-Zn-Ca-xEr (x = 0.75, 2, 5, 8 wt%) biodegradable alloys for orthopedic applications","authors":"Divyanshu Aggarwal , Vamsi Krishna Pakki , Sachin Latiyan , Rajesh K. Rajendran , Suraj Singh , Kapil K Gupta , Rajan Ambat , Kaushik Chatterjee , Satyam Suwas , Rajashekhara Shabadi","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnesium alloys hold immense potential for biodegradable orthopedic implants, yet their rapid degradation, coarse microstructure, and limited ductility hinder clinical translation. This study investigates a novel Mg–1.5Zn–0.5Ca alloy system modified with varying rare earth Erbium (Er) additions (0.75, 2, 5, 8 wt%) and processed through a sequential route of casting, homogenization, and symmetric hot rolling to simultaneously enhance mechanical performance, corrosion resistance, and cytocompatibility. Comprehensive characterization using SEM, EDS, XRD, and EBSD, revealed that 2 wt% Er produced the most refined microstructure, weakened basal texture and uniform W-phase dispersion. In addition, rolling significantly improved grain morphology and suppressed galvanic intermetallic networks, correlating with superior tensile properties (UTS ≈ 236 MPa, elongation ≈ 29 %) and minimized corrosion activity, as confirmed by electrochemical and immersion analyses. Moreover, SECM technique was introduced that demonstrated the lowest localized electrochemical current in 2 wt% Er alloy in rolled state, indicating stable degradation behavior. In addition cytocompatibility assessment using MC3T3-E1 cells validated cell viability above 70 %, meeting ISO 10,993–5 and USFDA standards. This integrated processing–composition approach establishes the rolled Er alloy as a promising candidate for next-generation biodegradable Mg implants, offering an optimal balance of mechanical integrity, corrosion control, and biological safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102643"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102652
Kaichi Saito , Yuga Okamoto , Yuichiro Hayasaka
The development of high-performance Cu–Ti alloys like Cu–4 at.% Ti has been hindered because their discontinuous precipitation (DP) mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the isothermal aging behaviors of three Cu–Ti alloys, including two where Zr was partially substituted for Ti, were compared. The precipitation behavior characteristics of Zr-containing alloys were determined using advanced electron microscopy. At 450 °C, the age-hardening behaviors of the supersaturated solid solution alloys with or without Zr were initially similar, with peaks at ∼10 h. Thereafter, the Zr-containing alloys exhibited reduced age-softening behaviors. Unlike binary Cu–4Ti, ternary Cu–3.9Ti–0.1Zr exhibited no DP up to 100 h and retained high tensile strength and fracture elongation comparable to those at 10 h. Atomic-scale scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed that the ternary alloy had its grain boundaries decorated by the preferentially segregated Zr solutes, leading to an amorphous local atomic structure. The effects of Zr-doping on the microstructural evolution of Cu–Ti alloys were elucidated, and the local structural environment responsible for the enhanced mechanical performance was clarified.
{"title":"Inhibitory effect of Zr-doping on discontinuous precipitation in an age-hardenable Cu–Ti alloy","authors":"Kaichi Saito , Yuga Okamoto , Yuichiro Hayasaka","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of high-performance Cu–Ti alloys like Cu–4 at.% Ti has been hindered because their discontinuous precipitation (DP) mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the isothermal aging behaviors of three Cu–Ti alloys, including two where Zr was partially substituted for Ti, were compared. The precipitation behavior characteristics of Zr-containing alloys were determined using advanced electron microscopy. At 450 °C, the age-hardening behaviors of the supersaturated solid solution alloys with or without Zr were initially similar, with peaks at ∼10 h. Thereafter, the Zr-containing alloys exhibited reduced age-softening behaviors. Unlike binary Cu–4Ti, ternary Cu–3.9Ti–0.1Zr exhibited no DP up to 100 h and retained high tensile strength and fracture elongation comparable to those at 10 h. Atomic-scale scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed that the ternary alloy had its grain boundaries decorated by the preferentially segregated Zr solutes, leading to an amorphous local atomic structure. The effects of Zr-doping on the microstructural evolution of Cu–Ti alloys were elucidated, and the local structural environment responsible for the enhanced mechanical performance was clarified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102671
Sufian Firdaus Nazri , Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh , Nur Syahirah Mohamad Zaimi , Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz , Somboon Otarawanna , Petrica Vizureanu , Andrei Victor Sandu
The present study investigates the effects of minor gallium (Ga) additions (0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 wt.%) on the microstructural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Sn-0.7Cu solder alloy. Cross-sectional microstructural analysis revealed that Ga is homogeneously distributed in the solder, forming a solid-solution structure and refining the bulk microstructure, with the most pronounced refinement observed at 0.1 wt.% Ga. This is evidenced by ∼16.9% reduction in the β-Sn area fraction region and the formation of finer, more uniformly dispersed Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compounds. At the solder/Cu interface, Ga reduces Cu6Sn5 scallop grooving and interfacial roughness, thereby limiting localized fast diffusion paths for Cu. The mechanical performance of Sn-0.7Cu-xGa solder joints results showed that Ga microalloying at 0.1 wt.% provided the best performance, increasing lap-shear strength by up to ∼43% and shifting the fracture surface toward dense, fine dimples, indicating enhanced plastic deformation and higher energy absorption. In contrast, excessive Ga addition (0.5 wt.%) reduced joint strength and promoted more brittle fracture features, likely due to the formation of Ga-rich phases that act as crack-initiation sites.
