Pub Date : 2024-06-15DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72587
Linda Golmei, Shikha Singh
A field experiment was conducted during Zaid summer season of 2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatment and replicated thrice. The results showed significantly increase in growth parameter with application of zinc (25 kg/ha) and panchagavya (3 sprays of 3%) recorded the highest plant height (166.55 cm), dry weight (69.59 g/plant) at 80 DAS. Whereas number of cobs per plant (2.00 g), number of rows per cobs (15.50 g), number of grains per cobs (28.93 g), cob yield (5.24 t/ha) were recorded at harvest. Treatment combination with zinc 25 kg/ha and panchagavya 3 sprays of 3% produced highest gross returns (Rs 2,19,560/ha), net return (Rs 1,61,952.45/ha), and benefit cost ratio (2.81) which was significantly superior to other treatments.
{"title":"Response of Zinc and Panchagavya on Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. saccharata)","authors":"Linda Golmei, Shikha Singh","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72587","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted during Zaid summer season of 2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatment and replicated thrice. The results showed significantly increase in growth parameter with application of zinc (25 kg/ha) and panchagavya (3 sprays of 3%) recorded the highest plant height (166.55 cm), dry weight (69.59 g/plant) at 80 DAS. Whereas number of cobs per plant (2.00 g), number of rows per cobs (15.50 g), number of grains per cobs (28.93 g), cob yield (5.24 t/ha) were recorded at harvest. Treatment combination with zinc 25 kg/ha and panchagavya 3 sprays of 3% produced highest gross returns (Rs 2,19,560/ha), net return (Rs 1,61,952.45/ha), and benefit cost ratio (2.81) which was significantly superior to other treatments.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"84 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141338223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72586
Tarun Rathore, R. K. Yadav, Sarvendra Kumar, L. Singh, Geeta Rai, C.L. Maurya
Pulses play a vital role in providing nutrition to billions of individuals globally. Improving yield in the urdbean faces a significant challenge due to its narrow genetic base and limited exploitable variation. This research explores the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance among 111 diverse lines of urdbean. 27 lines, three testers, and Eighty-one F1 hybrids were grown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications during Kharif 2023 at the Crop Experimental Research Farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kalyanpur, Kanpur (U.P.). The analysis of variance for parents (27 lines and three testers) and their 81 triple test cross hybrids indicated highly significant genotypic differences across all traits under study. The PCV was higher compared to GCV for all the traits, While Maximum GCV and PCV were observed for primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, and harvest index. Broad-sense heritability (h2b) was high for all the traits examined ranging from 73.27% to 98.05%. Further, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent over mean were recorded for all the traits except day to 50% flowering, day to 75% maturity, and protein content, where high heritability is observed with moderate genetic advance. These findings suggest the involvement of additive genetic effects in shaping the inheritance of these traits and phenotypic selection of these characters would be effective for further breeding purposes.
