Materialia最新文献_第7页

Machine learning-driven phase prediction and corrosion behavior of (CoCrNi)(100-x-y) AlxTiy high-entropy alloys in Ringer's solution 机器学习驱动的（CoCrNi）（100-x-y） AlxTiy高熵合金在林格溶液中的相预测和腐蚀行为

IF 2.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materialia

Pub Date : 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102590

Xin Zhao , Mengdi Zhang , Hanqing Xu , Zhuoyi Wang , Tianming Li , Rui Li

Limited by traditional trial-and-error methods, it is a great challenge to develop novel high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with an FCC+BCC dual-phase structure and excellent corrosion resistance. Herein, this study developed a machine learning (ML)-based design method, which predicted the influence of Al-Ti co-doping on the phase structure of CoCrNi-based HEAs and used this as a screening criterion to obtain the target alloys. After model optimization and comparative evaluation, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm was ultimately selected for phase prediction, achieving an accuracy of 94.1 %. To verify the accuracy of the machine learning phase prediction model, two types of HEAs were designed: one is composed of (CoCrNi)₉₄Al₃Ti₃, (CoCrNi)₉₄Al₄Ti₂, and (CoCrNi)₉₃Al₄Ti₃ with a single FCC structure, and the other comprises (CoCrNi)₉₀Al₅Ti₅, (CoCrNi)₈₅Al₈Ti₇, and (CoCrNi)₈₀Al₁₀Ti₁₀ with an FCC+BCC dual-phase structure. SHAP analysis was employed to enhance the interpretability of the model, and the results showed that valence electron concentration (VEC) exerts the most significant influence on phase formation. In addition, electrochemical test results of the FCC+BCC dual-phase HEAs in Ringer's solution indicated that the Al₅Ti₅ alloy exhibits the optimal corrosion resistance, with a corrosion current density of 8.08×10⁻⁸ A/cm², a pitting potential of 840.6 mV, and a passive region of 1062.4 mV.

受传统试错法的限制，开发具有FCC+BCC双相结构和优异耐蚀性的新型高熵合金（HEAs）是一个巨大的挑战。为此，本研究开发了一种基于机器学习（ML）的设计方法，预测Al-Ti共掺杂对cocrni基HEAs相结构的影响，并以此作为筛选标准获得目标合金。经过模型优化和对比评价，最终选择随机森林（Random Forest， RF）算法进行相位预测，准确率达到94.1%。为了验证机器学习相位预测模型的准确性，设计了两种类型的HEAs：一种是由（CoCrNi）94Al3Ti3、（CoCrNi）94Al4Ti2和（CoCrNi）93Al4Ti3组成的单一FCC结构，另一种是由（CoCrNi）90Al5Ti5、（CoCrNi）85Al8Ti7和（CoCrNi）80Al10Ti10组成的FCC+BCC双相结构。采用SHAP分析增强了模型的可解释性，结果表明，价电子浓度（VEC）对相形成的影响最为显著。此外，FCC+BCC双相HEAs在Ringer溶液中的电化学测试结果表明，Al5Ti5合金具有最佳的耐蚀性，腐蚀电流密度为8.08×10⁻⁸a /cm²，点蚀电位为840.6 mV，钝化区为1062.4 mV。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of electrodeposition and dealloying on electrochemical properties of porous nickel oxide 电沉积和合金化对多孔氧化镍电化学性能的影响

IF 2.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materialia

Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102589

Jiaqing Zhang, Ru Lin, Qingshan Lu

Supercapacitors as an energy storage device exhibit high-power density, long cycle life, and rapid charge-discharge capability. Electrode materials play an important role on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. Porous NiO films are fabricated through a two-step process of electrodeposition and electrochemical dealloying combined with thermal oxidation. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to studied the phase and microstructure. The NiO film exhibits a porous structure with an average pore size of 100 nm. The electrochemical performance of porous NiO films is optimized by controlling the electrochemical parameters including deposition current density, deposition time, and dealloying time. The optimized sample exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1007.5 F/g at 1 A/g. The unique porous structure enables the numerous redox-active sites at high current density, resulting in high specific capacitance of 1055.2 F/g at 10 A/g, which achieves an increase of 47.5 F/g compared to that at 1 A/g. Moreover, 90.4% of the initial capacitance is maintained after 3000 cycles. This outstanding performance can be attributed to the unique characteristics of porous structure with high surface areas and easy ion transport for electrochemical reactions.

