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Digital mapping of soil properties using geomatics: integration of GIS, GPS, and remote sensing applications 使用地理信息学的土壤属性数字制图:GIS、GPS和遥感应用的集成
IF 1.827 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-024-12132-x
Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman, Ahmed A. Afifi

Pressure on land is a consequence of population expansion, increased food consumption, and competition between land uses. Soils play a crucial role in supporting food production and providing ecosystem services. The demand for timely and relevant soil information that can support decision-making at different scales is increasing as efforts are made to ensure sustainable use of soil resources. Digital soil mapping (DSM) has become increasingly popular in various ecosystems, including arid, semi-arid, and humid regions, as well as rangelands and forests, due to its ability to overcome associated constraints to traditional methods of soil mapping. DSM offers a more efficient way to provide soil information in terms of time and cost, while improving map accuracy and providing quantified estimates of uncertainty. DSM involves the construction of soil spatial information systems using numerical models to analyze spatial and temporal variations in soil types and attributes based on soil observations, knowledge, and associated environmental factors. The main objective of this article is to present an overview of advances in thematic soil mapping in relation to advances in remote sensing (RS). First, we provide a brief summary of common tools used in DSM. Subsequently, we discuss advances in historical soil data, environmental variables, and applications of DSM tools. Finally, we present the major developments and future perspectives suggested by existing research. In conclusion, although DSM is becoming increasingly sophisticated to meet diverse soil information requirements, there are still issues to be addressed, particularly in highly heterogeneous and human-impacted environments. These issues require the development of new methodologies and applications of the DSM.

对土地的压力是人口扩张、粮食消费增加和土地使用之间竞争的结果。土壤在支持粮食生产和提供生态系统服务方面发挥着关键作用。随着人们努力确保土壤资源的可持续利用,对能够支持不同规模决策的及时和相关土壤信息的需求正在增加。数字土壤制图(DSM)在包括干旱、半干旱和潮湿地区以及牧场和森林在内的各种生态系统中越来越受欢迎,因为它能够克服传统土壤制图方法的相关限制。在时间和成本方面,DSM提供了一种更有效的方法来提供土壤信息,同时提高了地图的准确性,并提供了对不确定性的量化估计。DSM涉及到基于土壤观测、知识和相关环境因素,利用数值模型分析土壤类型和属性的时空变化,构建土壤空间信息系统。本文的主要目的是介绍与遥感(RS)进展相关的专题土壤制图的进展概况。首先,我们简要总结了DSM中使用的常用工具。随后,我们讨论了历史土壤数据、环境变量和DSM工具应用方面的进展。最后,我们提出了现有研究的主要进展和未来展望。总之,尽管DSM正变得越来越复杂,以满足不同的土壤信息需求,但仍有一些问题需要解决,特别是在高度异质和人类影响的环境中。这些问题需要发展新的方法和DSM的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting permeability in sandstone reservoirs from mercury injection capillary pressure data using advanced machine learning algorithms 利用先进的机器学习算法,从汞注入毛细管压力数据中预测砂岩储层的渗透率
IF 1.827 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-024-12145-6
Faiq Azhar Abbasi, Areesha Sajjad, Mohsin Ayubi, Ghulam Haider, Shaine Mohammadali Lalji, Syed Imran Ali, Muneeb Burney

Determining the permeability of the reservoir in the absence of well logs and core analysis data is a challenge in the oil and gas industry. Even though correlations such as Winland and Pittman exist, they often fail to provide an accurate permeability value. This study utilized the mercury injection capillary pressure data from published literature to determine the permeability in sandstone reservoirs. The dataset included parameters such as pore throat radius at various mercury saturations (25%, 35%, 50%, and 75%), along with permeability and porosity determined through laboratory experiments. Different machine learning techniques, namely, LASSO regression, ridge regression, support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF) regression, decision tree (DT) regression, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) regression, gradient boosting, Ada Boost, and multilayered perceptron (MLP) were used to determine permeability values form porosity, pore throat radii, and pore throat sorting data. Sixty-three samples were randomly divided into training and test sets, out of which 75% were used for training both the models while 25% were used to test them. The regression coefficients suggested that pore throat radius at 75% saturation (r75) had the highest influence on the permeability values, followed by porosity (phi) and r50. It was noted that as the learning rate increased, the root mean squared error (RMSE) gradually reduced from 48.9208 to 47.2889 for ridge and LASSO-normal, while for ridge and LASSO-polynomial 99.97 to 52.2629. Various models and correlations have been developed in previous studies; however, the lithological characteristics of reservoir rock vary with location and subsurface factors. The novelty of this study lies in its integration of machine learning models with mercury injection capillary data for accurate permeability predictions, addressing the limitations of traditional correlations and offering a reliable method for characterizing sandstone reservoirs in the absence of well log data and evaluating the flow behavior of reservoir fluids within the porous media.

