Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.18500/1819-7663-2023-23-3-193-204
Evgeny M. Pervushov
Among the numerous and diversiform Late Cretaceoussiliceousspongescollected throughout the Volgaregion,severalrepresentatives of the genus Botryosella have been encountered, previously unknown for the area. Analysis of the skeleton morphology, peculiar for massive transverse outgrowths, confirms manifestations of isomorphism in Hexactinellids and the opinion of inaccuracies available in the descriptive terminology applied to the skeletal morphology of this Porifera group.
{"title":"Representatives of the genus Botryosella Schrammen, 1912 (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Volga region","authors":"Evgeny M. Pervushov","doi":"10.18500/1819-7663-2023-23-3-193-204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1819-7663-2023-23-3-193-204","url":null,"abstract":"Among the numerous and diversiform Late Cretaceoussiliceousspongescollected throughout the Volgaregion,severalrepresentatives of the genus Botryosella have been encountered, previously unknown for the area. Analysis of the skeleton morphology, peculiar for massive transverse outgrowths, confirms manifestations of isomorphism in Hexactinellids and the opinion of inaccuracies available in the descriptive terminology applied to the skeletal morphology of this Porifera group.","PeriodicalId":476403,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiâ Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaâ seriâ","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136238505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.18500/1819-7663-2023-23-3-155-160
Sergey V. Nikolaenko, Natalia E. Stepanova
The article presents the influence analysis of industrial enterprises of the Volgograd region on thestate of atmospheric air in the region. The importance of solving the problem of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere at the international level has been analyzed. Foreign experience in terms of reducing carbon dioxide emissions of industrial enterprises is considered. A method to reduce the environmental burden on atmospheric air by decarbonization, i.e. сarbon capture and storage of CO2 in deep geological objects is proposed.
{"title":"The importance of decarbonization of industrial enterprises in the Volgograd region","authors":"Sergey V. Nikolaenko, Natalia E. Stepanova","doi":"10.18500/1819-7663-2023-23-3-155-160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1819-7663-2023-23-3-155-160","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the influence analysis of industrial enterprises of the Volgograd region on thestate of atmospheric air in the region. The importance of solving the problem of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere at the international level has been analyzed. Foreign experience in terms of reducing carbon dioxide emissions of industrial enterprises is considered. A method to reduce the environmental burden on atmospheric air by decarbonization, i.e. сarbon capture and storage of CO2 in deep geological objects is proposed.","PeriodicalId":476403,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiâ Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaâ seriâ","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136238508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-299-307
Svetlana V. Andreeva, Elena Yu. Viktorova
The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the outstanding Russian linguist, professor of Saratov State University Olga B. Sirotinina (born in 1923). The article presents and analyzes a number of scientific ideas of the scholar: the necessity to work out new approaches to syntactic units; the interaction of primary (factual) and secondary (organizational) levels of communication; attention of the author to the addressee as a leading principle of linguistic ecology; semantic diffusion as a dynamic process in the Russian discourse. In the late 20th century Olga B. Sirotinina in her research of the colloquial speech determined new approaches to communicative units: alongside the syntax of predicative units she developed the syntax of non-predicative ones. Her works prove that while studying real discourse a special focus should be put on the role of functional words as the effectiveness of communication is directly determined by the interaction of factual and organizational communication units. The author’s concern about the addressee is one of the main principles of linguistic ecology. It is the author who is primarily responsible for the success of communication, so they are supposed to make a number of reasonable efforts to facilitate for the addressee the perception of their message. The process of semantic diffusion is often connected nowadays with the violation of linguo-ecological principles. This problem is one of the main concerns of Olga B. Sirotinina: de to weakened and broadened meaning some words start to mean almost anything, are used widely and turn into fashionable words. Excessive use of diffused lexis leads to the language system impoverishment as well as to numerous social and professional risks. The ideas of Olga B. Sirotinina under discussion have organized the research of real communication units and determined the directions of the development of Saratov linguistic school in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The article focuses on the tendencies in the development of these ideas by Saratov linguists.
