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Food for thought: the enhanced recall of metaphorical food sentences independent of hunger. 思考的食物:与饥饿无关的隐喻性食物句子的强化记忆。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01222-z
Catherine Audrin, Géraldine Coppin

Metaphorical sentences are assumed to be related to more costly processes than their literal counterparts. However, given their frequent use in our daily lives, metaphorical sentences "must come with a benefit" (Noveck et al. Metaphor Symb 16:109-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2001.9678889 , 2001). In this paper, we investigated whether metaphorical sentences were better remembered than their literal counterparts. In addition, we were interested in assessing whether the relevance of the metaphors impacted this recall. Anchoring this hypothesis in the appraisal theory, we hypothesized that food-related metaphorical sentences may be particularly relevant when one is hungry, and consequently, be better remembered in that particular physiological state. Participants were presented with randomized metaphorical sentences and their literal counterparts and were later asked to remember the missing word in both metaphorical and literal sentences. General mixed model analyses revealed that metaphorical sentences were better remembered. However, there was no significant effect of hunger. We discuss these results in relation to (1) the metaphor literature and (2) the appraisal theory of emotion.

与字面意义的句子相比,隐喻句子被认为与成本更高的过程有关。然而,鉴于隐喻句在我们日常生活中的频繁使用,它们 "一定会带来好处"(Noveck et al. Metaphor Symb 16:109-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2001.9678889 , 2001)。在本文中,我们研究了隐喻句子是否比字面句子更好记。此外,我们还想评估隐喻的相关性是否会影响记忆效果。根据评价理论,我们假设与食物有关的隐喻句子在人饥饿时可能特别相关,因此在这种特殊的生理状态下记忆效果会更好。我们随机向受试者展示了隐喻句子和与之对应的字面句子,随后要求受试者记住隐喻句子和字面句子中缺少的单词。一般混合模型分析表明,隐喻句子的记忆效果更好。然而,饥饿感并没有明显的影响。我们将结合(1)隐喻文献和(2)情绪评价理论来讨论这些结果。
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引用次数: 0
Differences in working memory function are associated with motor imagery-induced changes in spinal motor nerve excitability and subsequent motor skill changes. 工作记忆功能的差异与运动图像引起的脊髓运动神经兴奋性变化以及随后的运动技能变化有关。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01231-y
Yuki Fukumoto, Keisuke Fujii, Marina Todo, Toshiaki Suzuki

Verification of the effectiveness of motor imagery (MI) has mainly focused on the method of implementing MI, and few studies have assessed individual factors. This study examined the individual differences in MI effects from the viewpoint of the multiple components of working memory. Forty-six healthy subjects (mean age 20.8 years) performed the Stroop Test (central executive within working memory) and reverse chanting (phonological loop within working memory). Then, F-waves were measured at rest for 30 s, the Purdue Pegboard was performed with the non-dominant hand to evaluate finger dexterity (Peg score) before MI, F-waves were measured during 30 s of kinesthetic MI, and the Peg score was evaluated after MI. For statistical analysis, the amplitude F/M ratio and Peg score were used as dependent variables, and the subjects were divided into Good and Poor groups according to cognitive function. The results showed an interaction for the amplitude F/M ratio and Peg score when grouped by reverse inverse chanting. In the subsequent simple main effect analysis, the Peg score was significantly improved after MI in both groups. The amplitude F/M ratio was significantly increased during MI compared to the resting state only in the Poor phonological loop group. Conversely, there was no interaction when the groups were divided by Stroop interference. No relationship was found between individual differences in central executive and changes in hand finger dexterity and spinal motor nerve excitability induced by MI. However, there may be a relationship between individual differences in phonological loops and changes in MI-induced finger dexterity and spinal motor nerve excitability.

