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Why dogs prefer zoomies to zoom and what it tells us about the importance of in-person meetings for learning and memory. 为什么狗狗喜欢 "zoomies "而不是 "zoom",它告诉我们人与人之间的会面对学习和记忆的重要性。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01235-8
Géraldine Coppin, Michael L Onofrio

As people commonly observe dog behaviors like the sudden bursts of physical movement colloquially known as "zoomies," and the canine penchant for sticking their nose out of car windows and for sniffing intently in dog parks, it is not surprising that people generally believe dogs learn and communicate by smell. While people generally discount their own olfactory sensitivity and the importance of smell overall, humans also learn and communicate by smell, in some cases even better than dogs. In this article, we discuss why this information exchange matters for learning and memory and why virtual meetings don't pass the sniff test.

人们通常会观察到狗的一些行为,比如俗称 "zoomies "的突然爆发性身体运动,以及狗喜欢把鼻子伸出车窗外和在狗公园里仔细嗅闻,因此人们普遍认为狗是通过嗅觉来学习和交流的,这一点也不奇怪。虽然人们普遍不重视自己的嗅觉灵敏度和嗅觉的重要性,但人类也通过嗅觉学习和交流,在某些情况下甚至比狗更好。在本文中,我们将讨论为什么这种信息交流对学习和记忆很重要,以及为什么虚拟会议不能通过嗅觉测试。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding responses of people with ASD in diverse reasoning tasks: A formal study. 了解 ASD 患者在不同推理任务中的反应:一项正式研究。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01233-w
Torben Braüner, Aishwarya Ghosh, Sujata Ghosh

Recent studies have shown that in some reasoning tasks people with Autism Spectrum Disorder perform better than typically developing people. This paper compares four such tasks, namely a syllogistic task, two decision-making tasks, and a task from the heuristics and biases literature, the aim being to identify common structure as well as differences. In the terminology of David Marr's three levels of cognitive systems, the tasks show commonalities on the computational level in terms of the effect of contextual stimuli, though an in-depth analysis of such contexts provides certain distinguishing features in the algorithmic level. We also make some general remarks on our approach, so as to set the stage for further studies in the area which could provide a better understanding of the reasoning process of ASD individuals.

最近的研究表明,在某些推理任务中,自闭症谱系障碍患者的表现优于发育正常者。本文比较了四项此类任务,即一项三段论任务、两项决策任务以及一项启发式和偏见文献中的任务,旨在找出共同结构和差异。用戴维-马尔(David Marr)认知系统三个层次的术语来说,这些任务在计算层次上显示了上下文刺激效果的共性,尽管对这些上下文的深入分析提供了算法层次上的某些区别特征。我们还对我们的研究方法做了一些综述,以便为该领域的进一步研究奠定基础,从而更好地理解自闭症患者的推理过程。
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引用次数: 0
Autistic and non-autistic adults use discourse context to determine a speaker's intention to request. 自闭症成人和非自闭症成人都会使用话语语境来判断说话者的请求意图。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01229-6
Faith Frost, Marisa Nagano, Emily Zane

The current study focuses on how autistic adults utilize context to determine whether ambiguous utterances (e.g., "I'm thirsty") are intended as indirect requests or as literal comment/questions. Two questions are addressed: (1) How do autistic adults compare to neurotypical adults in using context to interpret an utterance's intention as either literal or a request? (2) What cognitive mechanisms correlate with indirect request interpretation, and are these different for participants in each group? Twenty-six autistic and 26 neurotypical college students participated, engaging in an online experiment where they read narratives that ended with utterances open to literal or request interpretations, based on context. After each narrative, participants selected the best paraphrase of the utterance from two options, literal versus request. Following this task, participants completed two mentalizing measures (a false belief and emotion-identification task) and several executive functioning tests. The best model for predicting paraphrase choice included scores on the emotion-identification task and context as main effects, along with the interaction between both. Participants with higher emotion-identification test scores were more likely to provide correct paraphrases. Models including group as a main effect and/or interaction were not better at fitting the data, nor were any models that included executive functioning measures as main effects or interactions. Emotion-identification test scores, but not autism diagnosis, predict how adults infer whether an utterance is a request. Findings suggest that autistic adults use context similarly to neurotypical adults when interpreting requests, and that similar processes underlie performance for each group.