{"title":"Exploring Genetic Variability Parameters for Yield and Quality Traits in Urdbean Genotypes and Its Triple Test Cross F1 Hybrids","authors":"Tarun Rathore, R. K. Yadav, Sarvendra Kumar, L. Singh, Geeta Rai, C.L. Maurya","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72586","url":null,"abstract":"Pulses play a vital role in providing nutrition to billions of individuals globally. Improving yield in the urdbean faces a significant challenge due to its narrow genetic base and limited exploitable variation. This research explores the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance among 111 diverse lines of urdbean. 27 lines, three testers, and Eighty-one F1 hybrids were grown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications during Kharif 2023 at the Crop Experimental Research Farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kalyanpur, Kanpur (U.P.). The analysis of variance for parents (27 lines and three testers) and their 81 triple test cross hybrids indicated highly significant genotypic differences across all traits under study. The PCV was higher compared to GCV for all the traits, While Maximum GCV and PCV were observed for primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, and harvest index. Broad-sense heritability (h2b) was high for all the traits examined ranging from 73.27% to 98.05%. Further, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent over mean were recorded for all the traits except day to 50% flowering, day to 75% maturity, and protein content, where high heritability is observed with moderate genetic advance. These findings suggest the involvement of additive genetic effects in shaping the inheritance of these traits and phenotypic selection of these characters would be effective for further breeding purposes.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"55 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141339265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to estimate the genetic variability parameters, characters association and path analysis for the various traits, thirty-five genotypes of mungbean were evaluated during Kharif season 2023 at the Research Farm of Agricultural Research Sub-Station, Nagaur (Rajasthan) using a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Based on the results, there were significant differences in the mean sum of square resulting from genotypes for each trait studied, indicating that the genotypes were genetically distinct. The PCV values was higher than GCV values for all the characters which reflect the impact of environment on the expression of traits. The estimates of GCV and PCV were higher for number of branches, number of pods per plant and seed yield. Highest heritability estimates were recorded for all the traits. High genetic advance as a percentage of mean along with high heritability was observed for plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. The correlation of seed yield was positive and significant at phenotypic and genotypic level with characters viz., number of branches, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Path analysis revealed that at phenotypic level, highest positive direct effect on seed yield was observed for number of pods per plant followed by days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per pod, pod length and number of branches. At genotypic level, highest direct positive effect on seed yield were observed for number of pods per plant followed by days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per pod and plant height.
{"title":"Genetic Variability, Character Association and Path Analysis for Various Characters in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]","authors":"Rajdeep Mundiyara, Giradhari Lal Yadav, Rohitash Bajiya, Ishwar Singh, Sunita Panday","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72585","url":null,"abstract":"In order to estimate the genetic variability parameters, characters association and path analysis for the various traits, thirty-five genotypes of mungbean were evaluated during Kharif season 2023 at the Research Farm of Agricultural Research Sub-Station, Nagaur (Rajasthan) using a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Based on the results, there were significant differences in the mean sum of square resulting from genotypes for each trait studied, indicating that the genotypes were genetically distinct. The PCV values was higher than GCV values for all the characters which reflect the impact of environment on the expression of traits. The estimates of GCV and PCV were higher for number of branches, number of pods per plant and seed yield. Highest heritability estimates were recorded for all the traits. High genetic advance as a percentage of mean along with high heritability was observed for plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. The correlation of seed yield was positive and significant at phenotypic and genotypic level with characters viz., number of branches, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Path analysis revealed that at phenotypic level, highest positive direct effect on seed yield was observed for number of pods per plant followed by days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per pod, pod length and number of branches. At genotypic level, highest direct positive effect on seed yield were observed for number of pods per plant followed by days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per pod and plant height.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"15 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141341058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72583
Mohd Tabish, A.K. Bajpai, Chhedi Lal Verma, S.K. Pyasi, R.B. Singh, G.D. Deshmukh
Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function (Kh) is an important soil parameter stating water transmission characteristics within the soil mass. It is essentially required in designing of drip irrigation systems. There are many laboratory and in-situ measurement techniques available for the measurement of Kh. These methods have associated limitations. Soil particle distribution curve had been also used for Kh estimation which is laborious and associated with own limitations. A point source field dripper model (PSFDM) using Wooding [1] theory was first time used by Shani et al. [2] for Kh measurement in the field. Experimental set up used earlier had great limitations of controlling dripper discharge by maintaining appropriate pressure in drip line. Hence an experimental set up (micro-irrigation simulator) was developed for in-situ measurement of Kh which simulates real field drip conditions. Experiments was conducted to measure steady state saturated fronts against 2.02, 4.04, 7.56 and 8.31 lph dripper discharges maintaining one atmospheric pressure in drip line in recently harvested wheat field. Inverse saturated radii (r-1) were plotted against water flux density q (cm hr-1). Slope and intercept of the plotted line was worked out and Ks and α were calculated using steady state PSFD theory. Ks value was calculated as 50.03 cm/day and α as 0.1048 cm-1 using PSFD model of Shani et al. [2] and 60.00 cm/day and 0.0984 cm-1 using PSFD model of Warrick [3]. Ks value measured by using inverse auger hole method was 8.694 cm/day and by infiltrometer test 19.13 cm/day. The PSFDM is relatively new method and is useful for measuring Kh of tilled zone. Kh values are much higher than the values of Kh of untilled soil at deeper depths due to compaction. The developed experimental set up has great compatibility with PSFD theory.