这篇文章是为了纪念俄罗斯杰出的语言学家、萨拉托夫国立大学教授奥尔加·b·西罗蒂尼娜(1923年生)诞辰100周年而写的。文章介绍并分析了这位学者的一些科学思想:有必要研究句法单位的新方法;沟通的初级(事实)和次级(组织)层次的相互作用;作者对收件人的关注是语言生态学的主导原则语义扩散是俄语语篇中的一个动态过程。20世纪后期，奥尔加·b·西罗蒂尼纳在对口语的研究中确定了交际单位的新方法:除了谓语单位的句法外，她还发展了非谓语单位的句法。她的作品证明，在研究真实话语时，应特别关注功能词的作用，因为交际的有效性直接取决于事实交际单位和组织交际单位的相互作用。作者对收件人的关注是语言生态学的主要原则之一。作者对沟通的成功负有主要责任，因此作者应该做出一些合理的努力，以促进收件人对其信息的理解。如今，语义扩散的过程往往与语言生态原则的违背联系在一起。这个问题是Olga B. Sirotinina主要关注的问题之一:随着词义的弱化和扩大，一些词开始表示几乎所有的意思，被广泛使用并变成时尚词汇。过度使用扩散性词汇不仅会导致语言系统的贫困化，还会带来诸多社会风险和职业风险。所讨论的奥尔加·b·西罗蒂尼纳的思想组织了对真实交际单位的研究，并确定了20世纪末至21世纪初萨拉托夫语言学派的发展方向。本文着重分析了萨拉托夫语言学家对这些思想的发展趋势。
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Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-200-206
Margarita A. Kormilitsyna, Anna V. Degaltseva
The article conducts a multidimensional study of two semantically condensed evaluation sentences specific for everyday colloquial speech: N1 – (это) Adv-o and Adv – (не) значит Adv. In colloquial speech, the subject of the conversation is most often not described, but evaluated by the participants of the social interaction, and this assessment, as a rule, does not need motivation. Statements constructed according to the models N 1 – (это) Adv-o and Adv – (не) значит Adv are necessary and possible precisely in colloquial speech due to the speaker’s lack of striving for the accuracy of the expression of thought. In everyday communication, there is a tendency to implicit meanings due to the conceptual integration of information. The generation of these axiological statements turns out to be a socially significant speech fact, since it reflects the desire of the members of the speech community to express folk wisdom. This phenomenon is dualistic: on the one hand, it reflects the speaker’s unconscious desire to compress information, on the other, it is associated with the creative transformation of the reality surrounding the addressee, the identification of connections and relationships between fragments of reality. During this complex mental process, the speaker identifies and evaluates the most important fragments of reality and synthesizes the results of these mental operations in the form of a semantically complex structure. The sentences we study arise as a result of the integration of information, occupy strong positions in everyday discourse and hlp the addressee formulate generalizing conclusions and maxims. The integration of thoughts, in turn, contributes to the development of the language, since it increases the amount of transmitted information per unit of time.
