Cognitive Processing最新文献

The present study adopted a dual-task paradigm manipulating operand presentation sequence (continuous vs. discontinuous) and a no-choice strategy adoption approach to investigate how stimulus presentation and response-related processes modulate strategy execution in dual-task scenarios. Participants completed a series of two-digit addition computational estimation tasks, in which they were required to use either the rounding-down (RD) strategy (e.g., calculating 50 + 80=130 for the problem 54 + 89) or the rounding-up (RU) strategy (e.g., calculating 60 + 90=150 for 54 + 89). These tasks were administered across both single- and dual-task conditions, with operands presented in either a continuous or discontinuous sequence. A critical dissociation emerged between neural and behavioral outcomes: significant interaction effects among presentation sequence, task condition, and strategy type were detected at the neural level, whereas no such interactions were observed in behavioral metrics. Behaviorally, relative to the single-task condition, RD strategy, and continuous presentation sequence (MMC first), the dual-task condition, RU strategy, and discontinuous presentation sequence (CE first) were associated with significantly lower accuracy (ACC), longer reaction times (RTs), and higher Inverse Efficiency Scores (IES). At the neural level, discontinuous operand presentation in the dual-task condition elicited significantly larger N1 and P2 amplitudes over the parietal lobe, reflecting heightened attentional engagement compared to continuous presentation. A striking cross-condition reversal was observed for N2 and P3 amplitudes: in the single-task condition, N2 and P3 amplitudes under the RD strategy were significantly smaller (more negative) than those under the RU strategy; conversely, in the dual-task condition, RD strategy-related N2 and P3 amplitudes were significantly larger (more positive) than those linked to the RU strategy. These findings align closely with the Time-Based Resource-Sharing (TBRS) model and dynamic processing frameworks. Collectively, the results indicate that sequence preparation, dual-task coordination, and strategy execution depend on attention-dependent temporal allocation of limited cognitive resources at central processing bottlenecks, which enables flexible, optimal, and dynamic resource management to support both online task processing and cognitive maintenance. Future investigations into the neural mechanisms of dual-task processing should employ larger sample sizes and multimodal research approaches to further elucidate these resource allocation dynamics.

Task cues are often used to study task preparation. Participants are thought to activate cued task sets in advance to facilitate later task performance. Earlier studies showed that task performance was improved, if the relation of cue and decision categories of the task was more transparent, suggesting a facilitated task preparation process with more transparent cues. However, no previous study directly tested how processing differs between cues with varying transparency in the cue interval itself. To this end, we analyzed cue-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) and oscillatory activity of the electroencephalogram (EEG) for four different cue types with varying cue transparency. An increased cue-locked positivity ERP component indicated the largest preparation demands for arbitrary symbol string cues, which lacked any apparent relation with the cued task. Moreover, visual demands reflected by an early positive deflection and task set reconfiguration demands reflected by theta oscillations were increased for both word cues (decision categories used as cues) and symbol string cues, indicating that cues with a higher visual complexity pose additional demands on visual and cognitive cue processing. In contrast, these electrophysiological correlates of preparation demands were lowest for letter cues. Hence, if one wants to facilitate cue-induced task set activation, simple letter cues appear beneficial. In conclusion, task cue transparency influenced electrophysiological correlates related to the preparatory demands required for task set retrieval and should therefore be taken into account when studying task preparation.

Sketch maps are the external representations of people's cognition of the geographical environment. Previous research on extracting invariant information from sketch maps has proposed various spatial relation methods, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative relations. However, sketch maps can encode varieties of spatial knowledge and distortions. This paper summarizes the frequently occurring distortions in urban sketch maps, such as shape, scale, and position distortions. Building on our previous work, we analyzed the differences caused by various distortions on bidimensional regression and order relations (Point Algebra and coarse Interval Algebra), and summarized the characteristics of these methods. We evaluated the methods on a total of 30 sketch maps derived from landmark knowledge, route knowledge, and survey knowledge, and provided recommendations on the use of methods for different types of sketch maps. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrated that combining bidimensional regression and order relations allows for a better assessment of the sketch map accuracy. We believe that an in-depth analysis of various types of sketch maps and distortions can provide new insights for sketch map alignment.