对运动想象(MI)有效性的验证主要集中在运动想象的实施方法上,很少有研究对个体因素进行评估。本研究从工作记忆的多个组成部分的角度考察了运动想象效果的个体差异。46 名健康受试者(平均年龄 20.8 岁)进行了 Stroop 测试(工作记忆中的中央执行)和反向吟诵(工作记忆中的语音循环)。然后,在静止状态下测量 F 波 30 秒,在 MI 前用非惯用手进行普渡 Pegboard 以评估手指灵活性(Peg 分数),在 30 秒的动觉 MI 期间测量 F 波,并在 MI 后评估 Peg 分数。在进行统计分析时,将振幅 F/M 比值和 Peg 分数作为因变量,并根据认知功能将受试者分为 "好 "组和 "差 "组。结果显示,按反向反吟分组时,振幅 F/M 比值和 Peg 分数存在交互作用。在随后的简单主效应分析中,两组受试者的 Peg 分数在 MI 后都有明显改善。与静息状态相比,只有语音环路不良组在 MI 期间的振幅 F/M 比值明显增加。相反,如果按 Stroop 干扰来分组,则没有交互作用。中枢执行力的个体差异与 MI 引起的手部手指灵活性和脊髓运动神经兴奋性的变化之间没有关系。然而,语音环路的个体差异与 MI 诱导的手指灵活性和脊髓运动神经兴奋性的变化之间可能存在关系。
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引用次数: 0
Predictive alternating runs and random task-switching sequences produce dissociative switch costs in the Consonant-Vowel/Odd-Even task. 在辅音-元音/奇偶任务中,预测性交替运行和随机任务切换序列会产生不同的切换成本。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01236-7
Nicholas P Maxwell, Mark J Huff, Jacob M Namias

Task-switching is commonly used to investigate working memory and attentional control processes. The current study compares predictive versus non-predictive task-sequencing effects on task-switching performance. Participants completed four blocks of the Consonant-Vowel/Odd-Even (CVOE) task: Two single task pure blocks, a predictable switch block where task switching occurred every two trials, and a random switch block where switching was unpredictable. In addition to mean error rates and response times (RTs), we assessed sequence effects on local switch costs (i.e., switch vs. nonswitch trials) and global costs (i.e., nonswitch vs. pure trials) for both error rates and RTs along with their underlying distributions. Overall, we show that while predictive and random switching produced similar patterns for mean error rates and RTs, a dissociation occurred in RT switch costs. When switching was random, local costs were inflated. In contrast, predictive switching increased global costs. Increased local costs for random versus predictive switching reflect an increase in task-set reconfiguration processes as participants struggle to reconfigure to an unpredictable task type in working memory on a subsequent trial. Separately, increased global costs for predictive switching reflect declines in task-set maintenance processes, as participants must maintain both task types in working memory while simultaneously monitoring their progress through the trial sequencing.

任务转换通常用于研究工作记忆和注意控制过程。本研究比较了预测性与非预测性任务排序对任务切换表现的影响。受试者完成了辅音-元音/单数-偶数(CVOE)任务的四个区块:两个单一任务纯区块、一个可预测任务切换区块(每两次试验进行一次任务切换)和一个随机切换区块(任务切换不可预测)。除了平均错误率和反应时间(RTs),我们还评估了序列对错误率和反应时间的局部切换成本(即切换试验与非切换试验)和全局成本(即非切换试验与纯试验)的影响,以及它们的基本分布。总之,我们发现,虽然预测性和随机切换对平均错误率和实时时间产生了相似的模式,但实时切换成本却出现了分离。当随机切换时,局部成本被抬高。与此相反,预测性切换增加了整体成本。随机切换与预测切换的局部成本增加反映了任务集重新配置过程的增加,因为参与者需要在后续试验中努力重新配置工作记忆中不可预测的任务类型。另外,预测性转换的全局成本增加反映了任务集维持过程的下降,因为参与者必须在工作记忆中维持两种任务类型,同时监控他们在试验排序中的进展。
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引用次数: 0
Choosing between bad and worse: investigating choice in moral dilemmas through the lens of control. 在坏与更坏之间做出选择:从控制的角度研究道德困境中的选择。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01226-9
Revati Shivnekar, Narayanan Srinivasan

