Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102618
K.R. Ramkumar , Hyojin Park , Eun Seong Kim , Kali Prasad , Sougata Roy , Qingfeng Wu , Jungwan Lee , Hyoung Seop Kim
This study explores the correlation between microstructural features and the mechanical properties of innovatively developed Ni30Co20Cr20Fe20Al6Ti2Ta2 high entropy alloy. A high density of ɣʹ-L12 nanoprecipitates was observed within the grains and along grain boundaries. The alloy achieved a yield strength (YS) of 761.05 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1062.1 MPa, and a total elongation (TE) of 55.7 % at 298 K. At 77 K, the YS increased to 991.8 MPa, the UTS to 1511.2 MPa, with an appreciable TE of 47.4 %. The properties improved significantly with the decrease in temperature from 298 K to 77 K. The alloy exhibited strong temperature dependency, progression of a planar-slip deformation mechanism at 298 K to dense dislocation array or Taylor lattice at 77 K. The interaction of dislocation arrays with ɣʹ precipitates enhanced the strain-hardening ability, delaying necking and preserving TE at cryogenic temperature. The present research lays the foundation for the development of advanced alloys with superior properties for cryogenic applications.
{"title":"Design of strong and ductile Ni-rich high entropy alloy for cryogenic temperature application","authors":"K.R. Ramkumar , Hyojin Park , Eun Seong Kim , Kali Prasad , Sougata Roy , Qingfeng Wu , Jungwan Lee , Hyoung Seop Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the correlation between microstructural features and the mechanical properties of innovatively developed Ni<sub>30</sub>Co<sub>20</sub>Cr<sub>20</sub>Fe<sub>20</sub>Al<sub>6</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>Ta<sub>2</sub> high entropy alloy. A high density of ɣʹ-L1<sub>2</sub> nanoprecipitates was observed within the grains and along grain boundaries. The alloy achieved a yield strength (YS) of 761.05 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1062.1 MPa, and a total elongation (TE) of 55.7 % at 298 K. At 77 K, the YS increased to 991.8 MPa, the UTS to 1511.2 MPa, with an appreciable TE of 47.4 %. The properties improved significantly with the decrease in temperature from 298 K to 77 K. The alloy exhibited strong temperature dependency, progression of a planar-slip deformation mechanism at 298 K to dense dislocation array or Taylor lattice at 77 K. The interaction of dislocation arrays with ɣʹ precipitates enhanced the strain-hardening ability, delaying necking and preserving TE at cryogenic temperature. The present research lays the foundation for the development of advanced alloys with superior properties for cryogenic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102621
Arka Mandal , Sankalp Biswal , Shiv Brat Singh, Debalay Chakrabarti
The present study investigates the synergistic effects of indenter tip-radius and crystallographic orientation on the nanoindentation response of a ferrous FCC alloy, i.e. 304 austenitic stainless steel, combining experimental nanoindentation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Although considerable research attention has been paid to the individual effects of crystal orientation and tip-radius, their combined influence on the indentation response of these alloys is still not well explored. This investigation concentrates on grains having different crystallographic orientations for various indenter geometries (tip-radii), which is of primary importance to relate mechanical response with microstructural features as well as identify where such differences in micro-mechanics originate. Grain 1, i.e., (111), having poor slip plane alignment, is the stiffest, while Grain 2, i.e., (100) with favorable slip plane orientations, is found to pose the least resistance to deformation. MD simulations provide insight into the details of occurring dislocation dynamics, such as Shockley partials, Stair-rod, and Hirth dislocations, with respect to their role in accommodating strains and the load-dip phenomenon. Distinct deformation mechanisms between sharp Berkovich (by the formation of prismatic dislocation loop) and spherical (by the formation of perfect stacking fault tetrahedron) indenters emphasize the influence of tip geometry on the development of dislocation substructure. This study bridges the gap between the fundamental mechanics of deformation and the application-oriented design of materials for developing these alloys with enhanced strength, reliability, and resistance to complex modes of loading.