在没有测井记录和岩心分析数据的情况下确定储层的渗透率是油气行业面临的一项挑战。尽管有 Winland 和 Pittman 等相关数据,但它们往往无法提供准确的渗透率值。本研究利用已发表文献中的注汞毛细管压力数据来确定砂岩储层的渗透率。数据集包括各种汞饱和度(25%、35%、50% 和 75%)下的孔喉半径等参数,以及通过实验室实验确定的渗透率和孔隙度。不同的机器学习技术,即 LASSO 回归、脊回归、支持向量回归 (SVR)、随机森林 (RF) 回归、决策树 (DT) 回归、K-近邻 (KNN) 回归、梯度提升、Ada Boost 和多层感知器 (MLP) 被用于确定渗透率值、孔隙度、孔喉半径和孔喉排序数据。63 个样本被随机分为训练集和测试集,其中 75% 用于训练两个模型,25% 用于测试两个模型。回归系数表明,75% 饱和度时的孔喉半径(r75)对渗透率值的影响最大,其次是孔隙度(phi)和 r50。研究发现,随着学习率的增加,山脊和 LASSO-正态的均方根误差(RMSE)从 48.9208 逐渐减小到 47.2889,而山脊和 LASSO-多项式的均方根误差(RMSE)从 99.97 减小到 52.2629。以往的研究建立了各种模型和相关性,但储层岩石的岩性特征因地点和地下因素而异。本研究的创新之处在于将机器学习模型与注汞毛细管数据相结合,准确预测渗透率,解决了传统相关性的局限性,为在没有测井数据的情况下描述砂岩储层特征以及评估储层流体在多孔介质中的流动行为提供了一种可靠的方法。
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引用次数: 0
The combined effect of drilling fluid, in-situ stresses and inclination on wellbore stability 钻井液、原位应力和倾角对井筒稳定性的综合影响
IF 1.827 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-024-12138-5
Hasan Karakul

A great number of variables (such as rock properties, in-situ stresses, drilling fluid, inclination etc.) are effective on wellbore stability and the combined effect of those variables determines the stability condition of wellbore. The main aim of this study is to analyse the combined effect of drilling fluid, stress state and inclination angle considering that there is no comprehensive study conducted on the topic. In this study, three stress conditions (normal faulting stress condition, reverse faulting stress condition and strike slip faulting stress condition), three drilling fluids (bentonite based, KCl based and polymer based), three inclination angles (0, 45 and 90°) and two depths (2800 and 5000 ft) were considered to evaluate the effect of those parameters on wellbore stability. The results of analyses showed that the number of instabilitity zones around the wellbore increases as the inclination angle increases under normal fault stress state However, number of instability zones are higher for low inclination angle values under reverse and strike slip fault stress states. While the best stability condition was obtained with polymer drilling fluids due to limited decrement on strength properties, the worst stability condition was satisfied with bentonite drilling fluids due to considerable decrement on strength properties as a result of interaction with drilling fluid.

许多变量(如岩石性质、原位应力、钻井液、倾角等)对井筒稳定性都有影响,这些变量的综合效应决定了井筒的稳定性状况。本研究的主要目的是分析钻井液、应力状态和倾角的综合影响,因为目前还没有这方面的综合研究。本研究考虑了三种应力状态(正常断层应力状态、逆断层应力状态和走向滑动断层应力状态)、三种钻井液(膨润土基、氯化钾基和聚合物基)、三种倾角(0、45 和 90°)和两种深度(2800 和 5000 英尺),以评估这些参数对井筒稳定性的影响。分析结果表明,在正断层应力状态下,随着倾角的增大,井筒周围不稳定区的数量也随之增加;但在反向和走向滑动断层应力状态下,倾角值越小,不稳定区的数量越多。聚合物钻井液的稳定性最好,因为其强度性能下降有限;膨润土钻井液的稳定性最差,因为其与钻井液的相互作用导致强度性能大幅下降。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study on the permeability evolution mechanism of fractured coal-rock combination under ground stress and gas pressure 地应力和瓦斯压力作用下煤岩组合裂隙渗透率演化机理的试验研究
IF 1.827 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-024-12128-7
Yulin Li, YiXin Zhao