本文对N1 - (это) ad -o和Adv- (не) значит ad这两个针对日常口语的语义浓缩评价句进行了多维度的研究。在口语中，对话的主题通常不是被描述的，而是由社会互动的参与者来评价的，而且这种评价通常不需要动机。根据模型n1 - (это) ad -o和Adv- (не) значит构建的语句在口语中是必要的和可能的，因为说话者不追求思想表达的准确性。在日常交际中，由于信息的概念整合，有隐含意义的倾向。这些价值论陈述的产生是一个具有社会意义的言语事实，因为它反映了言语共同体成员表达民间智慧的愿望。这种现象具有二重性:一方面，它反映了说话人对信息的无意识压缩欲望，另一方面，它与对说话人周围现实的创造性转化，对现实碎片之间联系和关系的识别有关。在这个复杂的心理过程中，说话者识别和评估现实中最重要的片段，并将这些心理操作的结果以语义复杂结构的形式综合起来。我们研究的句子是信息整合的结果，在日常话语中占据重要地位，并帮助收件人形成概括的结论和格言。思想的整合反过来又促进了语言的发展，因为它增加了单位时间内传递的信息量。
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Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-262-268
Elena V. Bogdanova
The article deals with Spanish set expressions that include a foreign proper name. The study overviews phraseological units, as well as proverbs and sayings included in the most important Spanish lexicographical works. Dealing with an onomastic (onymic) component requires the description of idioms, their origin, meaning and the degree of linguistic actuality. The study of the selected number of set expressions and proverbs has revealed that some proper names may be considered as international precedent onyms (anthroponyms, mythonyms, poetonyms, etc.) This type of proper names may be interpreted as part of the world cultural legacy, since they are present in the onomastic fund of many languages and are considered a sort of linguistic constant formed throughout human history. Spanish national and cultural identity may be illustrated by idioms with a foreign toponym or anthroponym. Generally, those are set expressions and idioms that allude to some historical events and reflect Spanish military and political activities in the world arena, Spanish cultural and linguistic contacts in different periods. The study of idiomatic phrases, their origin and motivation has revealed the key sources to replenish the Spanish phraseological fund, which are world literature, cinema, classical mythology, the Bible, military and political activities. Chronologically, the majority of the analyzed idioms was created in the Middle Ages and the Modern period, however, foreign proper names continue to replenish the Spanish lexis, since there are many expressions and proverbs with a foreign onym that have been created in the recent centuries.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-313-317
Elena G. Elina, Jennet G. Sapozhnikova
This review deals with the book by S. V. Klimenko, a well-known philologist, a staff member of the N. G. Chernyshevskiy Estate Museum. It shows the academic character of the book under review. The book is timed according to the periods of the author’s creative life, but at the same time the identified periods appear to be crucial for the history of the museum as they were linked to anniversaries of N. G. Chernyshevskiy or memorable dates in the history of the museum itself. The content of the book combines fascinating stories about the creation of new museum “products” and the definition of the essence and purpose of the profession of someone whose life is connected to a literary museum. A literary museum worker is presented in the book as a person for whom the literary studies of sources become not only a process inseparable from the museum work but also an object of academic research and exploration. Considerable attention is paid to the problems of museum work as the most important area of humanitarian knowledge. S. V. Klimenko is also concerned with the issues of personnel training and funding. An important point for the author of the book becomes the question of what materials a separate museum exhibition or a large exposition should be based on. S.V. Klimenko assigns great importance to the development of the concept of an exhibition or exposition in museum work. Discussions that accompany the emergence of any new “product” represent the birth of the concept, i.e. understanding of the principles of material selection, logic of its presentation and scientific commentary. The author of the book advocates the conceptual approach to the presentation of museum exhibits in showcases or on walls in an essentially rigorous way. S. V. Klimenko has succeeded not only in opening the world of the literary museum to the reader, but in showing its heartbeat in several dimensions, projected on the science, source studies, archives, education, working with the visitors, and the work of exhibition designers.