{"title":"Unlocking the synergy: How tip-radius and crystal orientation govern indentation in ferrous FCC alloys","authors":"Arka Mandal , Sankalp Biswal , Shiv Brat Singh, Debalay Chakrabarti","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates the synergistic effects of indenter tip-radius and crystallographic orientation on the nanoindentation response of a ferrous FCC alloy, i.e. 304 austenitic stainless steel, combining experimental nanoindentation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Although considerable research attention has been paid to the individual effects of crystal orientation and tip-radius, their combined influence on the indentation response of these alloys is still not well explored. This investigation concentrates on grains having different crystallographic orientations for various indenter geometries (tip-radii), which is of primary importance to relate mechanical response with microstructural features as well as identify where such differences in micro-mechanics originate. Grain 1, i.e., (111), having poor slip plane alignment, is the stiffest, while Grain 2, i.e., (100) with favorable slip plane orientations, is found to pose the least resistance to deformation. MD simulations provide insight into the details of occurring dislocation dynamics, such as Shockley partials, Stair-rod, and Hirth dislocations, with respect to their role in accommodating strains and the load-dip phenomenon. Distinct deformation mechanisms between sharp Berkovich (by the formation of prismatic dislocation loop) and spherical (by the formation of perfect stacking fault tetrahedron) indenters emphasize the influence of tip geometry on the development of dislocation substructure. This study bridges the gap between the fundamental mechanics of deformation and the application-oriented design of materials for developing these alloys with enhanced strength, reliability, and resistance to complex modes of loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102617
Samantha R. Maness , Samuel M. Pennell , David C. Dunand
Recently, bulk synthesis of the hard-magnetic, chemically-ordered FeNi L10-tetrataenite phase has been reported in phosphorus-containing Fe-Ni alloys processed via conventional melt solidification. Low-temperature ordering was hypothesized to occur in these alloys due to the presence of phosphorus accelerating vacancy-based diffusion in the Fe-Ni solid solution. Here, we investigated two Fe-Ni-P alloys previously reported to form high volume fractions of L10-tetrataenite following melt solidification as well as two new alloys representing stoichiometric variations. Additionally, a phosphorus-free Fe-33.3Ni alloy was produced via low-temperature, solid-state hydrogen reduction of NiFe2O4 powders, an alternative approach previously reported for forming L10-tetrataenite, which was used as a control to compare the efficacy of the melt-solidification approach. Vibrating-sample magnetometry was used to investigate all alloys’ magnetic characteristics, with further compositional and phase analysis performed for melt-solidified alloys via scanning-electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. While the Fe-33.3Ni control alloy demonstrates evident magnetic hysteresis, no hysteresis is observed for any melt-solidified alloy; furthermore, no tetragonal phase character is detected for these alloys. Thus, though these melt-solidified alloys exhibit good Fe-Ni compositional homogeneity, none are found to possess the hard-magnetic properties or chemical ordering indicative of L10-tetrataenite. These findings indicate that melt solidification is not a suitable method for the production of bulk quantities of hard-magnetic L10-tetrataenite, contrasting prior literature.
{"title":"Investigating the effect of phosphorus on L10 ordering in melt-solidified Fe-Ni alloys","authors":"Samantha R. Maness , Samuel M. Pennell , David C. Dunand","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, bulk synthesis of the hard-magnetic, chemically-ordered FeNi L1<sub>0</sub>-tetrataenite phase has been reported in phosphorus-containing Fe-Ni alloys processed <em>via</em> conventional melt solidification. Low-temperature ordering was hypothesized to occur in these alloys due to the presence of phosphorus accelerating vacancy-based diffusion in the Fe-Ni solid solution. Here, we investigated two Fe-Ni-P alloys previously reported to form high volume fractions of L1<sub>0</sub>-tetrataenite following melt solidification as well as two new alloys representing stoichiometric variations. Additionally, a phosphorus-free Fe-33.3Ni alloy was produced <em>via</em> low-temperature, solid-state hydrogen reduction of NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> powders, an alternative approach previously reported for forming L1<sub>0</sub>-tetrataenite, which was used as a control to compare the efficacy of the melt-solidification approach. Vibrating-sample magnetometry was used to investigate all alloys’ magnetic characteristics, with further compositional and phase analysis performed for melt-solidified alloys <em>via</em> scanning-electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. While the Fe-33.3Ni control alloy demonstrates evident magnetic hysteresis, no hysteresis is observed for any melt-solidified alloy; furthermore, no tetragonal phase character is detected for these alloys. Thus, though these melt-solidified alloys exhibit good Fe-Ni compositional homogeneity, none are found to possess the hard-magnetic properties or chemical ordering indicative of L1<sub>0</sub>-tetrataenite. These findings indicate that melt solidification is not a suitable method for the production of bulk quantities of hard-magnetic L1<sub>0</sub>-tetrataenite, contrasting prior literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102619
Hang Su , Yanfeng Li , Xiangnan Pan , Punit Kumar , Xu Long
The very-high-cycle fatigue (VHCF) behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM) was systematically investigated, with particular emphasis on the microstructural features at crack initiation sites. Fatigue cracks predominantly originated from internal pores, accompanied by the formation of a fine granular area (FGA) and characteristic fisheye (FiE) morphologies. For the first time in the selectively laser melted (SLMed) Ti-6Al-4 V, a nanocrystalline layer at the immediate crack surface within the FGA was characterized in detail, providing direct experimental evidence in support of the numerous cyclic pressing (NCP) model for crack initiation and early-stage propagation. The interrelation among pore size, applied stress amplitude, and the degree of microstructural refinement within the FGA was clarified. These findings offer new insights into the fatigue behavior of additively manufactured (AM) alloys and underscore the critical influence of process-induced defects and post-processing treatments on VHCF performance.