本研究的重点是自闭症成人如何利用语境来判断模棱两可的话语(如 "我渴了")是间接请求还是字面评论/提问。研究涉及两个问题:(1) 自闭症成人与神经畸形成人相比,如何利用语境将语句的意图解释为字面意思或请求?(2)与间接请求解释相关的认知机制是什么?26 名患有自闭症的大学生和 26 名患有神经症的大学生参与了一项在线实验,在实验中,他们阅读了一些叙述,这些叙述的结尾是可以根据上下文进行字面解释或请求解释的语句。每篇叙述结束后,参与者从字面解释和请求解释两个选项中选出对语句的最佳解释。完成这项任务后,受试者还要完成两项心理测量(错误信念和情绪识别任务)和几项执行功能测试。预测转述选择的最佳模型包括作为主效应的情感识别任务得分和情境,以及两者之间的交互作用。情感识别测试得分较高的参与者更有可能提供正确的转述。将组别作为主效应和/或交互作用的模型并不能更好地拟合数据,将执行功能测量作为主效应或交互作用的模型也不能更好地拟合数据。情感识别测试得分(而非自闭症诊断)可以预测成人如何推断一个语句是否是请求。研究结果表明,自闭症成人在解释请求时使用的语境与神经典型成人相似,而且每个群体的表现都有相似的过程。
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引用次数: 0
Five-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders struggle with disengaging attention. 患有自闭症谱系障碍的五岁儿童在分散注意力方面很吃力。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-025-01256-x
Wei Wang, Chun Cheng, Zhiyu Xu, Licheng Xue, Wanlu Fu, Jing Zhao

It is known that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exhibit impairments in shifting attention. However, previous studies have primarily focused on school-aged children and adults with ASD. It remains unclear whether attentional shifting impairments emerge at an early age. Additionally, it is uncertain which specific process-engagement or disengagement-is affected in individuals with ASD. This study investigated the time course of attentional shifting in preschool-aged children with ASD using a Posner cue-target paradigm. The cue-target onset asynchrony was systematically manipulated to reveal both the early facilitation effect of attentional capture (i.e., engagement) and the later inhibitory aftereffect, commonly referred to as inhibition of return (IOR). Results showed an early facilitation effect in both ASD and typically developing (TD) children, indicating that ASD children engaged attention to salient spatial locations. In contrast to TD children, no reliable IOR effect was observed in ASD children, suggesting difficulties in disengaging attention. These findings indicate a selective impairment in attentional disengagement among preschool-aged children with ASD and support the need for early intervention programs focusing on attentional shifting.

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引用次数: 0
The impact of face masks on metacognition in sign language is mediated by proficiency.
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01254-5
Gabriele Gianfreda, Elena Giovanelli, Elena Gessa, Chiara Valzolgher, Luca Lamano, Tommaso Lucioli, Elena Tomasuolo, Livio Finos, Francesco Pavani, Pasquale Rinaldi

Face masks can impact processing a narrative in sign language, affecting several metacognitive dimensions of understanding (i.e., perceived effort, confidence and feeling of understanding). However, to what extent this is modulated by sign language proficiency remains an open question. Thirty deaf adults were administered a narrative in Italian Sign Language (LIS), signed in three different visual conditions: no mask, transparent mask, opaque mask. In addition, they completed a Sentence Reproduction Task in LIS (LIS-SRT) to measure their sign language proficiency. Results showed that some of the error types in the LIS-SRT have significant correlations with performance in the comprehension task, revealing external validity for this sentence repetition test. Crucially, while sign language proficiency did not modulate the impact of face-masks on narrative comprehension, the metacognitive outcomes were clearly influenced by the interaction between LIS proficiency and visual conditions. Skilled signers experienced less effort and higher levels of confidence and feeling of understanding, whereas these subjective experiences were greatly impacted by visual conditions in less proficient signers. We discuss these findings in reference to cognitive load, thus also extending the construct of "listening effort" to sign languages. In addition, we relate differences in cognitive load in skilled vs. less proficient signers to the ability to extract and process at the same time multiple types of linguistic elements from the flow of signs (multilinear processing of sign language).

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引用次数: 0
Cognitive representation of gait: differences in memory structures between individuals after total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty.
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01255-4
Dagmar Linnhoff, René Kaiser, Klaus Mattes, Cornelia Frank

The objective was to examine differences in the gait-specific cognitive representation structures between individuals after total knee- (TKA) and after total hip-joint arthroplasty (THA). The cognitive representation structure was compared between three groups: 1. three months after TKA (n = 12), 2. three months after THA (n = 12), and 3. healthy control group (CG) (n = 12) using the structural dimensional analysis of mental representation (SDA-M). Additionally, perceived joint function was rated by either the KOOS, JR. or HOOS, JR. Mean distribution of perceived joint function was not significantly different between the TKA (60.35 ± 11.2) and THA group (68.01 ± 13.8) (t = - 1.425; p = .173). In the cognitive representation structure, the THA group exhibited functional differences from the TKA group and control group, both of which showed a functional structure. Three months after hip joint replacement the gait-specific cognitive representation structure seems to reflect joint function-specific deviations. Therefore, focussing on functional recovery of cognitive gait representation may facilitate gait rehabilitation in individuals after hip replacement.