People's preferences for the utilitarian outcome in sacrificial moral dilemmas, where a larger group of individuals are saved at the cost of a few, have been argued to be influenced by various factors. Taking expected utility (EU) theory into consideration, we investigate whether the expected effectiveness of actions elucidate certain inconsistencies in moral judgments. Additionally, we also explore whether participants' role in the dilemma as the executor or a superior who merely makes a decision, which is carried out by a subordinate, influences judgments-a factor generally overlooked by classical EU models. We test these hypotheses using a modified moral dilemma paradigm with a choice between two actions, one highly successful and the other more likely to fail. Both actions are either expected to result in a favorable outcome of saving five individuals by sacrificing one or an unfavorable outcome of sacrificing five to save one. When the efficient action is anticipated to lead to a favorable outcome, in line with EU models, people almost invariably choose the efficient action. However, in conditions where the EUs associated with efficient and inefficient actions are close to each other, people's choice for favored outcome is above chance when they act as agents themselves. We discuss the implications of our results for existing theories of moral judgments.

在牺牲型道德困境中,人们对功利性结果的偏好(即以少数人的牺牲为代价来拯救更多的个人)被认为受到各种因素的影响。考虑到预期效用(EU)理论,我们研究了行动的预期效用是否能阐明道德判断中的某些不一致性。此外,我们还探讨了参与者在两难中的角色是执行者还是仅仅做出决定并由下属执行的上级是否会影响判断--这是经典的欧盟模型通常忽略的一个因素。我们使用了一个改良的道德两难范式来验证这些假设,在两个行动之间进行选择,一个是非常成功的行动,另一个是更有可能失败的行动。这两种行动要么会导致牺牲一人拯救五人的有利结果,要么会导致牺牲五人拯救一人的不利结果。当预期有效行动会带来有利结果时,根据欧盟模型,人们几乎总是选择有效行动。然而,在与高效和低效行动相关的 EU 值彼此接近的条件下,当人们自己充当代理人时,他们对有利结果的选择会高于偶然性。我们将讨论我们的结果对现有道德判断理论的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of cognitive training on driving performance. 认知训练对驾驶性能的影响。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01245-6
Jose L Tapia, David Sánchez-Borda, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia

Driving is a complex task necessitating an intricate interplay of sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities. Extensive research has underscored the role of neurocognitive functions, including attention, memory, executive functions, and visuospatial skills, in driving safety and performance. Despite evidence suggesting cognitive training's potential in enhancing driving abilities, comprehensive cognitive training's impact on driving performance in young adult drivers remains unexplored. Our study aimed to fill this gap by implementing an intensive, 8-week, multidomain computerized cognitive training program and assessing its transfer effects on the driving performance of young adult drivers, using a high-fidelity simulator. The study employed a randomized controlled trial design, with passive control group. The mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a notable interaction between the time of testing and the respective participant groups concerning driving performance. Post hoc analyses showed that, compared to the control group, participants undergoing cognitive training demonstrated significantly fewer traffic infractions in the post-training evaluation. These findings suggest that cognitive training could be a useful tool for enhancing driving safety and performance in young adult drivers. Further research should aim to address the limitations posed by the absence of an active control group.

驾驶是一项复杂的任务,需要感官、运动和认知能力的密切配合。大量研究强调了神经认知功能在驾驶安全和驾驶表现中的作用,包括注意力、记忆力、执行功能和视觉空间技能。尽管有证据表明认知训练在提高驾驶能力方面具有潜力,但全面认知训练对年轻成年驾驶员驾驶表现的影响仍有待探索。我们的研究旨在填补这一空白,通过使用高保真模拟器,实施为期 8 周的强化多领域计算机化认知训练计划,并评估其对年轻成年驾驶员驾驶表现的转移效应。研究采用了随机对照试验设计,设有被动对照组。混合设计方差分析(ANOVA)显示,测试时间与各参与组的驾驶表现之间存在明显的交互作用。事后分析表明,与对照组相比,接受认知训练的学员在训练后评估中的交通违规行为明显减少。这些研究结果表明,认知训练是提高年轻成年驾驶员驾驶安全和驾驶表现的有效工具。进一步的研究应着眼于解决缺乏积极对照组所带来的局限性。
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引用次数: 0
How phonological and orthographic decoding complicates the simple view of reading in Chinese: examining mediation through listening comprehension. 语音和正字法解码如何使简单的汉语阅读观复杂化:通过听力理解考察调解。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-023-01143-3
Jiexin Lin, Haomin Zhang