In view of the gas flow problem in the hydraulic fracturing engineering of L-type horizontal well and in the process of gas production in coalbed methane development, the permeability stress test of single fracture coal-rock combination was carried out. The permeability evolution law of fractured coal-rock combination under axial compression, confining compression, and gas pressure is analyzed. The axial compression has little effect on the permeability of coal-rock combination with fractures, and the permeability has no obvious change. Taking 0.25 MPa gas pressure as an example, the permeability of N1 fluctuates between 0.004 and 0.005 mD, and the permeability of N2 and N3 samples fluctuates between 0.002 and 0.0035 mD. With the increase of confining compression, the permeability decreases with the increase of confining compression. Taking the N4 sample as an example, when the gas pressure is 0.50 MPa, the permeability of N4 rapidly decreases from 0.351 to 0.0025 mD. The permeability has decreased by 99.3%. With the increase of gas pressure, the permeability and stress sensitivity of fractured coal-rock combination decrease gradually. In the process of gas pressure loading, the permeability decreases greatly due to the existence of gas slippage effect in the low-pressure stage. When the gas pressure exceeds 1 MPa, the joint action of slip effect and velocity-sensitive effect makes the permeability almost unchanged. Taking the N4 sample as an example, when the axial and confining pressures are 6 MPa, the permeability decays from 1.298 to 0.382 mD, with a decay ratio of 70.6%. Finally, the permeability calculation model of single fracture coal-rock combination under in situ stress and gas pressure can well match the experimental data and clarify the influence of each permeability on the overall permeability. The permeability model shows that the overall permeability depends on the part of the smaller permeability, and the higher permeability only makes the overall permeability increase slightly.