超级电容器作为一种能量存储器件，具有功率密度高、循环寿命长、充放电速度快等特点。电极材料对超级电容器的电化学性能起着至关重要的作用。采用电沉积和电化学脱合金结合热氧化两步法制备了多孔NiO膜。采用x射线衍射、x射线光电子能谱、拉曼光谱和扫描电镜对其物相和微观结构进行了研究。所制备的NiO薄膜具有平均孔径为100nm的多孔结构。通过控制沉积电流密度、沉积时间和脱合金时间等电化学参数，优化多孔NiO膜的电化学性能。优化后的样品在1 a /g时具有1007.5 F/g的高比电容。独特的多孔结构使其在高电流密度下具有大量的氧化还原活性位点，从而在10 A/g时具有1055.2 F/g的高比电容，比1 A/g时提高了47.5 F/g。此外，在3000次循环后，90.4%的初始电容保持不变。这种优异的性能可归因于其独特的多孔结构，具有高表面积和易于离子传输的电化学反应特性。

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引用次数: 0

Insights into the creep behavior of Ni based concentrated solid solution alloys Ni基浓固溶体合金蠕变行为的研究

IF 2.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materialia

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102587

Divya Sri Bandla , Atul H. Chokshi

Concentrated solid solution alloys such as NiCoCr and NiCoCrFe are well known for their low stacking fault energies and promising mechanical properties at low temperatures. However, their high temperature deformation has not been well established. The present study deals with the high temperature creep behavior of these alloys. Both alloys had a single phase solid solution with FCC crystal structure which was not altered by creep deformation. The room temperature stacking fault energies of NiCoCr and NiCoCrFe alloys were evaluated to be in the range of 14 – 27 mJ m⁻² and 11 – 26 mJ m⁻², respectively. The dominating creep mechanism in these alloys at 990 K was observed to be dislocation climb and there was no significant difference in the creep rates of alloys. The creep deformation resulted in a planar band structure in both alloys. Despite multiple principal elements in NiCoCr and NiCoCrFe alloys, the atomic misfit parameters of these alloys were calculated to be low which resulted in poor solute drag influence on the dislocation climb as compared to vacancy diffusion. A comparison between the creep rates of NiCoCr and NiCoCrFe alloys from the present study with that of a binary Ni – 60 Co system which had a similar room temperature stacking fault energy revealed significantly lower creep rates in NiCoCr and NiCoCrFe alloys.

NiCoCr和nicocfe等浓固溶体合金以其较低的层错能和较好的低温力学性能而闻名。然而，它们的高温变形尚未得到很好的证实。本文研究了这些合金的高温蠕变行为。两种合金均为单相固溶体，具有不受蠕变影响的FCC晶体结构。NiCoCr和nicocfe合金的室温层错能分别在14 ~ 27 mJ m−2和11 ~ 26 mJ m−2之间。在990 K时，这些合金的蠕变机制主要是位错爬升，合金的蠕变速率没有显著差异。蠕变变形导致两种合金均出现平面带状结构。尽管NiCoCr和nicocfe合金中含有多种主元素，但这些合金的原子失配参数较低，导致与空位扩散相比，溶质阻力对位错爬升的影响较小。将本研究中NiCoCr和nicocfe合金的蠕变速率与具有相似室温层错能的Ni - 60 - Co二元体系的蠕变速率进行比较，发现NiCoCr和nicocfe合金的蠕变速率明显较低。

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引用次数: 0

Amorphous-derived superplasticity for high-density soft magnetic cores with reduced core loss 降低磁芯损耗的高密度软磁磁芯非晶衍生超塑性

