Pub Date : 2024-02-22DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32329
T. Senthilkumar, S. J. Prabhavathi, A. Alagesan, A. Punitha, D. Vidhya, Barinderjit Singh, G. Malathi
Custard apple, scientifically known as Annona squamosa L., and also referred to as Sitaphal or Sharifa, holds significant importance as a dry land fruit crop in India. Its flowers, either solitary or in small lateral clusters, measure around 2.4 to 2.5 cm long, appearing greenish-yellow atop a hairy, slender 2 cm long stalk. Each carpel bears a single, hard, smooth, shiny, dark-brown or black, glossy seed, oblong in shape, and less than 1.3 to 1.6 cm long. The fruit of the custard apple is renowned for its delicious whitish pulp and is a popular item in tropical markets. Comprised of loosely cohering carpels, the fruit forms a surface that is either squamose or tuberculated. Its pulp, tinged with white and yellow, is edible, sweetly aromatic, and contains a thick, creamy-white layer akin to custard, with somewhat granular flesh beneath the skin surrounding the concolorous, moderately juicy segments. The fruit typically contains around 55 to 60 seeds. Custard apple is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, which are known to combat various diseases and bolster the immune system. Consumption of custard apple is beneficial for heart health, skin, bones, and maintaining blood pressure. It is also known for its therapeutic effects on boils, ulcers, and gum-related issues. Custard apple has undergone evolution through both natural processes and human selection across diverse elevation zones and under different cropping systems. Honey bees, serving as carriers of cross-pollination, have contributed to the wide variety of locally adapted landraces. Despite this diversity, there has been no systematic collection and evaluation of custard apple cultivars in various states. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the collection, characterization, and evaluation of high-yielding strains/lines suitable for commercial cultivation in regions like Chhattisgarh. Thus, the primary objective of this paper is to evaluate genotypes, flower behavior, and physico-chemical characteristics of custard apple, aiming to improve production and meet the satisfaction of farmers.
{"title":"Evaluation, Flowering Behavior Physico-chemical and Keeping Quality of Custard Apple: A Review","authors":"T. Senthilkumar, S. J. Prabhavathi, A. Alagesan, A. Punitha, D. Vidhya, Barinderjit Singh, G. Malathi","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32329","url":null,"abstract":"Custard apple, scientifically known as Annona squamosa L., and also referred to as Sitaphal or Sharifa, holds significant importance as a dry land fruit crop in India. Its flowers, either solitary or in small lateral clusters, measure around 2.4 to 2.5 cm long, appearing greenish-yellow atop a hairy, slender 2 cm long stalk. Each carpel bears a single, hard, smooth, shiny, dark-brown or black, glossy seed, oblong in shape, and less than 1.3 to 1.6 cm long. The fruit of the custard apple is renowned for its delicious whitish pulp and is a popular item in tropical markets. Comprised of loosely cohering carpels, the fruit forms a surface that is either squamose or tuberculated. Its pulp, tinged with white and yellow, is edible, sweetly aromatic, and contains a thick, creamy-white layer akin to custard, with somewhat granular flesh beneath the skin surrounding the concolorous, moderately juicy segments. The fruit typically contains around 55 to 60 seeds. Custard apple is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, which are known to combat various diseases and bolster the immune system. Consumption of custard apple is beneficial for heart health, skin, bones, and maintaining blood pressure. It is also known for its therapeutic effects on boils, ulcers, and gum-related issues. Custard apple has undergone evolution through both natural processes and human selection across diverse elevation zones and under different cropping systems. Honey bees, serving as carriers of cross-pollination, have contributed to the wide variety of locally adapted landraces. Despite this diversity, there has been no systematic collection and evaluation of custard apple cultivars in various states. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the collection, characterization, and evaluation of high-yielding strains/lines suitable for commercial cultivation in regions like Chhattisgarh. Thus, the primary objective of this paper is to evaluate genotypes, flower behavior, and physico-chemical characteristics of custard apple, aiming to improve production and meet the satisfaction of farmers.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"11 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140441415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-22DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32328
E. E. D. Felton, K. M. Krause