Advocates of the science of reading have invoked the simple view of reading (SVR) to justify an approach that foregrounds decoding in early reading instruction. SVR describes reading comprehension as the product of decoding and listening comprehension. The current study examined the complexity of the SVR, focusing on the phonological and orthographic decoding in third-grade readers of Chinese. One hundred and forty-three students participated in this study. The measures included phonological decoding (pinyin invented spelling), orthographic decoding, listening comprehension and reading comprehension. Drawing upon regression analyses and multivariate path models, the study found that phonological decoding at both segmental and suprasegmental processing significantly predicted Chinese reading comprehension, yet a more significant effect of orthographic decoding surfaced. And the best-fitting model suggested listening comprehension was better characterized as a mediator rather than a covariance with decoding component in the decoding-reading relation when orthographic decoding was incorporated into decoding component to evaluate the validity of the SVR in Chinese. The results imply that orthographic decoding is a legitimate decoding component and that the two decoding constructs alone are insufficient for higher-level reading ability (reading comprehension) since the contribution appears to be mediated through the path route of oral language capacity (indexed by listening comprehension). This enriches the current understanding of the SVR in non-alphabetic languages and indicates that decoding training on both phonological and orthographic dimension should be highlighted in early Chinese reading instruction.

阅读科学的倡导者援引简单阅读观(SVR)来证明在早期阅读教学中强调解码的方法是正确的。SVR将阅读理解描述为解码和听力理解的产物。本研究以三年级汉语读者的语音译码和正字法译码为研究对象,考察了语音译码的复杂性。143名学生参与了这项研究。这些措施包括语音解码(拼音发明拼写)、正字法解码、听力理解和阅读理解。通过回归分析和多元路径模型,研究发现语音解码在段段和超段加工中对汉语阅读理解都有显著的预测作用,而正字法解码对汉语阅读理解的影响更为显著。最优拟合模型表明,当将正字法译码纳入译码分量时,听力理解在译读关系中更具有中介作用,而不是译码分量的协方差作用。结果表明,正字法解码是一种合理的解码成分,单独使用这两种解码结构不足以提高阅读能力(阅读理解),因为它的贡献似乎是通过口头语言能力的路径来中介的(以听力理解为索引)。这丰富了目前对非字母语言SVR的认识,表明在早期汉语阅读教学中应重视语音和正字法两个维度的解码训练。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of wearing a surgical face mask on cognitive functioning and mood states: a randomised controlled trial in young adults. 戴外科口罩对认知功能和情绪状态的影响:一项针对年轻人的随机对照试验。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01238-5
Neda Nasrollahi, Tim Jowett, Liana Machado

Despite significant public concerns voiced about wearing face masks and reports from healthcare workers of adverse effects on cognition, research into potential adverse effects remains limited. The present trial investigated the effects of wearing a surgical face mask for prolonged periods on cognitive functioning and mood. We tested 42 university students (18-36 years old) using a controlled counterbalanced crossover design that involved a mask session and a control session, separated by 1 week. The two sessions were identical except that on the day of the mask session, participants were asked to wear a surgical mask for at least 8 h and to continue wearing it while visiting our laboratory, during which cognitive performance and mood were assessed as per the control session. Results showed that participants reported feeling less happy and more tense during the mask session compared to no-mask control. Additionally, cognitive performance differed between the two sessions for a selective attention task, reflecting slower response latencies during the mask session, which for the most part appeared to be driven by those who felt anxious wearing the mask. Although significant differences emerged for only two of six mood scales and one of eight cognitive tests, the evidence of adverse effects in a university population signals a need for research investigating vulnerable populations. Individuals with elevated anxiety may be particularly important to target.Trail Registration: This randomized controlled trial was retrospectively registered (ACTRN12620001215910). Date registered: 16/11/2020, retrospectively registered.