针对 L 型水平井水力压裂工程和煤层气开发过程中的气体流动问题,进行了单层压裂煤岩组合渗透应力试验。分析了压裂煤岩组合在轴向压缩、约束压缩和瓦斯压力作用下的渗透率演化规律。轴向压缩对断裂煤岩组合的渗透率影响不大,渗透率无明显变化。以 0.25 MPa 瓦斯压力为例,N1 样本的渗透率在 0.004 至 0.005 mD 之间波动,N2 和 N3 样本的渗透率在 0.002 至 0.0035 mD 之间波动。随着约束压缩率的增加,渗透率也随之降低。以 N4 样品为例,当气体压力为 0.50 MPa 时,N4 的渗透率从 0.351 mD 迅速下降到 0.0025 mD。渗透率下降了 99.3%。随着瓦斯压力的增加,压裂煤岩组合的渗透率和应力敏感性逐渐降低。在瓦斯压力加载过程中,由于低压阶段存在瓦斯滑移效应,透气性大大降低。当瓦斯压力超过 1 MPa 时,在滑移效应和速度敏感效应的共同作用下,渗透率几乎没有变化。以 N4 样品为例,当轴向压力和约束压力为 6 MPa 时,渗透率从 1.298 mD 衰减到 0.382 mD,衰减比为 70.6%。最后,原位应力和瓦斯压力下单断裂煤岩组合的渗透率计算模型能够很好地与实验数据相匹配,并明确了各渗透率对整体渗透率的影响。渗透率模型表明,整体渗透率取决于渗透率较小的部分,渗透率较高的部分仅使整体渗透率略有增加。
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引用次数: 0
Prognosticators for precipitation variability adopting principal component regression analysis 采用主成分回归分析的降水变化预报器
IF 1.827 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-024-12111-2
Erum Aamir, Abdul Razzaq Ghumman
<div><p>Precipitation is an intricate phenomenon influenced by several variables. It is extremely important to maintain life on Earth and balance the hydrological cycle. It is such a critical process that its scarcity leads to droughts and abundance leads to flooding, both extremities bring destruction. Nevertheless, predicting it properly through modeling can help attend to the unpredictability of this very important natural phenomenon. This novel research is dedicated to developing an accurate, mathematical model for establishing potential predictors of precipitation using data from the Pakistan Metrological Department (PMD). The study area is selected on its specific topography which is rugged terrain making it susceptible to flash flooding. On the contrary, Baluchistan province has encountered numerous reoccurring droughts and floods in the past few decades, which has destroyed the economy of the province mainly based on agriculture and livestock. Therefore, using precipitation data as a predictor with significant trends, a principal component regression analysis (PCRA) model has been developed for the significant months which are found to be the month of January and June. The Mann–Kendall technique was implemented to find the trend in the monthly precipitation data of 13 stations selected in Baluchistan which shows positive/negative trends in January and June. Principal components of large-scale oceanic and circulation indices, sea water surface temperature (SWST), geopotential height (GPH), sea-level pressure (SLP), relative humidity (RH), outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and zonal wind (ZW), were the predictors. PCR is more robust than other modeling techniques; it can handle multicollinearity and reduces redundant variables. The current study identified the potential of precipitation variations with the help of two novel climate indices, EQWIN and ENSO-MODOKI, which have not been studied for the study area. The PCR model developed accounts for 73.33% and 95.05% of precipitation variability for January and June. The model successfully passed all pre- and post-estimation tests. The root mean square errors (RMSE) are 10.13 and 3.63 for January and June respectively. The results also show that the (EQWIN) and (EMI-Modoki) have a substantial effect on the precipitation pattern of a large province (Baluchistan), the province that hosts a significant portion of the routes of the Western and Central China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and International Gwadar port. The study addresses 2 SDGs namely SDG # 11.5 (natural disasters) and SDG#13 (climate action). It is also beneficial to the National Disaster Management Authorization (NDMA) and the Pakistan Metrological/Climate Department (PMD) by initiating timely flood alarms, water management indications, and drought threats. PCR modeling will not only reduce the devastation and catastrophe of flash floods due to unprecedented, torrential rain in the rugged terrain. It will save precious human
降水是一种受多种变量影响的复杂现象。它对维持地球上的生命和平衡水文循环极为重要。降水是一个至关重要的过程,降水不足会导致干旱,降水充沛则会导致洪水泛滥,两种极端情况都会带来破坏。然而,通过建模对其进行正确预测有助于应对这一非常重要的自然现象的不可预测性。这项新颖的研究致力于开发一个精确的数学模型,利用巴基斯坦气象局(PMD)的数据建立降水的潜在预测因子。研究地区的选择是基于其特殊的地形,崎岖的地形使其容易遭受山洪暴发。相反,在过去几十年中,俾路支省多次遭遇旱涝灾害,破坏了该省以农业和畜牧业为主的经济。因此,利用降水数据作为具有显著趋势的预测因子,针对重要月份(发现为 1 月和 6 月)建立了主成分回归分析(PCRA)模型。采用 Mann-Kendall 技术从俾路支省选定的 13 个站点的月降水量数据中发现了 1 月和 6 月的正/负趋势。大尺度海洋和环流指数、海水表面温度 (SWST)、位势高度 (GPH)、海平面气压 (SLP)、相对湿度 (RH)、外向长波辐射 (OLR) 和带状风 (ZW) 的主成分是预测因子。与其他建模技术相比,PCR 更为稳健;它可以处理多重共线性并减少冗余变量。目前的研究借助两个新的气候指数(EQWIN 和 ENSO-MODOKI)确定了降水变化的潜力,而这两个指数尚未在研究地区进行过研究。所开发的 PCR 模型分别占 1 月和 6 月降水变化的 73.33% 和 95.05%。该模型成功通过了所有预估和后估测试。1 月和 6 月的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为 10.13 和 3.63。结果还表明,(EQWIN)和(EMI-Modoki)对一个大省(俾路支斯坦)的降水模式有很大影响,该省是中西部中巴经济走廊(CPEC)和国际瓜达尔港的重要组成部分。本研究涉及两个可持续发展目标,即可持续发展目标 #11.5(自然灾害)和可持续发展目标 #13(气候行动)。通过及时启动洪水警报、水管理指示和干旱威胁,它还有利于国家灾害管理局(NDMA)和巴基斯坦气象/气候局(PMD)。PCR 建模不仅可以减少崎岖地形上前所未有的暴雨造成的山洪暴发的破坏和灾难。它还将通过预警拯救宝贵的生命、财产、牲畜、农作物、基础设施等。
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引用次数: 0
Comment on “Origin of cherts in Al Jabal al Akhdar, northeast Libya: petrographical and paleontological evidences” by Bakar et al. (2021) 对 Bakar 等人撰写的 "利比亚东北部 Al Jabal al Akhdar 的白垩岩的起源:岩石学和古生物学证据"(2021 年)发表评论
IF 1.827 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-024-12134-9
Mohsen Henchiri