A continuous culture study was conducted duplicating the daily meal pattern of pasture-grazed cattle and evaluating the time of two supplements differing in their composition (one complex: SUPP A and one simplistic: SUPP B) on their effects on nutrient digestion and metabolism of ruminal microorganisms. SUPP A contained ingredients containing substantial amounts of both structural and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), fat, and protein, all having fractions with differing rates of availability. SUPP B’s predominate organic matter ingredients were only corn grain and soybean meal and contained approximately 3% less crude protein than SUPP A. All treatments were fed forage at five distinct times, mimicking forage intake on pasture, with supplements being fed at either a morning (AM) or evening (PM) feeding. The treatments were a) SUPP A fed AM, b) SUPP B fed AM, c) SUPP A fed PM, and d) Supp B fed PM. The results showed that dry matter, organic matter, and NSC digestibility’s were unaffected by supplement type or time of feeding. Supplement A showed greater fiber digestion than SUPP B, regardless of time of supplementation. The PM feeding decreased the digestion of both neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in SUPP B with no effect on fiber digestion in SUPP A. Culture pH remained more stable over the 24-hour day with SUPP B feeding than it did with SUPP A feeding while average pH was not affected by supplement or time of feeding. Total volatile fatty acid flow was unaffected by treatment, as were flows of acetic and propionic acids. Butyric acid flow decreased significantly on both supplements with the PM feeding. As expected, there were fewer total branch chain volatile fatty acids generated with SUPP B. Microbial growth measured in g microbial N flow/day increased for both supplements at the PM feeding. Flow of by-pass feed nitrogen was unaffected by supplement but was lower with PM feeding. Microbial efficiency was increased as a result of the PM feedings. The timing of a large amount of supplementation relative to the timing of daily forage meals can alter the effects seen in continuous culture work and may translate to effects in-vivo systems as well.
我们进行了一项连续培养研究，复制了放牧牛的日餐模式，并评估了两种成分不同的补充剂（一种是复合型补充剂 A，一种是简单型补充剂 B）对营养消化和瘤胃微生物代谢的影响。原料 A 含有大量结构性和非结构性碳水化合物 (NSC)、脂肪和蛋白质，这些成分的利用率各不相同。SUPP B 的主要有机物成分只有玉米粒和豆粕，粗蛋白含量比 SUPP A 低约 3%。所有处理都在五个不同的时间段饲喂草料，模拟牧场上的草料摄入量，并在早上（上午）或晚上（下午）饲喂补充剂。这些处理分别是：a) 上午饲喂 A 补充剂；b) 上午饲喂 B 补充剂；c) 下午饲喂 A 补充剂；d) 下午饲喂 B 补充剂。结果表明，干物质、有机物和 NSC 消化率不受补饲剂类型或饲喂时间的影响。 无论添加时间长短，补料 A 的纤维消化率都高于补料 B。PM 饲喂降低了 B 补充剂对中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的消化率，而对 A 补充剂的纤维消化率没有影响。在一天的 24 小时内，饲喂营养补充剂 B 的培养物 pH 值比饲喂营养补充剂 A 的培养物 pH 值更稳定，而平均 pH 值不受营养补充剂或饲喂时间的影响。总挥发性脂肪酸流量不受处理的影响，乙酸和丙酸的流量也是如此。 两种添加剂的丁酸流量在 PM 饲喂时都明显下降。正如预期的那样，SUPP B 产生的总支链挥发性脂肪酸较少。副饲料氮的流量不受添加剂的影响，但在 PM 饲喂时较低。下午饲喂提高了微生物效率。相对于每日草料进食的时间，大量补充的时间会改变连续培养工作中的效果，并可能转化为体内系统中的效果。
{"title":"Timing of High-Energy Supplementation to Early-Season-Pasture-Forage Fed Continuous Culture","authors":"E. E. D. Felton, K. M. Krause","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32328","url":null,"abstract":"A continuous culture study was conducted duplicating the daily meal pattern of pasture-grazed cattle and evaluating the time of two supplements differing in their composition (one complex: SUPP A and one simplistic: SUPP B) on their effects on nutrient digestion and metabolism of ruminal microorganisms. SUPP A contained ingredients containing substantial amounts of both structural and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), fat, and protein, all having fractions with differing rates of availability. SUPP B’s predominate organic matter ingredients were only corn grain and soybean meal and contained approximately 3% less crude protein than SUPP A. All treatments were fed forage at five distinct times, mimicking forage intake on pasture, with supplements being fed at either a morning (AM) or evening (PM) feeding. The treatments were a) SUPP A fed AM, b) SUPP B fed AM, c) SUPP A fed PM, and d) Supp B fed PM. The results showed that dry matter, organic matter, and NSC digestibility’s were unaffected by supplement type or time of feeding. Supplement A showed greater fiber digestion than SUPP B, regardless of time of supplementation. The PM feeding decreased the digestion of both neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in SUPP B with no effect on fiber digestion in SUPP A. Culture pH remained more stable over the 24-hour day with SUPP B feeding than it did with SUPP A feeding while average pH was not affected by supplement or time of feeding. Total volatile fatty acid flow was unaffected by treatment, as were flows of acetic and propionic acids. Butyric acid flow decreased significantly on both supplements with the PM feeding. As expected, there were fewer total branch chain volatile fatty acids generated with SUPP B. Microbial growth measured in g microbial N flow/day increased for both supplements at the PM feeding. Flow of by-pass feed nitrogen was unaffected by supplement but was lower with PM feeding. Microbial efficiency was increased as a result of the PM feedings. The timing of a large amount of supplementation relative to the timing of daily forage meals can alter the effects seen in continuous culture work and may translate to effects in-vivo systems as well.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"38 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140438414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32327