Previous research has found that eye-gaze directs attention in a location-based manner. In contrast, arrows direct attention in an object-based manner. In the current set of experiments, we attempted to extend this basic finding in two ways. In Experiment 1, we tested whether these effects would be replicated using real-world stimuli. In Experiment 2, we tested whether the eye-gaze of a robot would direct attention in a location-based manner (like eye-gaze) or object-based manner (like arrows). Across two experiments, we replicated previous work that found eye-gaze directs attention in a location-based manner and extend this finding to the eye-gaze of a robot. However, our pattern of results for arrow cues was more complex. It appears that arrows prioritize specific locations (similar to eye-gaze) but in contrast to eye-gaze, this priority spreads to the rest of the cued object. These findings are important for understanding the role of social factors in the mechanisms underlying the gaze-cueing effect and have implications for how human-robot interactions should be designed.

Audiovisual integration occurs automatically and affects visual processing. This study aims to investigate whether temporally synchronized auditory signals enhance monocular signals during binocular observation. In Experiment 1, 16 participants performed a visual target localization task. A mirror stereoscope was used to present a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream of distractors to both eyes, with a visual target inserted in either both eyes, the dominant eye, or the non-dominant eye. Continuous low tones synchronized with distractors were paired with the target as either the same low tone (non-salience) or a high tone (salience). Detection facilitation rates by tone type were analyzed through multiple comparisons. Results showed a significant detection enhancement only when the target appeared in the non-dominant eye. In Experiment 2, involving 16 participants, a similar RSVP was presented, but with an orientation discrimination task for parafoveally presented texture stimuli comprising 17 vertical Gabor patches. The angle and proportion of tilted patches were manipulated simultaneously, and logistic regression was used to estimate orientation discrimination thresholds. Contrary to predictions, salient tones did not reduce the thresholds. These findings suggest that temporally synchronized auditory signals can selectively enhance the monocular processing of weaker visual signals (i.e., non-dominant eye signals) before binocular fusion, particularly for spatial localization. However, these effects did not extend to the identification of visual content (i.e., orientation) or stable visual signals (i.e., dominant or binocular). The results highlight the role of audiovisual integration in supporting unstable monocular signals and suggest potential applications in low vision training.

As neurorehabilitation research expands, it is crucial to ensure that scientific findings are integrated into neurorehabilitation clinical practice. Building on evidence about embodied cognition, this paper proposes an innovative method called Sense and Mind (SaM), designed for individuals with neurodevelopmental and acquired neurocognitive and neuromotor impairments. It aims to rehabilitate spatial cognition and executive functions from the patient's bodily experience. A description of the theoretical bases of the SaM method is provided. Theory construct involves neuroscientific evidence relative to embodied cognition, movement and action, spatial representation, mental imagery, and executive functions.Furthermore, a description of the methodological structure is outlined, allowing for interventions with the patient at different levels of complexity and with various goals through a restitutive approach, ranging from programming voluntary movement to constructing and using mental images. Through different goal-directed activities based on multimodal sensory experiences, the SaM method focuses on recovering executive functions, which are crucial for daily life. The SaM method, through an individualised approach based on each patient's psychomotor profile, can be helpful for neuromotor and neuropsychological rehabilitation of several types of disabilities. Further studies are necessary to investigate its efficacy on larger samples of patients.

To evaluate others' actions objectively, one must integrate the actor's mental states with the potential consequences of his actions. However, consequences can distort the perception of intentionality. The Knobe effect, or "side-effect effect," demonstrates that individuals attribute greater intentionality to negative than positive foreseen yet unintended side effects. This study explores how reasoning styles and abilities influence these judgments. A sample of 172 college students completed validated reasoning style questionnaires, including the Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI) and the Actively Open-Minded Thinking scale (AOT), a syllogistic reasoning task, and scenario-based tasks in a randomized, between-subjects design (negative vs. positive side effect). Our findings reveal that a more deliberative reasoning style and longer response times both reduce bias in attributing intentionality to negative side effects, highlighting two distinct pathways through which response times mediate the influence of reasoning style on reducing biased judgments. We explore how reasoning affects our attributions of intentionality leading to a more balanced consideration of an actor's mental state and the consequences in moral judgment.

This review focuses on bilingual language control in oral language production, synthesizing key methodologies, theoretical frameworks, and its relationship with domain-general cognitive control. Although behavioral and neural studies have advanced understanding of the mechanisms involved, greater integration across approaches and the use of more ecologically valid methods remain necessary. Much of the current research emphasizes reactive control; however, exploring its interplay with proactive control may offer deeper insights into the dynamic nature of bilingual language control. In addition, future studies should move beyond the lexicon to explore higher linguistic levels and account for the diversity of bilingual experiences within broader theoretical frameworks, such as the bilingual framework proposed in this review. This would allow theoretical models to be enriched with a more comprehensive perspective.