{"title":"Effect of Ga additions as micro-alloying element to microstructure formation, thermal properties and mechanical properties of Sn-0.7Cu solder alloy","authors":"Sufian Firdaus Nazri , Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh , Nur Syahirah Mohamad Zaimi , Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz , Somboon Otarawanna , Petrica Vizureanu , Andrei Victor Sandu","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates the effects of minor gallium (Ga) additions (0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 wt.%) on the microstructural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Sn-0.7Cu solder alloy. Cross-sectional microstructural analysis revealed that Ga is homogeneously distributed in the solder, forming a solid-solution structure and refining the bulk microstructure, with the most pronounced refinement observed at 0.1 wt.% Ga. This is evidenced by ∼16.9% reduction in the β-Sn area fraction region and the formation of finer, more uniformly dispersed Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub> intermetallic compounds. At the solder/Cu interface, Ga reduces Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub> scallop grooving and interfacial roughness, thereby limiting localized fast diffusion paths for Cu. The mechanical performance of Sn-0.7Cu-xGa solder joints results showed that Ga microalloying at 0.1 wt.% provided the best performance, increasing lap-shear strength by up to ∼43% and shifting the fracture surface toward dense, fine dimples, indicating enhanced plastic deformation and higher energy absorption. In contrast, excessive Ga addition (0.5 wt.%) reduced joint strength and promoted more brittle fracture features, likely due to the formation of Ga-rich phases that act as crack-initiation sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102676
J.T. Zhang, Y.F. Jia, X.J. Jiang, R.H. Han, Y. Ding
Eutectoid element alloying is one of the feasible schemes for obtaining ultra-high strength titanium alloys. However, the solid solubility of individual eutectoid elements in titanium is limited; excessive addition inevitably triggers the formation of brittle eutectoid phases, thereby impairing ductility. Therefore, this work employed equiatomic FeCoCrNiMo high-entropy alloy (HEA) powder to modify the composition and microstructure of TC4 titanium alloy via laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) with varying FeCoCrNiMo HEA additions. Results demonstrate that the incorporation of multi-eutectoid FeCoCrNiMo elements stabilizes the metastable β phase, enhancing alloy strength. Simultaneously, it increases constitutional supercooling during solidification, promoting a columnar-to-equiaxial transition and yielding an ultra-fine α/β microstructure. Notably, the local high-entropy effect induced by these multi-eutectoid elements suppresses brittle eutectoid phase formation, thereby achieving a titanium alloy combining ultrahigh strength (∼1428 MPa) with good ductility (∼8.1%).