尽管公众对佩戴口罩表示严重关切,医护人员也报告称口罩会对认知能力产生不良影响,但对潜在不良影响的研究仍然有限。本试验调查了长时间佩戴外科口罩对认知功能和情绪的影响。我们采用对照平衡交叉设计对 42 名大学生(18-36 岁)进行了测试。这两个环节完全相同,只是在戴口罩环节的当天,参与者被要求佩戴外科口罩至少 8 小时,并在参观我们的实验室时继续佩戴。结果显示,与不戴口罩的对照组相比,戴口罩组的参与者在戴口罩期间感觉不那么开心,而且更紧张。此外,在选择性注意任务中,两个环节的认知表现也有差异,反映出在戴面具环节的反应潜伏期较慢,这在很大程度上似乎是由戴面具时感到焦虑的人造成的。虽然六项情绪量表中只有两项和八项认知测试中的一项出现了明显差异,但在大学人群中出现不良影响的证据表明,有必要对易受影响的人群进行调查研究。焦虑症患者可能是特别重要的目标人群:本随机对照试验已进行回顾性注册(ACTRN12620001215910)。注册日期:2020 年 11 月 16 日,回顾性注册。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of cognitive flexibility on prospective EFL teachers' critical thinking disposition: the mediating role of self-efficacy. 认知灵活性对准 EFL 教师批判性思维倾向的影响:自我效能感的中介作用。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01227-8
Şenol Orakcı, Tahmineh Khalili

Critical thinking as one of the key skills for success in the 21st-century has been considered by many scholars in teacher education. This study tries to examine the interaction of critical thinking disposition with two other key characteristics of successful teachers: cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy. To this end, a sample of pre-service English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers was selected for this study. Based on the findings, a positive and strong relationship between cognitive flexibility and critical thinking disposition, and a positive and robust correlation between self-efficacy and critical thinking disposition were observed. Hence, it can be suggested that teacher-educationists can use this link for designing teacher-training courses with tailored tasks for both in and pre-service teachers. The main contribution of the findings might be beneficial for homogenizing teacher-training courses around the globe with the 21st-century trends. In addition, this line of research can be followed by empirical studies for checking the effectiveness of tailored tasks for provoking teachers' critical thinking dispositions, cognitive flexibility, and self-efficacy in teaching activities.

批判性思维作为 21 世纪成功教师的关键技能之一,已被许多教师教育学者所重视。本研究试图探讨批判性思维倾向与成功教师的另外两个关键特征:认知灵活性和自我效能感之间的相互作用。为此,本研究选取了职前英语作为外语(EFL)教师作为样本。研究结果表明,认知灵活性与批判性思维倾向之间存在正相关和强相关,自我效能感与批判性思维倾向之间存在正相关和强相关。因此,教师教育工作者可以利用这一联系,为在职教师和职前教师设计具有针对性任务的教师培训课程。研究结果的主要贡献可能有助于全球教师培训课程与 21 世纪的发展趋势保持一致。此外,还可以通过实证研究来检验定制任务在激发教师批判性思维、认知灵活性和教学活动自我效能感方面的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Domain embeddings for generating complex descriptions of concepts in Italian language. 用意大利语生成复杂概念描述的领域嵌入。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01234-9
Alessandro Maisto