IF 2.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materialia

Pub Date : 2025-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102588

Hyungjin Nam , Jaewon Lee , Seongjun Kim , InJoon Sohn , Kyyoul Yun , Chanwon Jung , Seonghoon Yi

Fe-based amorphous soft magnetic materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-frequency magnetic core applications, as microstructural modification can effectively suppress eddy current loss and thereby minimize the overall core loss. In this study, high-density soft magnetic cores were successfully fabricated using Fe_75.5-x(C, Si, B, P)_24.5(Cr, Al)_x (x = 2.0 and 4.3) amorphous flakes. The amorphous-derived superplasticity enabled severe plastic deformation during sintering without crystallization, resulting in highly densified compacts with relative densities of 96.3 % and 98.0 % for the x = 2.0 and x = 4.3 specimens, respectively. This densification minimized degradation in saturation magnetic flux density and permeability, while maintaining acceptable coercivity. SiO₂ insulation coatings significantly reduced the eddy current loss at 1000 Hz, thereby decreasing the core loss from 1.98 to 1.03 W/kg for x = 2.0 specimen and from 2.03 to 1.28 W/kg for x = 4.3 specimen after coating. The sintered cores also exhibited sufficient hardness. These findings highlight a promising processing route for achieving low-loss, high-performance soft magnetic materials by leveraging superplastic sintering of amorphous precursors.

铁基非晶软磁材料已成为高频磁芯应用的有希望的候选者，因为微观结构的改变可以有效地抑制涡流损耗，从而最大限度地减少磁芯的整体损耗。在本研究中，采用Fe75.5-x(C, Si， B， P)24.5(Cr, Al)x （x = 2.0和4.3）非晶薄片成功制备了高密度软磁芯。非晶衍生的超塑性在烧结过程中导致了严重的塑性变形，而没有结晶，导致高密度的压坯，x = 2.0和x = 4.3样品的相对密度分别为96.3%和98.0%。这种致密化最小化了饱和磁通密度和磁导率的退化，同时保持了可接受的矫顽力。SiO₂绝缘涂层显著降低了1000 Hz时的涡流损耗，从而使涂层后x = 2.0试样的铁芯损耗从1.98 W/kg降低到1.03 W/kg, x = 4.3试样的铁芯损耗从2.03 W/kg降低到1.28 W/kg。烧结后的岩心也表现出足够的硬度。这些发现强调了利用非晶前驱体的超塑性烧结来实现低损耗、高性能软磁材料的有前途的加工路线。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental characterization and thermodynamic mapping of grain boundary segregation in Mg-2Y alloy Mg-2Y合金晶界偏析的实验表征与热力学作图

IF 2.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materialia

Pub Date : 2025-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102584

Longwei Zhao , Xiaodong Zhu , Huixia Xu , Kaiming Cheng , Jin Wang , Dongqing Zhao , Junpeng Duan , Cunliang Sun , Jixue Zhou , Yong Du

This study investigates grain boundary (GB) segregation behavior in a Mg-2 at.% Y alloy by combining high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with thermodynamic modeling. The segregation characteristics of Y at GBs and their evolution with temperature were systematically examined. Experimental results reveal pronounced segregation of Y at high-angle asymmetric grain boundaries, with the segregation layer thickness increasing with annealing temperature. Elemental line scans and HAADF-STEM imaging show that the peak concentration of Y shifts toward one side of the boundary, indicating the influence of GB structure on segregation behavior. To further understand the thermodynamic mechanism underlying this phenomenon, a GB λ-phase (λ represents the segregation layer thickness at GB) diagram was constructed based on the disordered quasi-liquid model. The model predicts the variation of segregation layer thickness with temperature and alloy composition, and the results were compared with experimental data. It was found that although both the segregation driving force and the formation free energy decrease with increasing temperature, the latter declines more rapidly, resulting in an overall increase in the segregation layer thickness. Additionally, the GB segregation composition decreases with temperature, suggesting reduced solute stability at elevated temperatures. This work elucidates the thermodynamic evolution of GB segregation in Mg-Y alloys from both experimental and theoretical perspectives, verifies the applicability of GB phase diagram modeling based on interface thermodynamics, and provides a theoretical framework and methodological base for GB engineering in polycrystalline lightweight Mg alloy systems.