Parshuram Sial, Himangshu Das, Lalatendu Nayak, B. Behera, Debabrata Panigrahi
An experiment was conducted to find out performance of finger millet varieties to different levels of nitrogen under rainfed condition in kharif season of 2019 to 2021 at Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station (OUAT), Semiliguda, Koraput, Odisha, India. Four varieties of finger millet (Kalua, OEB- 602, Bhairabi and Arjun) and three different nitrogen levels (40, 60 and 80 kg/ha) along with 30 kg/ha each of phosphorus and potassium were laid out in split-plot design with three replications. The varieties were taken in the main plots and different nitrogen levels were assigned to the sub plots. The results revealed that highest number of tillers (6.1/hill), fingers (8.3/ear head), finger length (8.8 cm) along with maximum grain yield (2491 kg/ha), net return (Rs. 39464 per ha) and B: C ratio (1.94) were obtained with finger millet variety Arjun followed by Bhairabi. The application of 80 kg N/ha gave highest number of tillers (5.7/hill), fingers (7.7/ear head), finger length (8.4 cm) and grain yield (2399 kg/ha) with highest net return (Rs. 36237 per ha) and B: C ratio (1.86). From the present investigation, it can be concluded that finger millet variety Arjun can be grown with application of 80 kg N/ha along with 30 kg/ha each of phosphorus and potassium for maximum yield and economic return.
{"title":"Effect of Nitrogen on the Performance of Finger Millet in Eastern Ghat High Land Zone of Odisha, India","authors":"Parshuram Sial, Himangshu Das, Lalatendu Nayak, B. Behera, Debabrata Panigrahi","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32327","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted to find out performance of finger millet varieties to different levels of nitrogen under rainfed condition in kharif season of 2019 to 2021 at Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station (OUAT), Semiliguda, Koraput, Odisha, India. Four varieties of finger millet (Kalua, OEB- 602, Bhairabi and Arjun) and three different nitrogen levels (40, 60 and 80 kg/ha) along with 30 kg/ha each of phosphorus and potassium were laid out in split-plot design with three replications. The varieties were taken in the main plots and different nitrogen levels were assigned to the sub plots. The results revealed that highest number of tillers (6.1/hill), fingers (8.3/ear head), finger length (8.8 cm) along with maximum grain yield (2491 kg/ha), net return (Rs. 39464 per ha) and B: C ratio (1.94) were obtained with finger millet variety Arjun followed by Bhairabi. The application of 80 kg N/ha gave highest number of tillers (5.7/hill), fingers (7.7/ear head), finger length (8.4 cm) and grain yield (2399 kg/ha) with highest net return (Rs. 36237 per ha) and B: C ratio (1.86). From the present investigation, it can be concluded that finger millet variety Arjun can be grown with application of 80 kg N/ha along with 30 kg/ha each of phosphorus and potassium for maximum yield and economic return.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"3 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140445141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32326
W. Grichar
Aims: Studies were conducted to study the response of sesame to soil additives applied in-furrow. Study Design: Randomized complete block with 4 replications. Place and Duration of Study: Field experiments were carried out during the 2016 through 2018 growing seasons in south-central Texas near Yoakum (29.27704o N, -97.12453o W). Methodology: Sesame seed was planted < 2.54 cm deep. Treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized sprayer in 46.8 L ha-1 of water with one Teejet® orifice disc #45 nozzle per row immediately after seed drop but prior to furrow closure. Each plot consisted of two rows spaced 97 cm apart and 7.6 m long. Sprinkler irrigation was applied on a 2- to 3-wk schedule throughout the growing season as needed. S-metolachlor at 1.4 kg ha-1 was applied preemergence while clethodim at 0.11 kg ha-1 and diuron at 1.12 kg ha-1 were applied postemergence to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds that were present. Results: In 2016, treatments containing 7% N + 10% chelated Fe, gibberellic acid + 3-indolebutyric acid (0.045%) + cytokinin as Kinetin (0.09%), and pop-up fertilizer (9-30-0 + Zn) resulted in the greatest sesame emergence. In 2017, 2% N, bifenthrin + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747, and humic acids + Bacillus spp. resulted in greater emergence (90-97%) while in 2018, Azospirillum brasilense and 2% N resulted in the greater emergence (90-91%). In 2016, 2% N produced the greatest yield while in 2018 2% N and the 3-way combination of cytokinin as kinetin (0.090%) + gibberellic acid + indole-3-butyric acid (0.045%) resulted in up to a 117% increase in yield over the untreated. Conclusion: The 3-way combination of gibberellic acid + 3-indolebutyric acid (0.045%) + cytokinin as kinetin (0.090%) and 2 % N proved to be the most consistent soil additives and resulted in a yield increases in the two years that the studies were harvested.
