Cognitive Processing最新文献

This study examined whether Gestalt-based manipulations can reduce individual's tendency to follow negative recency (NR) or positive recency (PR) by inducing their perception that events are not related. Two types of manipulation - grouping and closure - were introduced through a series of Coin Prediction Tasks. In the Grouping-based Coin Prediction Task (G-CPT), participants were more likely to exhibit NR or PR tendencies when past outcomes and predictions were presented within the same trial compared to when they were presented in separate trials. In the Closure-based Coin Prediction Task (C-CPT), previous results ending with a streak of a dominant event elicited more NR or PR responses, whereas previous outcomes ending with a non-dominant event reduced these fallacies. Overall, this study provides evidence that Gestalt-based manipulations can mitigate cognitive fallacies. Our findings emphasize the importance of Gestalt framing in probabilistic decision-making contexts. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.

Concrete concepts (banana) are processed faster and more accurately than abstract ones (belief). This phenomenon, supported by empirical studies, is known as the concreteness effect. However, recent research indicates that controlling certain psycholinguistic variables can mitigate or reverse this effect. We introduce a previously neglected variable, namely categorical specificity, and investigate its role in lexical and semantic access, through: ratings, a lexical decision task and a semantic decision task. Our findings confirm the processing advantage of concrete over abstract concepts (concreteness effect) and reveal a similar advantage for specific over general concepts (specificity effect). We also report a non-significant interaction between the two variables. We discuss the results within the general framework of conceptual abstraction.

This study investigates how Chinese native speakers learning Japanese as a second language construct situation models across five dimensions, i.e., protagonist, time, space, causality, and intentionality, while reading Japanese narratives, and how visual imagery vividness affects this process. Employing a generalized linear mixed-effects model, we conducted an analysis of verb-clustering data. The results showed that (1) the protagonist, time, and space dimensions played significant roles in constructing situation models in Chinese learners of Japanese, while the causality and intentionality dimensions did not have significant impacts; (2) the construction of situation models in L2 learners' reading was influenced by visual imagery vividness. Learners with higher visual imagery vividness were better able to construct accurate situation models when the protagonist and space dimensions were discontinuous. The findings provide new insights into understanding the cognitive processing mechanisms of second-language learners and suggest that visual imagery vividness plays a crucial role in the construction of situation models. This research offers empirical support for optimizing teaching strategies of second-language reading.

Previous studies have suggested that faces with direct gazes are perceived more quickly than are those with averted gazes under the breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) paradigm. Although averted gazes are typically examined in the horizontal orientation (leftwards and rightwards), their effects in the vertical orientation (upwards and downwards) remain underexplored. To investigate how gaze direction influences face awareness and perception in both horizontal and vertical orientations under the b-CFS paradigm, 68 participants observed faces with downwards, upwards, leftwards, rightwards, or direct gazes. These faces were presented to one eye, while a dynamic Mondrian pattern was shown to the other through a binocular separator. The participants first detected the face and then identified its gaze direction. The results indicated that the detection time for faces with downwards gazes was shorter than was the detection time for faces with the other four gaze types. However, the accuracy of gaze discrimination for downwards gazes was lower than was that for the other four gaze types. These findings suggest that downwards gazes are perceived more easily but are discriminated less easily than other gaze directions are during unconscious face processing.

State Self-Objectification (SSO) refers to a temporary psychological state in which individuals become acutely aware of and focus on their physical appearance, typically as a result of external appearance-related cues. With societal emphasis on appearance growing, understanding SSO's impact on emotional and social functioning is critical. This study employed event-related potential (ERP) technology and an emotional oddball paradigm to investigate the impact of SSO on facial emotion recognition and its temporal processing characteristics. Specifically, four ERP components (P1, N170, P2, and P3) associated with distinct stages of visual and emotional processing were analyzed. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that the high-SSO group exhibited longer reaction times and lower accuracy in facial emotion recognition, along with significantly smaller P3 amplitudes compared to the low-SSO group. Importantly, when recognizing negative emotions (as opposed to positive emotions), the high-SSO group displayed significantly larger N170 amplitudes. These findings suggest that SSO impairs late-stage cognitive processing (P3) and induces a pronounced negativity bias during early perceptual processing (N170). Experiment 2 incorporated sexualized information as a moderating factor and found that the high-SSO group showed longer reaction times and lower accuracy when recognizing positive and neutral emotions. Furthermore, independent of emotional valence, the high-SSO group exhibited significantly larger P1 amplitudes compared to the low-SSO group. Conversely, within the low-SSO group, recognizing negative emotions (relative to neutral emotions) elicited significantly larger N170 amplitudes. In summary, SSO significantly impairs both behavioral performance and neural processing during facial emotion recognition, with sexualized information further intensifying these effects. This research highlights the importance of understanding how appearance-focused social environments and self-objectification jointly disrupt the cognitive and affective mechanisms underlying social interactions.

The recent line of research robustly demonstrated that humans and rodents can keep track of the magnitude and direction of timing errors, composing a temporal error monitoring ability (TEM). However, the degree of dissociation between these two measures of TEM has not been investigated at the level of the underlying mental magnitude metrics. Specifically, we do not know whether the two behavioral manifestations of TEM differentially rely on subjective vs. objective time, whether the discriminability of time intervals relies on ratio and absolute differences, respectively. To this end, we first tested whether behavioral manifestations of TEM depend on relative (cognitive timing) or absolute timing errors (sensorimotor timing). In light of our earlier findings showing differential metacognitive processing of timing errors as a function of different levels of agency, we also tested whether the potential information processing differences in TEM measures differ across different levels of agency of timing errors? In two different datasets, we found that magnitude and direction monitoring of timing errors relied on the absolute (i.e., arithmetic/linear) and relative (i.e., ratio) distances, respectively. These effects were more pronounced for owned versus unowned errors for timing error magnitude monitoring and timing error direction monitoring, respectively. Together, this study demonstrated that the timing error direction monitoring relies more on cognitive timing, whereas error magnitude monitoring relies more on sensorimotor timing.

Previous studies found that individuals with mental illness may have cognitive distortions. However, their findings are far from conclusive since most research focused on depression while less attention was paid to other mental illnesses such as anxiety and suicidal ideation. In addition, differences in cognitive distortions across individuals with different mental illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation remain underexplored. To address these issues, this study investigated 12 types of cognitive distortions in individuals with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation based on an analysis of their language use patterns on social media. The analysis yielded several findings of interest. First, individuals with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation showed significantly higher cognitive distortions than those without mental illness. More specifically, they were characterised by significantly higher cognitive distortions of dichotomous reasoning, labelling and mislabelling, overgeneralizing, and personalizing. Second, individuals with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation differ from one another in cognitive distortions. Individuals with more severe symptoms of mental illness have higher cognitive distortions such as dichotomous reasoning. These findings have significant clinical implications for the diagnosis of and prevention of mental illness.