本文讨论的是著名语言学家、车尔尼雪夫斯基遗产博物馆工作人员克里门科(s.v. Klimenko)的著作。它显示了被评论的书的学术性质。这本书是根据作者创作生涯的各个时期来安排时间的，但同时，这些确定的时期似乎对博物馆的历史至关重要，因为它们与n.g.车尔尼雪夫斯基的周年纪念日或博物馆本身历史上值得纪念的日期有关。这本书的内容结合了关于创造新的博物馆“产品”的迷人故事，以及与文学博物馆息息相关的人对职业本质和目的的定义。在这本书中，文学博物馆工作者是这样一个人，对他来说，文学来源研究不仅是一个与博物馆工作不可分割的过程，而且是一个学术研究和探索的对象。作为人道主义知识最重要的领域，博物馆工作的问题得到了相当大的关注。S. V. Klimenko也关心人员培训和经费问题。对于本书的作者来说，一个重要的问题是，一个单独的博物馆展览或一个大型展览应该以什么材料为基础。S.V.克里门科非常重视在博物馆工作中发展展览或博览会的概念。伴随任何新“产品”出现的讨论代表了概念的诞生，即对材料选择原则的理解，其呈现逻辑和科学评论。这本书的作者主张以一种本质上严谨的方式在陈列柜或墙上展示博物馆展品的概念方法。s·v·克里门科不仅成功地向读者打开了文学博物馆的世界，而且从几个方面展示了它的心跳，投射在科学、资料研究、档案、教育、与参观者的合作以及展览设计师的工作上。
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Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-233-239
Maria A. Shamanskaya
The article studies the language representation of stereotypes on the material of statements about the political views and actions of the ex-Chancellor of Germany Gerhard Schröder concerning the Russia-Ukraine conflict published in Spiegel Online (the first half of 2022). The significance of this work is determined by the relevance of research of stereotypes as a tool for designing and transferring opinions that helps the politicians to form the public attitude to people and events of importance. Studying how the stereotypes are used in the political discourse allows us to comprehend the linguistic mechanism of stereotyping and its evaluating potential. The methodology of this research is based on the theory of stereotypes as cognitive units and their modeling as a structure built of certain features. The methods of component, contextual and stylistic analysis are used. The analysis of the factual material allowed us to single out a number of stereotypes which characterize the person of Gerhard Schröder by active German politicians, as well as a number of features inherent in the stereotypes. The image of the ex-Chancellor is contrasted with the paragon of a ‘good politician’. Although a range of characteristics attributed to this paragon (high moral ground, advantage for the country, dedication to one’s beliefs) is discovered in the politicians’ speeches about Schröder, he is denied to possess such characteristicss as honor, dignity and responsibility. The research singles out such sterotypes as ‘a business person’, ‘an old man’, ‘an outcast’ and ‘a ghost’. Only negative characteristics of the above-mentioned stereotypes are emphasized by the speakers. This gives us ground to state that the use of stereotypes in the texts under consideration is aimed at forming an unfavorable opinion of the described person.
{"title":"Stereotyping of the image of Gerhard Schröder in the German political discourse","authors":"Maria A. Shamanskaya","doi":"10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-233-239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-233-239","url":null,"abstract":"The article studies the language representation of stereotypes on the material of statements about the political views and actions of the ex-Chancellor of Germany Gerhard Schröder concerning the Russia-Ukraine conflict published in Spiegel Online (the first half of 2022). The significance of this work is determined by the relevance of research of stereotypes as a tool for designing and transferring opinions that helps the politicians to form the public attitude to people and events of importance. Studying how the stereotypes are used in the political discourse allows us to comprehend the linguistic mechanism of stereotyping and its evaluating potential. The methodology of this research is based on the theory of stereotypes as cognitive units and their modeling as a structure built of certain features. The methods of component, contextual and stylistic analysis are used. The analysis of the factual material allowed us to single out a number of stereotypes which characterize the person of Gerhard Schröder by active German politicians, as well as a number of features inherent in the stereotypes. The image of the ex-Chancellor is contrasted with the paragon of a ‘good politician’. Although a range of characteristics attributed to this paragon (high moral ground, advantage for the country, dedication to one’s