Bakar (Arab J Geosci 14:763, 2021) presented a comprehensive study to answer some questions regarding the origin of cherts and selective silicification of Eocene and Messinian host rocks. Silicification is one of the most significant diagenetic processes influencing the evolution of sedimentary rocks, especially carbonates and evaporites, which makes this study interesting. A large number of sedimentologists, stratigraphers, petroleum geologists, and other related fields are interested in studying silicification owing to the potential information that study of silicification might provide on paleogeography, paleoceanography, stratigraphic correlations, the diagenetic history of carbonate rocks, and other topics. However, I have some comments on some points stated in the paper of Bakar (Arab J Geosci 14:763, 2021).

Bakar (Arab J Geosci 14:763, 2021)提交了一份综合研究报告,回答了有关始新世和梅西尼亚纪母岩中白垩岩的起源和选择性硅化的一些问题。硅化是影响沉积岩(尤其是碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩)演化的最重要成岩过程之一,因此这项研究非常有意义。许多沉积学家、地层学家、石油地质学家和其他相关领域的专家都对硅化研究感兴趣,因为硅化研究可能为古地理学、古海洋学、地层关联、碳酸盐岩成岩史和其他课题提供潜在的信息。不过,我对 Bakar 的论文(Arab J Geosci 14:763, 2021)中的一些观点有一些看法。
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引用次数: 0
Geophysical modeling and reservoir performance of Aouinet Wanin F3B sandstone in well A37 NC 169A, Wafa Field, Ghadamis Basin, Libya 利比亚加达米斯盆地瓦法油田 A37 NC 169A 井 Aouinet Wanin F3B 砂岩的地球物理模型和储层性能
IF 1.827 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-024-12131-y
Ahmad M. K. Basal, Mohammad A. Sarhan, Mostafa Gumaa Alfarog, Ahmed Elbahrawy

This study focuses on evaluating the quality of the Aouinet Wanin F3B sandstone as a potential hydrocarbon reservoir in Well A37, NC 169A, Wafa Field, Ghadamis Basin, northwest Libya. Capillary pressure data, a key indicator of pore throat size distribution and fluid percolation capability, is crucial for reservoir characterization. However, due to the high costs, time constraints, and environmental concerns associated with mercury injection capillary pressure testing, this study introduces an alternative approach. We utilize routine core analysis data specifically porosity and permeability to model synthetic drainage capillary pressure curves based on Pittman’s modified equations. Our results reveal three distinct rock types represent the reservoir intervals, categorized into mega-, macro-, and micro-pores. The uppermost zone of mega- and macro-pores demonstrates excellent to good reservoir qualities. The log–log plot of pore throat radius versus permeability using Pittman’s R50 equation yielded a 1 mD permeability cutoff, aligning with common reservoir benchmarks, while the Winland R35 equation produced a cutoff of 0.4 mD, slightly outside the acceptable range which is between 0.5 and 1 mD. These findings offer a cost-effective and reliable alternative for reservoir quality assessment.

本研究的重点是评估利比亚西北部加达米斯盆地瓦法油田 NC 169A 号井 A37 中作为潜在碳氢化合物储层的 Aouinet Wanin F3B 砂岩的质量。毛细管压力数据是孔喉尺寸分布和流体渗流能力的关键指标,对储层特征描述至关重要。然而,由于注汞毛细管压力测试存在成本高、时间限制和环境问题,本研究引入了一种替代方法。我们利用常规岩心分析数据,特别是孔隙度和渗透率,根据 Pittman 修正方程建立合成排水毛管压力曲线模型。我们的研究结果表明,储层区间有三种不同的岩石类型,分为巨型孔隙、大型孔隙和微型孔隙。最上层的巨型孔隙和大型孔隙区显示出极佳至良好的储层质量。使用 Pittman 的 R50 方程绘制的孔喉半径与渗透率的对数-对数图显示,渗透率临界值为 1 mD,符合常见的储层基准;而使用 Winland R35 方程绘制的临界值为 0.4 mD,略微超出 0.5 至 1 mD 的可接受范围。这些研究结果为储层质量评估提供了一种经济、可靠的替代方法。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental investigation of the performance of nano-particles on hybrid gel in lost circulation control 混合凝胶上的纳米颗粒在失重循环控制中的性能实验研究
IF 1.827 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-024-12141-w
Hamid Zafari Dehkohneh, Khalil Shahbazi, Benyamin Zaheri Abdehvand, Rasoul Nazemi