{"title":"Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Response to Soil Additives Applied in-Furrow at Planting","authors":"W. Grichar","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32326","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Studies were conducted to study the response of sesame to soil additives applied in-furrow. \u0000Study Design: Randomized complete block with 4 replications. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Field experiments were carried out during the 2016 through 2018 growing seasons in south-central Texas near Yoakum (29.27704o N, -97.12453o W). \u0000Methodology: Sesame seed was planted < 2.54 cm deep. Treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized sprayer in 46.8 L ha-1 of water with one Teejet® orifice disc #45 nozzle per row immediately after seed drop but prior to furrow closure. Each plot consisted of two rows spaced 97 cm apart and 7.6 m long. Sprinkler irrigation was applied on a 2- to 3-wk schedule throughout the growing season as needed. S-metolachlor at 1.4 kg ha-1 was applied preemergence while clethodim at 0.11 kg ha-1 and diuron at 1.12 kg ha-1 were applied postemergence to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds that were present. \u0000Results: In 2016, treatments containing 7% N + 10% chelated Fe, gibberellic acid + 3-indolebutyric acid (0.045%) + cytokinin as Kinetin (0.09%), and pop-up fertilizer (9-30-0 + Zn) resulted in the greatest sesame emergence. In 2017, 2% N, bifenthrin + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747, and humic acids + Bacillus spp. resulted in greater emergence (90-97%) while in 2018, Azospirillum brasilense and 2% N resulted in the greater emergence (90-91%). In 2016, 2% N produced the greatest yield while in 2018 2% N and the 3-way combination of cytokinin as kinetin (0.090%) + gibberellic acid + indole-3-butyric acid (0.045%) resulted in up to a 117% increase in yield over the untreated. \u0000Conclusion: The 3-way combination of gibberellic acid + 3-indolebutyric acid (0.045%) + cytokinin as kinetin (0.090%) and 2 % N proved to be the most consistent soil additives and resulted in a yield increases in the two years that the studies were harvested.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"34 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140449789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22307
M. Gowtham, B. Suthakar, A. Surendrakumar, R. Kavitha, P. Masilamani
Harvesting of neem fruits can be done either by ground picking, shaking off the tree, or directly stripping from the branches. Since the manual collection of neem fruits is a labor-intensive process, consuming around 30 per cent of harvesting time, a simple mechanical system for picking and collecting the neem fruits from the ground was developed based on the fruit geometry and other major physical properties of neem fruits. It was observed that the moisture content of 81.95%, axial dimensions viz. 15.57 mm length, 9.25 mm width and 8.87 mm thickness of the fruits, 14.07 mm as geometric mean diameter, as 352 g. cm-1 bulk density and 290.88 g as the weight of hundred neem fruits. The developed prototype consists of picker assembly, ejector assembly, collector assembly, connector frame, handle and traction wheel. The proposed innovation enables an eco – friendly operation of neem fruit collection without using any form of non- renewable energy sources. The developed prototype achieved a collection capacity of about 48 kg h-1 which is 79.1% higher when compared with existing pneumatic ground collection system for neem fruits and 97.3% higher than the conventional method of neem fruit collection.