{"title":"In-Situ Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Function by Point Source Field Dripper Method Using Newly Developed Micro Irrigation Simulator for wheat Field","authors":"Mohd Tabish, A.K. Bajpai, Chhedi Lal Verma, S.K. Pyasi, R.B. Singh, G.D. Deshmukh","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72583","url":null,"abstract":"Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function (Kh) is an important soil parameter stating water transmission characteristics within the soil mass. It is essentially required in designing of drip irrigation systems. There are many laboratory and in-situ measurement techniques available for the measurement of Kh. These methods have associated limitations. Soil particle distribution curve had been also used for Kh estimation which is laborious and associated with own limitations. A point source field dripper model (PSFDM) using Wooding [1] theory was first time used by Shani et al. [2] for Kh measurement in the field. Experimental set up used earlier had great limitations of controlling dripper discharge by maintaining appropriate pressure in drip line. Hence an experimental set up (micro-irrigation simulator) was developed for in-situ measurement of Kh which simulates real field drip conditions. Experiments was conducted to measure steady state saturated fronts against 2.02, 4.04, 7.56 and 8.31 lph dripper discharges maintaining one atmospheric pressure in drip line in recently harvested wheat field. Inverse saturated radii (r-1) were plotted against water flux density q (cm hr-1). Slope and intercept of the plotted line was worked out and Ks and α were calculated using steady state PSFD theory. Ks value was calculated as 50.03 cm/day and α as 0.1048 cm-1 using PSFD model of Shani et al. [2] and 60.00 cm/day and 0.0984 cm-1 using PSFD model of Warrick [3]. Ks value measured by using inverse auger hole method was 8.694 cm/day and by infiltrometer test 19.13 cm/day. The PSFDM is relatively new method and is useful for measuring Kh of tilled zone. Kh values are much higher than the values of Kh of untilled soil at deeper depths due to compaction. The developed experimental set up has great compatibility with PSFD theory. ","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141348185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72584
Yao kouakou Abessika Georges, Gbotto Ahou Anique, Gnamien Yah Gwladys, Kouame Brou Grâce Emmanuella, A. Sélastique, Z. Arsène
Human uses the resources of tropical forests, which contain great biological diversity, for food, traditional and commercial purposes, including on an international scale. Some species have been exploited for timber production. The aim of this work was to identify the best part of the shoot for regeneration of Khaya senegalensis in the two seedling sebstrates. This work will provide a database for the regeneration and domestication of forest products, with Khaya senegalensis as a model plant. It is one of the medicinal and timber species on which sustained attention and priority actions should be focused. The main objective of this study was to determine whether this plant, with its high health value, can be regenerated by cuttings. The set-up comprised 180 bags arranged in a random block of 90 bags for each of the seeding substrates (black earth and red earth). The results showed that regeneration by cuttings is possible in the substrates. Old cuttings showed the best viability rates, at 70% and 43.33% for black earth and red earth substrates respectively. The best regeneration percentage was observed for aged cuttings (36.66% and 20%). These results showed variability in length and collar diameter according to cutting type and substrate. Of the three types of explants tested, the old part of the stem proved better than the young and intermediate parts. However, it would be interesting to improve the rate of regeneration and rooting of cuttings by using vegetative hormones.