本文研究了Mg-2合金的晶界偏析行为。采用高分辨率透射电子显微镜（TEM）和热力学模型相结合的方法研究了% Y合金。系统地研究了Y在GBs中的偏析特征及其随温度的变化。实验结果表明，在高角度不对称晶界处存在明显的Y偏析，且偏析层厚度随退火温度的增加而增加。元素线扫描和HAADF-STEM成像显示，Y的峰值浓度向边界一侧移动，表明GB结构对偏析行为的影响。为了进一步理解这一现象背后的热力学机制，基于无序准液体模型构建了GB λ相图（λ表示GB处的偏析层厚度）。该模型预测了偏析层厚度随温度和合金成分的变化规律，并与实验数据进行了比较。结果表明，虽然偏析驱动力和形成自由能都随温度的升高而降低，但后者下降得更快，导致偏析层厚度整体增加。此外，GB偏析成分随温度升高而降低，表明在高温下溶质稳定性降低。本研究从实验和理论两方面阐述了Mg- y合金中GB偏析的热力学演化过程，验证了基于界面热力学的GB相图建模方法的适用性，为多晶轻量化镁合金体系中GB工程提供了理论框架和方法基础。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of bainite transformation on mechanical properties of 300 M ultra-high strength steel fabricated by power plasma arc additive manufacturing 贝氏体相变对功率等离子弧增材制造300 M超高强度钢力学性能的影响

IF 2.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materialia

Pub Date : 2025-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102586

Zhenghua Guo , An Lu , Mingjie Zhao , Lihong Jiang , Guangang Wang

The effects of bainite transformation on the mechanical properties of 300 M ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) fabricated by power plasma arc additive manufacturing (PPA-AM) are examined. The results indicate that there are three primary thermal cycles during the PPA-AM process, including austenitizing (Type I), high-temperature tempering (Type II), and low-temperature tempering (Type III). The thermal cycle varies with interlayer temperature, significantly affecting the microstructure characteristics across different regions of the power plasma arc additively manufactured (PPA-AMed) component. The top region predominantly consists of untempered martensite (UTM), while the middle and bottom areas are composed of tempered martensite (TM), needle-like bainite (NLB), and feather-like bainite (FLB). Elevated interlayer temperatures and proximity to the substrate can enhance thermal cycling effects, facilitating a more complete transformation to FLB. The bainite transformation of PPA-AMed 300 M steel follows a superledges growth mechanism initiated by shear nucleation of martensite, and then growing into FLB under the subsequent thermal cycling effect. Notably, the bainite morphology exhibits significant variation depending on different thermal cycle types. Tensile tests indicate that the top region achieves a peak tensile strength of 2151 MPa at an interlayer temperature of 200°C, attributed to the refinement of martensite by fine NLB within cellular grains and the formation of substructures. As the interlayer temperature increases, the fracture mode transitions from a ductile-brittle mixed mode to brittle fracture, and eventually to ductile fracture.

研究了贝氏体相变对功率等离子体电弧增材制造300m超高强度钢（UHSS）力学性能的影响。结果表明，在PPA-AM过程中存在奥氏体化（I型）、高温回火（II型）和低温回火（III型）三种主要热循环。热循环随层间温度的变化而变化，显著影响功率等离子体电弧增材制造（PPA-AMed）部件不同区域的微观结构特征。顶部主要由未回火马氏体（UTM）组成，中部和底部主要由回火马氏体（TM）、针状贝氏体（NLB）和羽毛状贝氏体（FLB）组成。升高的层间温度和靠近衬底可以增强热循环效应，促进更完整地转变为FLB。PPA-AMed 300 M钢的贝氏体相变遵循由马氏体剪切形核引发的超边缘生长机制，然后在随后的热循环作用下生长为FLB。值得注意的是，贝氏体形态在不同的热循环类型下表现出显著的变化。拉伸试验表明，在层间温度为200℃时，顶部区域的抗拉强度达到2151 MPa，这是由于细胞晶内细小的NLB使马氏体细化和亚结构的形成。随着层间温度的升高，断裂模式由韧脆混合断裂转变为脆性断裂，最终转变为韧性断裂。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the evolution of microstructure and mechanical property of low-alloyed Mg-Zn-Mn alloy with Sm addition 探讨Sm对低合金Mg-Zn-Mn合金组织和力学性能的影响