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引用次数: 0
The baby duck syndrome as cognitive bias in user-interface interaction. 小鸭子综合症:用户界面交互中的认知偏差。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01253-6
Nadezhda Glebko, Alyona Kharitonova, Ekaterina Kosova, Elena Gorbunova

As technological interfaces are relatively new cultural tools, regular interaction can lead to new psychological phenomena, like the baby duck syndrome, where users favor old interfaces over updates. This syndrome is seen as a cognitive bias in human-computer interaction. Two studies were conducted: Study 1 on an Airbnb app (old vs. new versions), and Study 2 on a self-developed website (blue vs. purple design). Subjects completed sequential five usability tasks in two blocks with the resting between. Experimental groups engaged with different interface versions, while control groups used the same one. After completing tasks, subjects filled questionnaires about interface interaction. Study 1 showed significantly higher preference for the old Airbnb version, though scores varied by group. Study 2 revealed a trend of reduced scores in experimental groups on second assessment, not seen in controls. Version-based rating differences were insignificant. Overall, Studies 1 and 2 indicated baby duck syndrome is challenging to study in labs, suggesting it emerges when users are genuinely engaged with the interface. This article has both theoretical and experimental significance for studying the emergence of psychological phenomena in human-digital interaction. As a practical application, the obtained results can be useful for correct development updates for interfaces.

由于技术界面是相对较新的文化工具,经常的交互会导致新的心理现象,比如小鸭子综合症,用户喜欢旧的界面而不是更新。这种综合征被视为人机交互中的认知偏差。我们进行了两项研究:研究1是针对Airbnb应用程序(旧版本和新版本),研究2是针对自己开发的网站(蓝色和紫色设计)。受试者在两个区块中完成了连续的五个可用性任务,中间休息。实验组使用不同的界面版本,而对照组使用相同的界面版本。完成任务后,受试者填写关于界面交互的问卷。研究1显示,人们对Airbnb旧版本的偏好明显更高,尽管得分因群体而异。研究2揭示了实验组在第二次评估中得分降低的趋势,而在对照组中没有看到。基于版本的评分差异不显著。总的来说,研究1和2表明,在实验室中研究鸭宝宝综合症是具有挑战性的,这表明当用户真正参与到界面中时,它就会出现。本文对研究人-数字交互中心理现象的产生具有理论和实验意义。作为实际应用,所获得的结果可用于接口的正确开发更新。
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引用次数: 0
Does lexical category matter in effects of emotionality on L2 word processing in late proficient Chinese-English bilinguals? An ERP study. 词汇类别对后期熟练汉英双语者情感对第二语言词汇加工的影响重要吗?ERP研究。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01252-7
Xiaogen Liao, Xueni Li, Chuanbin Ni

Although the effects of emotionality on word processing might be modulated by lexical category, a body of extant literature has tended to obviate the need of considering this factor. In this study, we attempted to address how lexical category modulates the effects of emotionality on L2 word processing. To this end, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from a group of late proficient Chinese-English bilinguals while they performed a lexical decision task with a set of tightly matched negative, positive, and neutral words across three lexical categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives). The results revealed a P2 effect, an N400 effect, as well as an LPC effect for word emotionality. Moreover, an interaction between word emotionality and lexical category occurred within the N400 and LPC time windows over fronto-central electrodes, reflecting that the N400 displayed a smaller amplitude for positive nouns and verbs than for their neutral counterparts, as well as for negative as opposed to neutral adjectives, and that the LPC showed a larger amplitude for positive relative to neutral nouns, as well as for positive and negative adjectives than for their neutral counterparts. These results provide initial electrophysiological evidence for the modulation of lexical category to the emotionality effects on L2 word processing at the different stages and highlight the importance of lexical category in research on L2 emotional word processing.

虽然情感因素对文字处理的影响可能会受到词汇类别的调节,但现有的大量文献都倾向于排除考虑这一因素的必要性。在本研究中,我们试图探讨词汇类别如何调节情感对 L2 词语加工的影响。为此,我们记录了一组后期熟练的汉英双语者在进行词汇决策任务时的事件相关电位(ERPs),他们在三个词汇类别(名词、动词、形容词)中使用了一组紧密匹配的消极词、积极词和中性词。结果显示,词语情绪性具有 P2 效应、N400 效应和 LPC 效应。此外,在前中央电极的 N400 和 LPC 时间窗内,词语情绪性和词性类别之间存在交互作用,反映出 N400 的振幅对于积极的名词和动词小于中性的对应词,以及消极的形容词小于中性的对应词,而 LPC 的振幅对于积极的名词大于中性的对应词,以及积极和消极的形容词大于中性的对应词。这些结果提供了初步的电生理学证据,证明词类对不同阶段的 L2 词语加工的情感性效应有调节作用,并突出了词类在 L2 情感性词语加工研究中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of a 2-month abacus training on students with developmental dyscalculia. 2个月的算盘训练对发展性计算障碍学生的影响。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01251-8
Yujie Lu, Jianing Lyu, Xinlin Zhou

Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a specific mathematics learning disorder, characterized by the atypical development of number sense, arithmetic calculation, and atypical development of brain structures and brain activations in core brain regions for number processing. The current study examined the intervention effect of a 2-month abacus training on DD students. Results showed that compared with the non-trained control group, the DD students with abacus training showed higher scores in number sense, calculation, and sustained attention abilities. Additionally, a larger percentage of students in the abacus group showed improvements in the DD screening tasks compared to the control group. The current finding indicated that abacus training or abacus courses can be used as a tool for further DD intervention.

发展性计算障碍(DD)是一种特殊的数学学习障碍,其特征是数感、算术计算的非典型发展,以及脑结构的非典型发展和脑核心区域的非典型数字处理激活。本研究考察了2个月的珠算训练对DD学生的干预效果。结果表明,与未接受珠算训练的对照组相比,接受珠算训练的DD学生在数感、计算能力和持续注意能力方面得分更高。此外,与对照组相比,更多的珠算组学生在DD筛查任务中表现出改善。目前的研究结果表明,珠算训练或珠算课程可以作为进一步干预DD的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Discrete, recurrent, and scalable patterns in non-operant judgement underlie affective picture ratings. 非操作性判断中的离散、循环和可扩展模式是情感图片评级的基础。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01250-9
Leandros Stefanopoulos, Byoung-Woo Kim, John Sheppard, Emanuel A Azcona, Nicole L Vike, Sumra Bari, Shamal Lalvani, Sean Woodward, Nicos Maglaveras, Martin Block, Aggelos K Katsaggelos, Hans C Breiter

Operant keypress tasks in a reinforcement-reward framework where behavior is shaped by its consequence, show lawful relationships in human preference behavior (i.e., approach/avoidance) and have been analogized to "wanting". However, they take 20-40 min as opposed to short non-operant rating tasks, which can be as short as 3 min and unsupervised, thus more readily applied to internet research. It is unknown if non-operant rating tasks where each action does not have a consequence, analogous to "liking", show similar lawful relationships. We studied non-operant, picture-rating data from three independent population cohorts (N = 501, 506, and 4019 participants) using the same 7-point Likert scale for negative to positive preferences, and the same categories of images from the International Affective Picture System. Non-operant picture ratings were used to compute location, dispersion, and pattern (entropy) variables, that in turn produced similar value, limit, and trade-off functions to those reported for operant keypress tasks, all with individual R2 > 0.80. For all three datasets, the individual functions were discrete in mathematical formulation. They were also recurrent or consistent across the cohorts and scaled between individual and group curves. Behavioral features such as risk aversion and other interpretable features of the graphs were also consistent across cohorts. Together, these observations argue for lawfulness in the modeling of the ratings. This picture rating task demonstrates a simple, quick, and low-cost framework for quantitatively assessing human preference without forced choice decisions, games of chance, or operant keypressing. This framework can be easily deployed on any digital device worldwide.

在强化-奖励框架中,操作性按键任务的行为是由其结果形成的,在人类偏好行为(即接近/回避)中显示出合法的关系,并被类比为“想要”。然而,与短的非操作性评分任务相比,它们需要20-40分钟,而非操作性评分任务可能短至3分钟,并且没有监督,因此更容易应用于互联网研究。目前尚不清楚,非操作性评分任务中每个动作都没有结果,类似于“喜欢”,是否显示出类似的合法关系。我们研究了来自三个独立人群队列(N = 501,506和4019名参与者)的非操作性图像评分数据,使用相同的7点李克特量表来衡量消极到积极的偏好,以及来自国际情感图像系统的相同类别的图像。非操作性图像评级用于计算位置、分散和模式(熵)变量,这些变量反过来产生与操作性按键任务报告的值、限制和权衡函数相似的值、限制和权衡函数,所有这些都具有单独的R2 > 0.80。对于所有三个数据集,单个函数在数学公式中是离散的。它们也在整个队列中反复出现或一致,并在个体和群体曲线之间进行缩放。行为特征,如风险厌恶和图表的其他可解释特征也在队列中是一致的。总之,这些观察结果证明了评级模型的合法性。这个图片评级任务展示了一个简单、快速、低成本的框架,用于定量评估人类偏好,而不需要强制选择决策、机会游戏或操作按键。这个框架可以很容易地部署在全球任何数字设备上。
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引用次数: 0
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Cognitive Processing
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