beliefs) is discovered in the politicians’ speeches about Schröder, he is denied to possess such characteristicss as honor, dignity and responsibility. The research singles out such sterotypes as ‘a business person’, ‘an old man’, ‘an outcast’ and ‘a ghost’. Only negative characteristics of the above-mentioned stereotypes are emphasized by the speakers. This gives us ground to state that the use of stereotypes in the texts under consideration is aimed at forming an unfavorable opinion of the described person.","PeriodicalId":476403,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiâ Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaâ seriâ","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135716593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-308-312
Alla N. Baikulova, Anna V. Degaltseva
The article discusses the 85th anniversary of the Doctor of Philology, Professor of Saratov State University, M. A. Kormilitsyna. A wellknown scientist in Russia and abroad, Margarita Anatolyevna has devoted her whole life to scientific activity. Together with her teacher and friend, O. B. Sirotinina, M. A. Kormilitsyna was at the origin of Saratov Linguistic School of the functioning of the Russian language. The article highlights the main stages of the scientist’s scientific activity, presents the areas of scientific interests: syntax, stylistics and culture of the speech of the Russian language, colloquial speech, the language of the media, etc. All scientific and educational activities of Margarita Anatolyevna are based on the principles of Saratov Linguistic School, the main methodological principles of which are attentive and unbiased attitude to language, its facts, accuracy in their analysis, striving not for superficial, but for a deep understanding of the essence of linguistic phenomena. The article reveals the significance of the works of M. A. Kormilitsyna for modern linguistics: her works on colloquial speech, the language of the media, the effectiveness of communication, overcoming communicative risks, cause numerous responses in the scientific community. M. A. Kormilitsyna pays a lot of attention in her work to editorial activities (work on the interuniversity collection of scientific papers Problems of speech communication, participation in the editorial board of the journal Media Linguistics, etc.). The article reveals not only the scientific, but also the pedagogical activity of the scientist: students and teachers know Margarita Anatolyevna as a highly erudite, creatively working teacher. M. A. Kormilitsyna has been the head of the Department of the Russian Language, Speech Communication and Russian as a Foreign Language (the new name of the department) for 25 years. Colleagues respect Margarita Anatolyevna for her honesty, integrity, and friendly attitude towards people.
这篇文章讨论了萨拉托夫国立大学教授、语言学博士科尔米利季纳(m.a. Kormilitsyna)诞辰85周年。玛格丽塔·阿纳托利耶夫娜是俄罗斯国内外著名的科学家，她一生致力于科学活动。M. A. Kormilitsyna和她的老师兼朋友O. B. Sirotinina一起创立了萨拉托夫语言学校，研究俄语的功能。文章强调了科学家科学活动的主要阶段，提出了科学兴趣的领域:俄语语言的句法，文体学和文化，口语语言，媒体语言等。玛格丽塔·阿纳托利耶夫娜的所有科学和教育活动都以萨拉托夫语言学派的原则为基础，其主要方法论原则是对语言，事实，分析的准确性的关注和公正的态度，不追求表面，而是对语言现象本质的深刻理解。本文揭示了m.a. Kormilitsyna的著作对现代语言学的意义:她在口语、媒介语言、传播有效性、克服传播风险等方面的研究在科学界引起了广泛的反响。m.a. Kormilitsyna在她的工作中非常关注编辑活动(参与校际科学论文合集《语言交流问题》的工作，参与《媒体语言学》杂志的编委会等)。文章不仅揭示了科学家的科学活动，而且还揭示了科学家的教学活动:学生和教师都知道玛格丽塔·阿纳托利耶夫娜是一位学识渊博、富有创造力的教师。M. a . Kormilitsyna担任俄语、语言交流和对外俄语系(该系的新名称)主任已有25年。同事们尊敬玛格丽塔·阿纳托利耶夫娜，因为她诚实、正直、待人友好。
{"title":"Science as a vocation. On the occation of the 85th anniversary of birth of Professor M. A. Kormilitsyna","authors":"Alla N. Baikulova, Anna V. Degaltseva","doi":"10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-308-312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-308-312","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the 85th anniversary of the Doctor of Philology, Professor of Saratov State University, M. A. Kormilitsyna. A wellknown scientist in Russia and abroad, Margarita Anatolyevna has devoted her whole life to scientific activity. Together with her teacher and friend, O. B. Sirotinina, M. A. Kormilitsyna was at the origin of Saratov Linguistic School of the functioning