IF 2.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materialia

Pub Date : 2025-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102585

Junwei Peng , Shaoyuan Lyu , Zhongyang Liu , Guodong Li , Ruixiao Zheng , Minfang Chen , Chaoli Ma

High strength low-alloyed Mg-1Zn-0.3Mn (ZM) alloys with different of Sm contents (0, 1 and 2wt%) were fabricated via hot extrusion. The evolution of microstructure and mechanical property of these alloys were investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of Sm altered the grain structure and secondary phase precipitation behavior of the alloys, resulting in exceptional tensile yield strength (∼383 MPa) coupled with a fracture elongation of 4.2% in the extruded Mg-1Zn-0.3Mn-2Sm (ZMS2) alloy. As the increase of Sm content, the volume fraction of second phases increased both in as-cast and extruded alloys. Meanwhile, the recrystallization ratio in extruded alloy decreased from nearly 100% in ZM alloy to 69.4% and 61.4% in ZMS1 and ZMS2, respectively. Moreover, the grain size in dynamical regions decreased from 1.92 µm (ZM) to 0.69 µm (ZMS2). Further analysis revealed that the large number of (Mg,Zn)₃Sm phases in Sm containing alloy, fine grains and dislocation strengthening contributed the high strength of ZMS alloys.

采用热挤压法制备了Sm含量（0、1、2wt%）不同的低合金Mg-1Zn-0.3Mn （ZM）合金。研究了这些合金的显微组织和力学性能的演变。结果表明，Sm的加入改变了合金的晶粒组织和二次相析出行为，导致挤压Mg-1Zn-0.3Mn-2Sm （ZMS2）合金的抗拉屈服强度（~ 383 MPa）和断裂伸长率达到4.2%。随着Sm含量的增加，铸态和挤压态合金中第二相的体积分数均增加。同时，挤压合金的再结晶率由ZM合金的近100%下降到ZMS1和ZMS2合金的69.4%和61.4%。动态区晶粒尺寸由1.92µm （ZM）减小到0.69µm （ZMS2）。进一步分析表明，含Sm合金中大量的（Mg,Zn）3Sm相、细晶粒和位错强化是ZMS合金高强度的主要原因。

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引用次数: 0

Development and use of an automated method for calculating constitutive mechanical property parameter Cb 本构力学性能参数Cb自动计算方法的开发与应用

IF 2.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materialia

Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102583

R. Holdsworth , J.K. Yee , D. Apelian , E. Lavernia , A.F. Jankowski

Recently, the application of a constitutive mechanical property parameter c_b has been demonstrated to model mechanical properties in additively manufactured alloys. The parameter represents a quantifiable assessment for the amount of plasticity between the yield point and the onset of instability. Characterization of these parameters is not trivial due to the signal noise that is typically present in tensile data. An analysis of the methodology for an open-source code to determine c_b values is presented and its application is illustrated using an additively manufactured 304 L stainless steel dataset as produced through laser powder bed fusion and subjected to accelerated aging conditions. The ability to standardize the application of this model to experimental data will allow for broader materials qualification and performance evaluation.