{"title":"Enhancing Timber and Medicinal Plant Resources: Propagation Techniques for Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. in Tropical Regions","authors":"Yao kouakou Abessika Georges, Gbotto Ahou Anique, Gnamien Yah Gwladys, Kouame Brou Grâce Emmanuella, A. Sélastique, Z. Arsène","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72584","url":null,"abstract":"Human uses the resources of tropical forests, which contain great biological diversity, for food, traditional and commercial purposes, including on an international scale. Some species have been exploited for timber production. The aim of this work was to identify the best part of the shoot for regeneration of Khaya senegalensis in the two seedling sebstrates. This work will provide a database for the regeneration and domestication of forest products, with Khaya senegalensis as a model plant. It is one of the medicinal and timber species on which sustained attention and priority actions should be focused. The main objective of this study was to determine whether this plant, with its high health value, can be regenerated by cuttings. The set-up comprised 180 bags arranged in a random block of 90 bags for each of the seeding substrates (black earth and red earth). The results showed that regeneration by cuttings is possible in the substrates. Old cuttings showed the best viability rates, at 70% and 43.33% for black earth and red earth substrates respectively. The best regeneration percentage was observed for aged cuttings (36.66% and 20%). These results showed variability in length and collar diameter according to cutting type and substrate. Of the three types of explants tested, the old part of the stem proved better than the young and intermediate parts. However, it would be interesting to improve the rate of regeneration and rooting of cuttings by using vegetative hormones.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141348036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72582
Annu, H. M. N, Karmal Singh
Aims: To Evaluate the Impact of Different Irrigation Levels on Cotton Yield and Phenological Traits and To Determine the Optimal Fertigation Level for Cotton Cultivation. Study Design: Factorial Randomized Block Design. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India between June 2019 and July 2020. Methodology: The experiment was set up in open fields with replicated plots to ensure the reliability of the results. The study included three irrigation levels: I1 (1.0 Etc), I2 (0.8 Etc), and I3 (0.6 Etc). Additionally, four fertigation levels were also tested: F1 (control), F2 (50% Recommended Dose of Fertilisers, RDF), F3 (75% RDF), and F4 (100% RDF). The factorial randomized block design with three replications was used to manage the plots. Key phenological traits, such as days to squaring, 50% flowering, 50% boll development, and maturity, were recorded. Yield components including seed cotton yield, number of bolls per plant, and individual boll weight were also measured. Bt cotton genotype RCH 776 was used for the study. All the agronomic practices were done as per the recommendations of CCSHAU. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of differences between treatments. Results: The results indicated that the highest irrigation level, I1 (1.0 Etc), led to prolonged phenological stages but achieved the highest seed cotton yield of 3854 kg/ha. In contrast, the lowest irrigation level, I3 (0.6 Etc), resulted in the lowest yield at 3327 kg/ha. Additionally, I1 outperformed I3 in terms of boll number and individual boll weight. Regarding fertigation treatments, F4 (100% RDF) produced the highest seed cotton yield (4404 kg/ha), boll weight (4.09 g), and number of bolls per plant (53/Plant). These findings suggest that both irrigation and fertigation significantly influence cotton yield and its components. Conclusion: This study concluded that deficit irrigation, particularly at the I2 level (0.8 Etc), can optimize water use efficiency without significantly compromising yield. The highest fertigation level (F4) was found to produce the best yield outcomes. These optimized irrigation and fertigation practices are recommended for enhancing cotton production in arid regions like Haryana, with further validation needed to ensure their reliability and effectiveness in different environmental conditions.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Phenology of Bt Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)","authors":"Annu, H. M. N, Karmal Singh","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72582","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To Evaluate the Impact of Different Irrigation Levels on Cotton Yield and Phenological Traits and To Determine the Optimal Fertigation Level for Cotton Cultivation. \u0000Study Design: Factorial Randomized Block Design. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India between June 2019 and July 2020. \u0000Methodology: The experiment was set up in open fields with replicated plots to ensure the reliability of the results. The study included three irrigation levels: I1 (1.0 Etc), I2 (0.8 Etc), and I3 (0.6 Etc). Additionally, four fertigation levels were also tested: F1 (control), F2 (50% Recommended Dose of Fertilisers, RDF), F3 (75% RDF), and F4 (100% RDF). The factorial randomized block design with three replications was used to manage the plots. Key phenological traits, such as days to squaring, 50% flowering, 50% boll development, and maturity, were recorded. Yield components including seed cotton yield, number of bolls per plant, and individual boll weight were also measured. Bt cotton genotype RCH 776 was used for the study. All the agronomic practices were done as per the recommendations of CCSHAU. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of differences between treatments. \u0000Results: The results indicated that the highest irrigation level, I1 (1.0 Etc), led to prolonged phenological stages but achieved the highest seed cotton yield of 3854 kg/ha. In contrast, the lowest irrigation level, I3 (0.6 Etc), resulted in the lowest yield at 3327 kg/ha. Additionally, I1 outperformed I3 in terms of boll number and individual boll weight. Regarding fertigation treatments, F4 (100% RDF) produced the highest seed cotton yield (4404 kg/ha), boll weight (4.09 g), and number of bolls per plant (53/Plant). These findings suggest that both irrigation and fertigation significantly influence cotton yield and its components. \u0000Conclusion: This study concluded that deficit irrigation, particularly at the I2 level (0.8 Etc), can optimize water use efficiency without significantly compromising yield. The highest fertigation level (F4) was found to produce the best yield outcomes. These optimized irrigation and fertigation practices are recommended for enhancing cotton production in arid regions like Haryana, with further validation needed to ensure their reliability and effectiveness in different environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"92 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141347723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72580
K. Himabindu, N. Goutami
An essential part of a nation's economy is agriculture. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are widely used in intensive agriculture techniques nowadays to boost crop yield and satisfy the growing global population's nutritional needs. Yet, it has been discovered that increasing urbanization, reduced agricultural lands, sharp climate changes, and widespread use of agrochemicals in farming techniques lead to environmental disruptions and public health risks that compromise agricultural sustainability and food security. Agrochemical overuse is also causing agriculture soils to continuously lose their biological and chemical balance, quality, and physical attributes, as well as their biological health. The potential for plant-associated microorganisms to address these issues and play a critical role in plant growth is immense. With their abilities to promote plant growth, plant-associated bacteria hold great promise for resolving these issues and are essential for increasing agricultural production and biomass in both greenhouse and field settings. Improved nutrient availability (i.e., N, P, K, Zn, and S), phytohormone regulation, biocontrol of phytopathogens, and mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses are some of the advantageous processes of improved plant growth. Microorganisms and plants interact to support sustainable agriculture, and these microbes may be essential ecological engineers that reduce the demand for chemical fertilizers. Among the steps involved in this process are the production of the inoculum, the inclusion of cell protectants such as glycerol, lactose, and starch, an acceptable carrier material, optimal packing, and the most efficient delivery modalities. Bio-fertilizers are some of the best agricultural tools available today. It's a gift from modern agricultural science. On agricultural land, biofertilizers are applied in lieu of traditional fertilizers. Conventional fertilizers contain green manure, compost, and household waste. These are less effective than chemical fertilizers. Farmers so often try to employ chemical fertilizers in the field to encourage crop development. But it's clear that chemical fertilizers are bad for the environment. They can disperse substances that cause cancer and are accountable for soil, air, and water pollution. Furthermore, they can eventually deplete the soil's fertility. Scientists have created biofertilizers in an attempt to reduce pollution and enhance everyone's health organically. The microorganisms in biofertilizer assist the host plants in maintaining physiologic balance, supporting proper development and growth, and obtaining an adequate quantity of nutrients. Living microorganisms are used to create biofertilizers. Only specific microorganisms that aid in the growth and reproduction of plants are used. There are many different kinds of microorganisms used in biofertilizers. being an essential component of farming organically. Since biofertilizer is a fundamental component of orga