of the Russian language. The article highlights the main stages of the scientist’s scientific activity, presents the areas of scientific interests: syntax, stylistics and culture of the speech of the Russian language, colloquial speech, the language of the media, etc. All scientific and educational activities of Margarita Anatolyevna are based on the principles of Saratov Linguistic School, the main methodological principles of which are attentive and unbiased attitude to language, its facts, accuracy in their analysis, striving not for superficial, but for a deep understanding of the essence of linguistic phenomena. The article reveals the significance of the works of M. A. Kormilitsyna for modern linguistics: her works on colloquial speech, the language of the media, the effectiveness of communication, overcoming communicative risks, cause numerous responses in the scientific community. M. A. Kormilitsyna pays a lot of attention in her work to editorial activities (work on the interuniversity collection of scientific papers Problems of speech communication, participation in the editorial board of the journal Media Linguistics, etc.). The article reveals not only the scientific, but also the pedagogical activity of the scientist: students and teachers know Margarita Anatolyevna as a highly erudite, creatively working teacher. M. A. Kormilitsyna has been the head of the Department of the Russian Language, Speech Communication and Russian as a Foreign Language (the new name of the department) for 25 years. Colleagues respect Margarita Anatolyevna for her honesty, integrity, and friendly attitude towards people.","PeriodicalId":476403,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiâ Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaâ seriâ","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135716768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-207-211
Svetlana S. Egorova
The article discusses the problem of studying the semantics of the word “cowardly” in the Russian language of the 18th and 19th centuries. The meaning of this lexeme has radically changed over time – this is evidenced by contexts from various sources (both documentary, scientific, and artistic). At the beginning of the 18th century, the word “sneaky/cowardly” was fixed in the General Regulations and Regulations of the Chief Magistrate, developed by Peter I; it was used there as a social term denoting certain social classes. Since the 1730s the lexeme “cowardly” is also used in a stylistic sense – now it is a characteristic of the speech features of those “ignoble” social strata that were mentioned in Peter’s Regulations (the speech of the people is cowardly speech). In this sense, the word appears in the works of Lomonosov, Trediakovsky, Kantemir, etc. However, after the publication of Catherine II’s Mandate (1767), which strictly regulated the social structure of society, established clear boundaries of classes and their names, the generalizing concept of “cowardly” turned out to be no longer necessary. But the lexical item itself has not disappeared from the language – it has developed a new meaning. Since the end of the 18th century “cowardly” is a moral characteristic of a person, as well as of an unworthy act, an ignoble manner of behavior (this, apparently, was typical, first of all, for the representatives of those “ignoble” social classes). This new semantic meaning of “cowardly” gradually took root in the language and displaced the previous meaning. In the Dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789–1794) the first meaning recorded is still the social meaning of the word “cowardly”, the second – a new, moral one. In the Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian (1847), the priority of meanings has been changed: now the moral and ethical semantics of the word is given as the main one. In the lexicographical works of the twentieth century, “cowardly/sneaky” in the meaning of the social term is even marked as obsolete. The theoretical provisions in the article are substantiated by examples of this word’s functioning in different periods in different meanings.