{"title":"The mechanism of multi-eutectoid element cooperative microstructure regulation and strengthening and toughening of TC4 titanium alloy in laser additive manufacturing","authors":"J.T. Zhang, Y.F. Jia, X.J. Jiang, R.H. Han, Y. Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eutectoid element alloying is one of the feasible schemes for obtaining ultra-high strength titanium alloys. However, the solid solubility of individual eutectoid elements in titanium is limited; excessive addition inevitably triggers the formation of brittle eutectoid phases, thereby impairing ductility. Therefore, this work employed equiatomic FeCoCrNiMo high-entropy alloy (HEA) powder to modify the composition and microstructure of TC4 titanium alloy via laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) with varying FeCoCrNiMo HEA additions. Results demonstrate that the incorporation of multi-eutectoid FeCoCrNiMo elements stabilizes the metastable β phase, enhancing alloy strength. Simultaneously, it increases constitutional supercooling during solidification, promoting a columnar-to-equiaxial transition and yielding an ultra-fine α/β microstructure. Notably, the local high-entropy effect induced by these multi-eutectoid elements suppresses brittle eutectoid phase formation, thereby achieving a titanium alloy combining ultrahigh strength (∼1428 MPa) with good ductility (∼8.1%).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102675
Carolina Guerra, Wenqi Li, Rafael Fuentes-Domínguez, Peng Jin, Arthur Ford, Rikesh Patel, Matt Clark, Richard J. Smith
Annealing heat treatments lead to microstructural transformation, but such transformations have rarely been observed in situ. Spatially Resolved Acoustic Spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique for imaging microstructure, which is fast enough to image dynamic changes in the sample. This study demonstrates the in situ monitoring of the annealing process that includes the recovery, recrystallisation and grain growth. The microstructural changes are observed by measuring the surface acoustic wave velocities, allowing the grain evolution to be monitored.
{"title":"In situ monitoring of the annealing process using Spatially Resolved Acoustic Spectroscopy","authors":"Carolina Guerra, Wenqi Li, Rafael Fuentes-Domínguez, Peng Jin, Arthur Ford, Rikesh Patel, Matt Clark, Richard J. Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Annealing heat treatments lead to microstructural transformation, but such transformations have rarely been observed in situ. Spatially Resolved Acoustic Spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique for imaging microstructure, which is fast enough to image dynamic changes in the sample. This study demonstrates the in situ monitoring of the annealing process that includes the recovery, recrystallisation and grain growth. The microstructural changes are observed by measuring the surface acoustic wave velocities, allowing the grain evolution to be monitored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102675"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-23DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102703
Xingyu Zhou, Haozhou Zeng, Xueliang Jiang, Zongqi Xiao, Zhuochen Li, Jichong Lang, Yan Wang
In this study, the crystallization evolution and kinetics of La45Al40Ni15 metallic glass are systematically investigated under isothermal and continuous annealing treatments. The results demonstrate that isothermal annealing induces a two-stage exothermic crystallization process, primarily forming Al3Ni and (Al, Ni)3La7 phases, while continuous annealing yields a more complex mixture of crystalline products. With increasing isothermal annealing temperature, the second exothermic peak intensifies as the dominant peak. Kinetic analysis indicates that the first peak corresponds to a transition from interface-controlled to diffusion-controlled growth, while the second peak exhibits the reverse trend. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami kinetics analysis reveals competing nucleation and growth mechanisms through the evolution of the Avrami exponent (n) under different annealing pathways. Notably, the Avrami exponent difference (Δn) correlates with the heterogeneity of the crystallization pathway and can serve as a predictive parameter for tailoring annealing processes. In contrast to isothermal annealing, the crystallized volume-fraction vs. time analysis demonstrates that continuous annealing proceeds via rapid, non-uniform precipitation in the initial stage, followed by a transition to a slower, more uniform nucleation process.
{"title":"Crystallization behaviors in La45Al40Ni15 metallic glass under continuous and isothermal annealing","authors":"Xingyu Zhou, Haozhou Zeng, Xueliang Jiang, Zongqi Xiao, Zhuochen Li, Jichong Lang, Yan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the crystallization evolution and kinetics of La<sub>45</sub>Al<sub>40</sub>Ni<sub>15</sub> metallic glass are systematically investigated under isothermal and continuous annealing treatments. The results demonstrate that isothermal annealing induces a two-stage exothermic crystallization process, primarily forming Al<sub>3</sub>Ni and (Al, Ni)<sub>3</sub>La<sub>7</sub> phases, while continuous annealing yields a more complex mixture of crystalline products. With increasing isothermal annealing temperature, the second exothermic peak intensifies as the dominant peak. Kinetic analysis indicates that the first peak corresponds to a transition from interface-controlled to diffusion-controlled growth, while the second peak exhibits the reverse trend. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami kinetics analysis reveals competing nucleation and growth mechanisms through the evolution of the Avrami exponent (<em>n</em>) under different annealing pathways. Notably, the Avrami exponent difference (Δ<em>n</em>) correlates with the heterogeneity of the crystallization pathway and can serve as a predictive parameter for tailoring annealing processes. In contrast to isothermal annealing, the crystallized volume-fraction vs. time analysis demonstrates that continuous annealing proceeds via rapid, non-uniform precipitation in the initial stage, followed by a transition to a slower, more uniform nucleation process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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