{"title":"The Future of Biofertilizer use in Safe Agriculture","authors":"K. Himabindu, N. Goutami","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72580","url":null,"abstract":"An essential part of a nation's economy is agriculture. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are widely used in intensive agriculture techniques nowadays to boost crop yield and satisfy the growing global population's nutritional needs. Yet, it has been discovered that increasing urbanization, reduced agricultural lands, sharp climate changes, and widespread use of agrochemicals in farming techniques lead to environmental disruptions and public health risks that compromise agricultural sustainability and food security. Agrochemical overuse is also causing agriculture soils to continuously lose their biological and chemical balance, quality, and physical attributes, as well as their biological health. The potential for plant-associated microorganisms to address these issues and play a critical role in plant growth is immense. With their abilities to promote plant growth, plant-associated bacteria hold great promise for resolving these issues and are essential for increasing agricultural production and biomass in both greenhouse and field settings. Improved nutrient availability (i.e., N, P, K, Zn, and S), phytohormone regulation, biocontrol of phytopathogens, and mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses are some of the advantageous processes of improved plant growth. Microorganisms and plants interact to support sustainable agriculture, and these microbes may be essential ecological engineers that reduce the demand for chemical fertilizers. Among the steps involved in this process are the production of the inoculum, the inclusion of cell protectants such as glycerol, lactose, and starch, an acceptable carrier material, optimal packing, and the most efficient delivery modalities. Bio-fertilizers are some of the best agricultural tools available today. It's a gift from modern agricultural science. On agricultural land, biofertilizers are applied in lieu of traditional fertilizers. Conventional fertilizers contain green manure, compost, and household waste. These are less effective than chemical fertilizers. Farmers so often try to employ chemical fertilizers in the field to encourage crop development. But it's clear that chemical fertilizers are bad for the environment. They can disperse substances that cause cancer and are accountable for soil, air, and water pollution. Furthermore, they can eventually deplete the soil's fertility. Scientists have created biofertilizers in an attempt to reduce pollution and enhance everyone's health organically. The microorganisms in biofertilizer assist the host plants in maintaining physiologic balance, supporting proper development and growth, and obtaining an adequate quantity of nutrients. Living microorganisms are used to create biofertilizers. Only specific microorganisms that aid in the growth and reproduction of plants are used. There are many different kinds of microorganisms used in biofertilizers. being an essential component of farming organically. Since biofertilizer is a fundamental component of orga","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"77 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141352933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72581
Shahzeb Ali, Talekar Nilesh Suryakant
A mutation is an abrupt, heritable alteration in a living cell's DNA that is not brought about by genetic recombination or segregation. The deliberate use of mutations in plant breeding is known as "mutation breeding." Mutation breeding provides the advantage of improving a fault in an otherwise excellent cultivar without sacrificing its agronomic and qualitative features, in contrast to hybridization and selection. There is no simpler solution than mutation breeding to enhance seedless crops. These benefits have led to the development of a market for mutation breeding in plant breeding since the initial release of mutant cultivars derived from fundamental mutation research in Europe. Both physical and chemical mutagens have improved methods for inducing mutations in major crops, and strategies for selecting mutant populations have been detailed. A broad range of mutations that have not been previously documented have been detected, and new mutagenic factors like cosmic rays and ion beam radiation are being studied. However, ionising radiation and alkylating chemicals continue to be widely used. The efficiency of mutant breeding has increased as a result of the advent of reliable in vitro methods for numerous crop species. In vitro methods are particularly effective because they can manage sizable mutagenized populations in a small area, have a quicker progeny turnover rate in vegetatively propagated species, and can screen for a variety of biotic and abiotic stress factors in the culture environment. Over the last ten years, there have been significant advancements in mutant screening, with reverse genetic methods now being prioritised. Thus, the combination of molecular methods and mutation techniques is opening up new and intriguing possibilities for contemporary plant breeding.