系统地研究了选择性激光熔化ti - 6al - 4v合金的高周疲劳行为，重点研究了裂纹起裂部位的显微组织特征。疲劳裂纹主要产生于内部孔隙，并伴有细小颗粒区（FGA）和典型的鱼眼（FiE）形貌的形成。在选择性激光熔化（SLMed） ti - 6al - 4v中，首次对FGA内直接裂纹表面的纳米晶层进行了详细表征，为裂纹萌生和早期扩展的多次循环挤压（NCP）模型提供了直接的实验证据。阐明了FGA内孔径、外加应力幅值与微观组织细化程度之间的相互关系。这些发现为增材制造（AM）合金的疲劳行为提供了新的见解，并强调了工艺诱导缺陷和后处理对VHCF性能的关键影响。
{"title":"Nanoscale grain formation at crack initiation region under very-high-cycle fatigue for Ti-6Al-4 V manufactured by selective laser melting","authors":"Hang Su , Yanfeng Li , Xiangnan Pan , Punit Kumar , Xu Long","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The very-high-cycle fatigue (VHCF) behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM) was systematically investigated, with particular emphasis on the microstructural features at crack initiation sites. Fatigue cracks predominantly originated from internal pores, accompanied by the formation of a fine granular area (FGA) and characteristic fisheye (FiE) morphologies. For the first time in the selectively laser melted (SLMed) Ti-6Al-4 V, a nanocrystalline layer at the immediate crack surface within the FGA was characterized in detail, providing direct experimental evidence in support of the numerous cyclic pressing (NCP) model for crack initiation and early-stage propagation. The interrelation among pore size, applied stress amplitude, and the degree of microstructural refinement within the FGA was clarified. These findings offer new insights into the fatigue behavior of additively manufactured (AM) alloys and underscore the critical influence of process-induced defects and post-processing treatments on VHCF performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102522
Vikrant Saumitra , Avinash Gonnabattula , V. Anil Kumar , Anand K Kanjarla
{"title":"Erratum to “On the nature of variant selection along build direction in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V walls” [Materialia 42 (2025) 102500]","authors":"Vikrant Saumitra , Avinash Gonnabattula , V. Anil Kumar , Anand K Kanjarla","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102522","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102609
Sumit Bhattacharya, Abdellatif M. Yacout
Pure Y2O3 barriers have long been favored to prevent molten uranium interaction with crucibles during fuel fabrication, the question remains about feasibility of Y2O3as a robust and resilient barrier against fuel and fission product attack in an in-reactor nuclear environment? This work explores that very question, detailing both the advantages and limitations of standalone Y2O3, as well as potential mitigation through a multilayer approach under simulated extreme reactor conditions. We present an innovative multilayer thin-film metal–ceramic coating (Y2O3/CrY), engineered to provide robust FCCI mitigation. The coating architecture evolved through systematic mechanical testing, radiation tolerance assessments, and high-temperature diffusion studies from a preliminary multilayer concept to an optimized high-performance design. The optimized structure leverages stoichiometric Y2O3 for its radiation stability, chemical inertness, and ultra-low fission product diffusivity. This is paired with ductile chromium-rich interlayers (Cr₉₅Y₅), which significantly enhance fracture toughness and mechanical resilience. Design refinements, including increased ceramic layer thickness and optimized Cr–Y interlayer composition, eliminated fracture propagation and preserved coating integrity under extreme mechanical stress (>10 × typical reactor conditions) and prolonged radiation exposure (∼300 dpa). These studies provide a foundation for addressing the feasibility of Y₂O₃ as an FCCI barrier. Based on our preliminary findings, dense, stoichiometric Y₂O₃, when integrated within a metal–ceramic multilayer architecture, appears to be capable of resisting fission-product diffusion at elevated temperatures and high doses of irradiation. Meanwhile, extensive testing, including integral in-reactor irradiation, are expected in the future to confirm the barrier’s performance under prototypic conditions as a potential solution against FCCI.