近年来，本构力学性能参数cb已被用于模拟增材制造合金的力学性能。该参数代表了屈服点和失稳开始之间的塑性量的可量化评估。由于通常存在于拉伸数据中的信号噪声，这些参数的表征不是微不足道的。介绍了用于确定cb值的开源代码的方法分析，并使用通过激光粉末床熔合产生并经受加速老化条件的增材制造304 L不锈钢数据集说明了其应用。将该模型应用于实验数据的标准化能力将允许更广泛的材料鉴定和性能评估。

引用次数: 0

Characterization of phase-specific constitutive behavior based on representative volume element for dual-phase microstructures 基于代表性体积元的双相微结构相本构行为表征

IF 2.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materialia

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102581

Zhening Yang , Zi-Kui Liu , Allison M. Beese

Multi-phase alloys may achieve superior performance over single-phase alloys through synergistic combinations of the properties of the individual phases. An understanding of the individual phase properties aids in alloy design and optimization. However, experimental methods for directly characterizing the constitutive behavior of individual phases are limited. In this work, an inverse analysis based on representative volume element (RVE) finite element simulations was used to extract phase-wise constitutive behavior based on micrographs and macroscale constitutive response of two-phase microstructures. Both 2D and 3D RVE simulations were performed and compared to identify the most appropriate boundary conditions for the more time-efficient 2D simulations. The proposed method for extracting phase-specific constitutive behavior was validated by determining phase properties in a range of two-phase materials, including dual phase steel, steel welds, and Al-Ni alloys. This approach provides a means for extracting phase-specific mechanical properties using the microstructure, experimental tensile test data, and phase elastic moduli as input, providing insight into the contributions of individual phases to properties of multi-phase alloys toward new alloy development or microstructure optimization.

多相合金可以通过各相性能的协同组合而获得优于单相合金的性能。了解各个相的特性有助于合金的设计和优化。然而，直接表征单个相的本构行为的实验方法是有限的。在这项工作中，基于代表性体积元（RVE）有限元模拟的逆分析，基于微观和宏观尺度的本构响应提取了两相微观组织的相向本构行为。进行了2D和3D RVE模拟，并进行了比较，以确定更省时的2D模拟最合适的边界条件。通过测定一系列两相材料（包括双相钢、钢焊缝和Al-Ni合金）的相性能，验证了所提出的提取相本构行为的方法。该方法提供了一种利用微观组织、实验拉伸测试数据和相弹性模量作为输入提取相特定力学性能的方法，为新合金开发或微观组织优化提供了单个相对多相合金性能的贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Selective hydrogen plasma reduction of vanadium-rich titanomagnetite for sustainable metal recovery 富钒钛磁铁矿的选择性氢等离子体还原研究

IF 2.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materialia

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102580

I-Jun Ro , Chang-Gi Lee , Won-Hyoung Lee , Jae-Pyoung Ahn , Young-Jae Kim , Se-Ho Kim

Hydrogen plasma reduction was explored as a selective pre-processing strategy for sustainable recovery of iron and vanadium from vanadium-rich titanomagnetite ores. The process rapidly transforms iron oxides into high-purity metallic iron, simultaneously concentrating vanadium and titanium into a separable oxide residue. Advanced characterization elucidated nanoscale phase transformations and the preferential segregation of trace elements. By avoiding intermediate phases typical of conventional methods, hydrogen plasma reduction improves reaction rates and overall energy efficiency. The mechanically separable vanadium-rich oxide layer generated by this method facilitates subsequent extraction processes. Integrating hydrogen plasma reduction with existing electric arc furnace technology offers an economically viable and environmentally sustainable pathway for resource recovery from complex ores.

探讨了氢等离子体还原作为富钒钛磁铁矿中铁钒可持续回收的选择性预处理策略。该工艺将氧化铁快速转化为高纯度的金属铁，同时将钒和钛浓缩成可分离的氧化渣。高级表征阐明了纳米级相变和微量元素的优先偏析。通过避免传统方法中典型的中间相，氢等离子体还原提高了反应速率和整体能源效率。该方法生成的富钒氧化层可机械分离，便于后续的萃取过程。将氢等离子体还原与现有电弧炉技术相结合，为复杂矿石的资源回收提供了一条经济可行、环境可持续的途径。

引用次数: 0