突变是指活细胞 DNA 突然发生的、可遗传的改变，这种改变不是由基因重组或分离引起的。在植物育种中有意识地使用突变被称为 "突变育种"。与杂交和选育相比，突变育种的优势在于可以在不牺牲农艺性状和品质特征的前提下，改良一个原本优秀的栽培品种的缺点。要改良无籽作物，没有比突变育种更简单的办法了。自欧洲最初发布源自基础突变研究的突变栽培品种以来，这些优势已导致植物育种领域突变育种市场的发展。物理诱变剂和化学诱变剂改进了诱导主要作物突变的方法，并详细介绍了突变种群的选择策略。目前已经发现了许多以前没有记录的突变，并且正在研究新的诱变因素，如宇宙射线和离子束辐射。不过，电离辐射和烷基化化学品仍在广泛使用。由于出现了适用于许多作物物种的可靠体外方法，突变体培育的效率得到了提高。体外方法特别有效，因为它们可以在小范围内管理相当大的诱变种群，在无性繁殖物种中具有较快的后代周转率，并且可以筛选培养环境中的各种生物和非生物胁迫因素。在过去的十年中，突变体筛选技术有了长足的进步，反向遗传方法已成为优先考虑的方法。因此，分子方法和突变技术的结合为当代植物育种开辟了新的迷人的可能性。
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A field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P.) to study the “Response of summer Groundnut varieties as influenced by plant geometry”. The experimental treatments comprised of three types of Groundnut varieties vi, Kadiri-6, TAG-24, Kadiri Amaravathi and three different planting geometry viz, 30 cm x 15 cm, 35 cm x 15 cm, 45cm x 10 cm, forming total 9 treatment combinations each was replicated thrice and laid out in randomized block design. The results showed that the significantly highest plant height (37.78cm), maximum number of nodules/plant (125.77), highest plant dry weight (22.37 g), maximum number of pods/plant (30.20), maximum number of kernels/pod (1.50), higher seed index (32.20 g), higher seed yield (2.19 t/ha), higher haulm yield (5.20 t/ha), and higher harvest index (35.86%), shelling percentage (55.97%)was recorded in treatment 7 [Kadiri Amravati+ Spacing (30 cm x 15 cm)]. Similarly, maximum gross return (141650.00 INR/ha), net return (97386.00 INR/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.20) was also recorded in treatment 7 Kadiri Amaravathi + Spacing (30 cm x 15 cm) as compared to other treatments. It was concluded that in Groundnut variety with the combination of Kadiri Amaravathi and spacing of (30cmx15cm) in Treatment-7 was recorded highest seed yield and B: C ratio.