Gels that initially exhibit low viscosity and later form a stable three-dimensional structure can be successfully employed in controlling fluid loss during drilling operations. Hybrid gels, composed of a cross-linked polymer gel as the continuous phase and an oil-based fluid as the internal phase, offer a more cost-effective and easily controllable solution than conventional polymer gels. This study investigates the performance of hybrid gels enhanced with nanoparticles (NPs) for controlling fluid loss during drilling operations. To evaluate the impact of environmentally friendly NPs (nano-silica (NS) and nano-bentonite (NB)) on gel behavior, several parameters, including initial and final gelation times (IGT and FGT), crosslinking rate (CR), and final viscosity (FV), were assessed under varying conditions of pH, temperature, and salinity. Additionally, gel stability over time, dynamic stability, and maximum sealing pressure were measured. To assess potential reservoir damage, gel degradation was evaluated in hydrochloric acid solutions with concentrations of 15 wt. % and 28 wt. %. Results demonstrate that NPs significantly enhance the performance of hybrid gels, improving sealing pressure by approximately 20% in fractured and highly permeable porous media. The gels exhibited enhanced stability, resistance to high pressures, and minimal reservoir damage. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid gels with NPs as a promising solution for combating fluid loss and improving drilling efficiency and safety.

Graphical Abstract

凝胶最初粘度较低,随后形成稳定的三维结构,可成功用于控制钻井作业中的流体流失。混合凝胶由作为连续相的交联聚合物凝胶和作为内相的油基流体组成,与传统聚合物凝胶相比,混合凝胶提供了一种更具成本效益且易于控制的解决方案。本研究探讨了使用纳米粒子(NPs)增强混合凝胶的性能,以控制钻井作业过程中的流体流失。为了评估环保型 NPs(纳米二氧化硅(NS)和纳米膨润土(NB))对凝胶行为的影响,研究人员在不同的 pH 值、温度和盐度条件下评估了多个参数,包括初始和最终凝胶化时间(IGT 和 FGT)、交联率(CR)和最终粘度(FV)。此外,还测量了凝胶随时间变化的稳定性、动态稳定性和最大密封压力。为了评估潜在的储层损害,在浓度为 15 重量% 和 28 重量% 的盐酸溶液中对凝胶降解进行了评估。结果表明,NPs 能显著提高混合凝胶的性能,在断裂和高渗透多孔介质中将密封压力提高约 20%。凝胶表现出更强的稳定性、耐高压性和最小的储层损害。这些发现凸显了含有 NPs 的混合凝胶的潜力,它是解决流体流失、提高钻井效率和安全性的一种有前途的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study on optimization of parameters for microbial improvement of expansive soils based on response surface methodology 基于响应面法的膨胀性土壤微生物改良参数优化试验研究
IF 1.827 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-024-12137-6
Zhenyu Li, Kun Lin, Shijie Shan, Mengke Wang

Expansive soils, known for their susceptibility to early damage due to their swelling and shrinkage properties, pose a significant technical challenge in geotechnical engineering. This study explores the optimization of microbial-induced improvement of these soils, emphasizing the pivotal role of temperature, pH, and time on both microbial growth dynamics and the soil’s swell-shrink behavior. A series of microbial growth and expansive soil swell-shrink tests were conducted, employing response surface methodology (RSM) to develop regression models that delineate the optimal conditions for microbial solution concentration and the free swelling ratio. The findings indicate that temperature and curing time exert a more pronounced influence on these parameters than pH. Notably, microbial solution concentration exhibits a peak with increasing temperature, while the free swelling ratio inversely declines. The curing time’s effect is characterized by an initial peak in microbial solution concentration followed by a gradual decrease, with the free swelling ratio of the soil consistently diminishing. The optimization analysis pinpoints the optimal conditions at 32 °C, pH 6.5, and a curing duration of 48 h, where the reduction in both microbial solution concentration and free swelling ratio is maximized. Under these conditions, microorganisms are used for improvement, the microbial solution’s OD600 value peaks at 1.996, significantly reducing the expansive soil’s free swelling ratio from 169 to 64.3%.