{"title":"About the semantics of the word “cowardly” in the Russian language of the 18th–19th centuries and the meaning of the moral of Sumarokov’s fable The Hare and the Frogs","authors":"Svetlana S. Egorova","doi":"10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-207-211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-207-211","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the problem of studying the semantics of the word “cowardly” in the Russian language of the 18th and 19th centuries. The meaning of this lexeme has radically changed over time – this is evidenced by contexts from various sources (both documentary, scientific, and artistic). At the beginning of the 18th century, the word “sneaky/cowardly” was fixed in the General Regulations and Regulations of the Chief Magistrate, developed by Peter I; it was used there as a social term denoting certain social classes. Since the 1730s the lexeme “cowardly” is also used in a stylistic sense – now it is a characteristic of the speech features of those “ignoble” social strata that were mentioned in Peter’s Regulations (the speech of the people is cowardly speech). In this sense, the word appears in the works of Lomonosov, Trediakovsky, Kantemir, etc. However, after the publication of Catherine II’s Mandate (1767), which strictly regulated the social structure of society, established clear boundaries of classes and their names, the generalizing concept of “cowardly” turned out to be no longer necessary. But the lexical item itself has not disappeared from the language – it has developed a new meaning. Since the end of the 18th century “cowardly” is a moral characteristic of a person, as well as of an unworthy act, an ignoble manner of behavior (this, apparently, was typical, first of all, for the representatives of those “ignoble” social classes). This new semantic meaning of “cowardly” gradually took root in the language and displaced the previous meaning. In the Dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789–1794) the first meaning recorded is still the social meaning of the word “cowardly”, the second – a new, moral one. In the Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian (1847), the priority of meanings has been changed: now the moral and ethical semantics of the word is given as the main one. In the lexicographical works of the twentieth century, “cowardly/sneaky” in the meaning of the social term is even marked as obsolete. The theoretical provisions in the article are substantiated by examples of this word’s functioning in different periods in different meanings.","PeriodicalId":476403,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiâ Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaâ seriâ","volume":"284 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135716595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-254-261
Raviddin M. Shamilov
The paper deals with the failed attempt of the Republic of Azerbaijan to introduce an additional Latin-based alphabet for the Lezgian language, which has been using the Cyrillic script since the late 30s of the 20th century to the present day. It provides a brief history of Lezgian script from ancient times to the present day, analyzes the current state and condition of Lezgian being spoken on the territory corresponding to its historical base – the Republic of Dagestan (Russia) and the Republic of Azerbaijan – and establishes its status as a minority and vulnerable language. With reference to the Latin-based alphabet of Lezgian which was in use from 1928 to 1938 and apparently has been offered as such in the Republic of Azerbaijan, linguistic disadvantages of the possible transition of Lezgian alphabet to the Latin script are revealed. The example of Lezgian suggests that an attempt by the state to provide a language which is recognized as a minority and, to some extent, even minorized language in it with an extra alphabet, as well as the lack of it at all, can be regarded as a real threat to the very existence of the language. The author concludes that despite the fact that there are a few other examples of biscriptalism represented by majority and official languages, to the development and existence of which the simultaneous use of another script in another country poses no threat, in case of Lezgian the biscriptalism could have a destructive impact on its development and cause social risks such as the loss of ethnic and cultural identity of Lezgian speakers, the division of the Lezgi people into two separate groups totally devoid of ethnic consciousness and their subsequent irreversible assimilation.
{"title":"Two alphabets for one minority language as a threat to its existence (a case study of Lezgian)","authors":"Raviddin M. Shamilov","doi":"10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-254-261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-3-254-261","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the failed attempt of the Republic of Azerbaijan to introduce an additional Latin-based alphabet for the Lezgian language, which has been using the Cyrillic script since the late 30s of the 20th century to the present day. It provides a brief history of Lezgian script from ancient times to the present day, analyzes the current state and condition of Lezgian being spoken on the territory corresponding to its historical base – the Republic of Dagestan (Russia) and the Republic of Azerbaijan – and establishes its status as a minority and vulnerable language. With reference to the Latin-based alphabet of Lezgian which was in use from 1928 to 1938 and apparently has been offered as such in the Republic of Azerbaijan, linguistic disadvantages of the possible transition of Lezgian alphabet to the Latin script are revealed. The example of Lezgian suggests that an attempt by the state to provide a language which is recognized as a minority and, to some extent, even minorized language in it with an extra alphabet, as well as the lack of it at all, can be regarded as a real threat to the very existence of the language. The author concludes that despite the fact that there are a few other examples of biscriptalism represented by majority and official languages, to the development and existence of which the simultaneous use of another script in another country poses no threat, in case of Lezgian the biscriptalism could have a destructive impact on its development and cause social risks such as the loss of ethnic and cultural identity of Lezgian speakers, the division of the Lezgi people into two separate groups totally devoid of ethnic consciousness and their subsequent irreversible assimilation.","PeriodicalId":476403,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiâ Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaâ seriâ","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135716368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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