为研究 "夏季花生品种受植物几何形状影响的反应"，2023 年扎伊德期间在 Prayagraj（印度北方邦）SHUATS 农学系作物研究农场进行了一项田间试验。实验处理包括三种花生品种 vi、Kadiri-6、TAG-24、Kadiri Amaravathi 和三种不同的种植几何形状，即 30 厘米 x 15 厘米、35 厘米 x 15 厘米、45 厘米 x 10 厘米，共 9 种处理组合，每种组合重复三次，采用随机区组设计。结果表明，在这些处理组合中，芒果的株高明显最高（37.78 厘米）、每株结节数最多（125.77 个）、植株干重最高（22.37 克）、每株结荚数最多（30.20 个）、每荚结仁数最多（1.处理 7 [Kadiri Amravati+ 间距（30 厘米 x 15 厘米）]记录了最高的植株干重（125.77 克）、最高的植株干重（22.37 克）、最高的豆荚数/株（30.20 个）、最高的果核数/荚（1.50 个）、更高的种子指数（32.20 克）、更高的种子产量（2.19 吨/公顷）、更高的茎秆产量（5.20 吨/公顷）、更高的收获指数（35.86%）和脱壳率（55.97%）。同样，与其他处理相比，处理 7 [Kadiri Amaravathi + 间距（30 厘米 x 15 厘米）]的毛收益（141650.00 印度卢比/公顷）、净收益（97386.00 印度卢比/公顷）和收益成本比（2.20）也最高。结论是，在处理 7 中，结合使用 Kadiri Amaravathi 和间距（30 厘米 x 15 厘米）的落花生品种的种子产量和 B: C 比率最高。
{"title":"Response of Summer Groundnut Varieties as Influenced by Plant Geometry","authors":"Muthyala. Mohana Vishnu Priyanka, Shikha Singh, Ommi Lokesh","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72576","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P.) to study the “Response of summer Groundnut varieties as influenced by plant geometry”. The experimental treatments comprised of three types of Groundnut varieties vi, Kadiri-6, TAG-24, Kadiri Amaravathi and three different planting geometry viz, 30 cm x 15 cm, 35 cm x 15 cm, 45cm x 10 cm, forming total 9 treatment combinations each was replicated thrice and laid out in randomized block design. The results showed that the significantly highest plant height (37.78cm), maximum number of nodules/plant (125.77), highest plant dry weight (22.37 g), maximum number of pods/plant (30.20), maximum number of kernels/pod (1.50), higher seed index (32.20 g), higher seed yield (2.19 t/ha), higher haulm yield (5.20 t/ha), and higher harvest index (35.86%), shelling percentage (55.97%)was recorded in treatment 7 [Kadiri Amravati+ Spacing (30 cm x 15 cm)]. Similarly, maximum gross return (141650.00 INR/ha), net return (97386.00 INR/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.20) was also recorded in treatment 7 Kadiri Amaravathi + Spacing (30 cm x 15 cm) as compared to other treatments. It was concluded that in Groundnut variety with the combination of Kadiri Amaravathi and spacing of (30cmx15cm) in Treatment-7 was recorded highest seed yield and B: C ratio.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141355802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72577
Sushmita Das
The agricultural sector is facing unprecedented challenges due to increasing food demand, environmental degradation, and labour shortages, exacerbated by a burgeoning global population. To address these issues sustainably, the concept of "smart farming" utilizing advanced robotics and drones has emerged as a transformative solution. This review paper delves into the significant impact of these cutting-edge technologies on modern agriculture, focusing on their applications, benefits, challenges, and future prospects. Robotics in agriculture have advanced considerably, playing crucial roles in tasks such as tillage, seeding, crop protection, harvesting, and animal husbandry. The latest robotic systems are equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms, enabling them to perform complex tasks with high precision and efficiency. These technologies have the potential to enhance productivity while minimizing environmental impacts through precision farming techniques. Drones, similarly, have revolutionized precision agriculture with their applications in monitoring, spraying, mapping, and surveillance. The latest drone models are equipped with multispectral sensors, GPS technology, and AI-driven analytics, providing farmers with real-time data and actionable insights. This helps in optimizing resource use, improving crop health, and increasing yield while reducing environmental footprints. Despite these advancements, several challenges impede widespread adoption. High initial costs, technological learning curves, regulatory hurdles, and data security concerns remain significant barriers. Additionally, the integration of these technologies requires substantial infrastructure and training, which can be daunting for small-scale farmers. The paper emphasizes the need for strategic investments and supportive policies to overcome these challenges. Collaborations between technology developers, agricultural experts, and policymakers are crucial to drive innovation and facilitate the adoption of smart farming practices. Robotics and drones hold immense potential to revolutionize traditional farming practices. By harnessing these technologies, the agriculture industry can achieve sustainable solutions, enhancing productivity and ensuring food security for the future. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state and future directions of smart farming, underscoring the pivotal role of robotics and drones in transforming agriculture.
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