{"title":"Designing robust Y2O3 based multilayer coatings for mitigating fuel-cladding chemical interactions in fast nuclear reactors: Materials and engineering insights","authors":"Sumit Bhattacharya, Abdellatif M. Yacout","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pure Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> barriers have long been favored to prevent molten uranium interaction with crucibles during fuel fabrication, the question remains about <em>feasibility of</em> Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> <em>as a robust and resilient barrier against fuel and fission product attack in an in-reactor nuclear environment?</em> This work explores that very question, detailing both the advantages and limitations of standalone Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, as well as potential mitigation through a multilayer approach under simulated extreme reactor conditions. We present an innovative multilayer thin-film metal–ceramic coating (Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/CrY), engineered to provide robust FCCI mitigation. The coating architecture evolved through systematic mechanical testing, radiation tolerance assessments, and high-temperature diffusion studies from a preliminary multilayer concept to an optimized high-performance design. The optimized structure leverages stoichiometric Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for its radiation stability, chemical inertness, and ultra-low fission product diffusivity. This is paired with ductile chromium-rich interlayers (Cr₉₅Y₅), which significantly enhance fracture toughness and mechanical resilience. Design refinements, including increased ceramic layer thickness and optimized Cr–Y interlayer composition, eliminated fracture propagation and preserved coating integrity under extreme mechanical stress (>10 × typical reactor conditions) and prolonged radiation exposure (∼300 dpa). These studies provide a foundation for addressing the feasibility of Y₂O₃ as an FCCI barrier. Based on our preliminary findings, dense, stoichiometric Y₂O₃, when integrated within a metal–ceramic multilayer architecture, appears to be capable of resisting fission-product diffusion at elevated temperatures and high doses of irradiation. Meanwhile, extensive testing, including integral in-reactor irradiation, are expected in the future to confirm the barrier’s performance under prototypic conditions as a potential solution against FCCI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102615
Zifeng Song , Keqian Gong , Zhangjing Shi , Zheng Liu , Chao Zhou , Siyue Nie , Yanfei Sun , Cheng Ren , Yong Zhang
Understanding the dynamic development of residual stress in glass-to-metal (GTM) seals is essential for ensuring long-term performance in harsh environments. In this study, a combined experimental and numerical approach was adopted to investigate the transient thermomechanical behavior during the sealing process. Real-time temperature and strain data were acquired using embedded thermocouples and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, while a temperature-dependent transient finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed to simulate the spatiotemporal evolution of thermal and mechanical fields. The analysis reveals that the nonuniform heat conduction gives rise to a strongly heterogeneous temperature distribution within the sealing glass, which is called the "soft-boiled egg" temperature distribution. This nonuniformity, together with mismatch in thermal expansion between the glass and metal, generates complex stress profiles. The residual stress was found to be closely linked to the integrated difference in coefficients of thermal expansion of sealing materials over the temperature range, with peak values localized at the glass-metal interface. Additionally, axial tensile stress emerges in the core region due to Poisson effect deformation. The validated simulation results not only reproduce the measured stress trends but also uncover stress rebound phenomena below 200 °C. The coupling research method of experiment and modeling provides a new idea for studying the stress evolution of cylindrical sealing. These insights enhance the predictive ability of GTM stress hotspots and offer valuable design implications for applications involving thermal cycling and pressure loading.
{"title":"Coupled in situ monitoring and nonlinear thermomechanical modeling of stress evolution in glass-to-metal seals","authors":"Zifeng Song , Keqian Gong , Zhangjing Shi , Zheng Liu , Chao Zhou , Siyue Nie , Yanfei Sun , Cheng Ren , Yong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the dynamic development of residual stress in glass-to-metal (GTM) seals is essential for ensuring long-term performance in harsh environments. In this study, a combined experimental and numerical approach was adopted to investigate the transient thermomechanical behavior during the sealing process. Real-time temperature and strain data were acquired using embedded thermocouples and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, while a temperature-dependent transient finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed to simulate the spatiotemporal evolution of thermal and mechanical fields. The analysis reveals that the nonuniform heat conduction gives rise to a strongly heterogeneous temperature distribution within the sealing glass, which is called the \"soft-boiled egg\" temperature distribution. This nonuniformity, together with mismatch in thermal expansion between the glass and metal, generates complex stress profiles. The residual stress was found to be closely linked to the integrated difference in coefficients of thermal expansion of sealing materials over the temperature range, with peak values localized at the glass-metal interface. Additionally, axial tensile stress emerges in the core region due to Poisson effect deformation. The validated simulation results not only reproduce the measured stress trends but also uncover stress rebound phenomena below 200 °C. The coupling research method of experiment and modeling provides a new idea for studying the stress evolution of cylindrical sealing. These insights enhance the predictive ability of GTM stress hotspots and offer valuable design implications for applications involving thermal cycling and pressure loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47623,"journal":{"name":"Materialia","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 102615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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