In this work, we propose a Distributional Semantic resource enriched with linguistic and lexical information extracted from electronic dictionaries. This resource is designed to bridge the gap between the continuous semantic values represented by distributional vectors and the discrete descriptions provided by general semantics theory. Recently, many researchers have focused on the connection between embeddings and a comprehensive theory of semantics and meaning. This often involves translating the representation of word meanings in Distributional Models into a set of discrete, manually constructed properties, such as semantic primitives or features, using neural decoding techniques. Our approach introduces an alternative strategy based on linguistic data. We have developed a collection of domain-specific co-occurrence matrices derived from two sources: a list of Italian nouns classified into four semantic traits and 20 concrete noun sub-categories and Italian verbs classified by their semantic classes. In these matrices, the co-occurrence values for each word are calculated exclusively with a defined set of words relevant to a particular lexical domain. The resource includes 21 domain-specific matrices, one comprehensive matrix, and a Graphical User Interface. Our model facilitates the generation of reasoned semantic descriptions of concepts by selecting matrices directly associated with concrete conceptual knowledge, such as a matrix based on location nouns and the concept of animal habitats. We assessed the utility of the resource through two experiments, achieving promising outcomes in both the automatic classification of animal nouns and the extraction of animal features.

在这项工作中,我们提出了一种分布语义资源,该资源丰富了从电子词典中提取的语言和词汇信息。该资源旨在弥合分布向量所代表的连续语义值与一般语义学理论所提供的离散描述之间的差距。最近,许多研究人员都在关注嵌入与语义和意义的综合理论之间的联系。这通常涉及使用神经解码技术,将分布模型中的词义表示转化为一组离散的、人工构建的属性,如语义基元或特征。我们的方法引入了一种基于语言数据的替代策略。我们开发了一系列特定领域的共现矩阵,这些矩阵来自两个来源:一个意大利名词列表,分为四种语义特征和 20 个具体的名词子类别,以及按语义类别分类的意大利动词。在这些矩阵中,每个词的共现值都是根据与特定词域相关的一组定义词计算得出的。该资源包括 21 个特定领域矩阵、一个综合矩阵和一个图形用户界面。我们的模型通过选择与具体概念知识直接相关的矩阵(如基于位置名词和动物栖息地概念的矩阵),为生成合理的概念语义描述提供了便利。我们通过两项实验评估了该资源的实用性,在动物名词自动分类和动物特征提取方面都取得了可喜的成果。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of inductive and deductive aural vocabulary pre-teaching on EFL learners' word recognition from speech. 归纳式和演绎式听力词汇预习对英语学习者从语音中识别单词的影响。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01232-x
Razieh Rabbani Yekta, Nima Alighadr, Somayeh Pournia

This study explores the impact of inductive and deductive aural vocabulary pre-teaching on word recognition from speech (WRS) among 72 Iranian EFL intermediate learners from a language institute. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: Group A (inductive), Group B (deductive), and Group C (routine instruction of the language institute). Each group consisted of 24 participants, with 12 male and 12 female intermediate EFL learners. Assessments included pre-test, immediate post-test, and delayed post-test. Statistical analyses, including mixed ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe tests, and paired samples t-tests, were conducted. Results indicated superior performance in experimental groups with no significant difference between inductive and deductive methods, showcasing lasting effects on WRS. This study provides valuable insights for language educators, learners, curriculum designers, and institutes to enhance EFL listening proficiency through aural vocabulary instructions.

本研究探讨了归纳式和演绎式听力词汇预习教学对来自一所语言学院的 72 名伊朗 EFL 中级学习者的语音单词识别能力(WRS)的影响。参与者被随机分为三组:A 组(归纳式)、B 组(演绎式)和 C 组(语言学院常规教学)。每组 24 人,包括 12 名男性和 12 名女性中级英语语言学习者。评估包括前测、即时后测和延迟后测。统计分析包括混合方差分析、单因素方差分析、Scheffe 检验和配对样本 t 检验。结果表明,实验组的成绩优秀,归纳法和演绎法之间无显著差异,显示了对 WRS 的持久影响。本研究为语言教育者、学习者、课程设计者和机构提供了宝贵的见解,帮助他们通过听力词汇指导提高 EFL 听力水平。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Cognitive Processing
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