众所周知,膨胀性土壤因其膨胀和收缩特性而容易受到早期破坏,这给岩土工程带来了巨大的技术挑战。本研究探讨了如何优化微生物诱导的这些土壤改良,强调温度、pH 值和时间对微生物生长动态和土壤膨胀收缩行为的关键作用。研究人员进行了一系列微生物生长和膨胀性土壤膨胀收缩试验,并采用响应面法(RSM)建立回归模型,以确定微生物溶液浓度和自由膨胀率的最佳条件。研究结果表明,温度和固化时间对这些参数的影响比 pH 值更明显。值得注意的是,微生物溶液浓度会随着温度的升高而达到峰值,而自由膨胀率则会反向下降。固化时间的影响特点是,微生物溶液浓度最初达到峰值,随后逐渐下降,土壤的自由膨胀比持续减小。优化分析确定的最佳条件是 32 °C、pH 值 6.5 和 48 小时的固化时间,在这些条件下,微生物溶液浓度和自由膨胀比的降低幅度都最大。在这些条件下,使用微生物进行改良,微生物溶液的 OD600 值达到峰值 1.996,使膨胀性土壤的自由膨胀率从 169% 显著降低到 64.3%。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating and comparing seismic hazard parameters for Northeast India: a comprehensive study 评估和比较印度东北部的地震灾害参数:一项综合研究
IF 1.827 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-024-12129-6
C. Lallawmawma, Josodhir Das, Mukat Lal Sharma

This comprehensive study focuses on the evaluation and comparison of seismic hazard parameters in the Northeast Indian region, covering longitude 87°–98°E and latitude 20°–30°N, which is characterized by high seismicity and complex tectonic structures. The study aims to estimate seismicity parameters such as the magnitude-frequency distribution and Gutenberg-Richter a and b-values using maximum likelihood method (MLM) through the Zmap and the statistical approach proposed by Kijko. The study area is divided into six seismogenic source zones, and zone-wise seismicity parameters are estimated using the declustered catalog considering whole earthquake data and data within the completeness period. The study estimated seismicity parameters using completed catalogs. The results showed that the a value ranged from 2.85 to 5.06, and the b value ranged from 0.76 to 0.92 when using Zmap. Meanwhile, when using the Kijko approach, the estimated a value ranged from 2.70 to 4.65, and the b value ranged from 0.64 to 0.85. The estimated seismicity parameters are used to estimate the return periods and probabilities of earthquakes with different magnitudes for each zones. From the probability curve, it is observed that the probability of earthquake occurrences decreases exponentially with magnitude. For all zones, a high probability of occurrence is observed for earthquake magnitude 6 both in 50 and 100 years. The return periods for different magnitudes estimated from the Zmap and Kijko methods are consistent with some variations among the six source zones. Zmap estimates were lower for smaller magnitudes and higher for larger magnitudes than the Kijko method. The difference factor varied depending on the source zone and magnitude. In general, Zmap estimates were lower by a factor of 1.0 to 1.34 for lower magnitudes and higher by a factor of 1.01 to 1.35 for higher magnitudes.

这项综合研究的重点是评估和比较印度东北部地区的地震灾害参数,该地区位于东经 87°-98°,北纬 20°-30°,地震活动频繁,构造结构复杂。研究旨在通过 Zmap 和 Kijko 提出的统计方法,使用最大似然法(MLM)估算震级-频率分布、古腾堡-里希特 a 值和 b 值等地震参数。将研究区域划分为六个震源区,并利用考虑了整个地震数据和完整期内数据的去聚类目录估算了各区的地震活动性参数。该研究利用完整目录估算地震参数。结果表明,使用 Zmap 时,a 值范围为 2.85 至 5.06,b 值范围为 0.76 至 0.92。而使用 Kijko 方法时,a 值范围为 2.70 至 4.65,b 值范围为 0.64 至 0.85。利用估算出的地震参数,可以估算出各区不同震级地震的重现期和概率。从概率曲线可以看出,地震发生的概率随震级的增加呈指数下降。在所有区域中,6 级地震在 50 年和 100 年内发生的概率都很高。根据 Zmap 和 Kijko 方法估算的不同震级的重现期在六个震源区之间存在一些差异。与 Kijko 方法相比,Zmap 估算的震级较小的重现期较低,震级较大的重现期较高。差异系数因震源区和震级而异。一般来说,较小震级的 Zmap 估计值低 1.0 至 1.34 倍,较大震级的 Zmap 估计值高 1.01 至 1.35 倍。
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引用次数: 0
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Arabian Journal of Geosciences
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