{"title":"Design, Development and Evaluation of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Fruit Picker Cum Collector","authors":"M. Gowtham, B. Suthakar, A. Surendrakumar, R. Kavitha, P. Masilamani","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22307","url":null,"abstract":"Harvesting of neem fruits can be done either by ground picking, shaking off the tree, or directly stripping from the branches. Since the manual collection of neem fruits is a labor-intensive process, consuming around 30 per cent of harvesting time, a simple mechanical system for picking and collecting the neem fruits from the ground was developed based on the fruit geometry and other major physical properties of neem fruits. It was observed that the moisture content of 81.95%, axial dimensions viz. 15.57 mm length, 9.25 mm width and 8.87 mm thickness of the fruits, 14.07 mm as geometric mean diameter, as 352 g. cm-1 bulk density and 290.88 g as the weight of hundred neem fruits. The developed prototype consists of picker assembly, ejector assembly, collector assembly, connector frame, handle and traction wheel. The proposed innovation enables an eco – friendly operation of neem fruit collection without using any form of non- renewable energy sources. The developed prototype achieved a collection capacity of about 48 kg h-1 which is 79.1% higher when compared with existing pneumatic ground collection system for neem fruits and 97.3% higher than the conventional method of neem fruit collection.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"56 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140476429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22304
Salma Mamoudou, K. Habiba
The entomotoxic effect of five varieties of Bambara groundnut (McFoSc, BlRSc, BlRAcV, MnRSc, and BnRaSc) and one variety of common bean flours (GGR) is evaluated on old larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) under laboratory conditions with ambient temperatures ranging from 32°C to 36°C. This study aims to mitigate the damage caused by Tribolium castaneum to stored grains and legumes. The flour from each variety was obtained by grinding and sieving. A total of 150g of each flour sample was infested with either 20 old larvae or 20 newly emerged Tribolium castaneum. The variables observed included mortality rates of old larvae and adults, the number of F1 progeny, and the number of larvae, nymphs, and adults in the first generation. The flour of red millet (MR) which is a cereal was considered as control. After introducing the adults into the flours of different varieties, no mortality was observed for the ML, MCFOSC, MNRSC, BNRASC, and GGR varieties within 24 hours. The mortality rates were 1.25 ± 0.96 and 5 ± 0.72 for the BIRSC and BIRACV varieties, respectively. After four weeks of treatment, the cumulative mortality rates for the larvae were 93.75% for the GGR variety, 66.25% for the BIRACV variety, 56.25% for the MCFOSC variety, 55% for the BIRSC variety, 37.5% for the MNRSC variety, 31.25% for the BNRASC variety, and only 5% for the control (MR). The flours of these leguminous crops have a negative impact on the development of Tribolium castaneum by prolonging the duration of larval development. It suggests that these different leguminous seed varieties can be effective in controlling insects during storage.
{"title":"Entomotoxic Effect of Five Varieties of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) and a Variety of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) against Old Larvae and Adults of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)","authors":"Salma Mamoudou, K. Habiba","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22304","url":null,"abstract":"The entomotoxic effect of five varieties of Bambara groundnut (McFoSc, BlRSc, BlRAcV, MnRSc, and BnRaSc) and one variety of common bean flours (GGR) is evaluated on old larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) under laboratory conditions with ambient temperatures ranging from 32°C to 36°C. This study aims to mitigate the damage caused by Tribolium castaneum to stored grains and legumes. The flour from each variety was obtained by grinding and sieving. A total of 150g of each flour sample was infested with either 20 old larvae or 20 newly emerged Tribolium castaneum. The variables observed included mortality rates of old larvae and adults, the number of F1 progeny, and the number of larvae, nymphs, and adults in the first generation. The flour of red millet (MR) which is a cereal was considered as control. After introducing the adults into the flours of different varieties, no mortality was observed for the ML, MCFOSC, MNRSC, BNRASC, and GGR varieties within 24 hours. The mortality rates were 1.25 ± 0.96 and 5 ± 0.72 for the BIRSC and BIRACV varieties, respectively. After four weeks of treatment, the cumulative mortality rates for the larvae were 93.75% for the GGR variety, 66.25% for the BIRACV variety, 56.25% for the MCFOSC variety, 55% for the BIRSC variety, 37.5% for the MNRSC variety, 31.25% for the BNRASC variety, and only 5% for the control (MR). The flours of these leguminous crops have a negative impact on the development of Tribolium castaneum by prolonging the duration of larval development. It suggests that these different leguminous seed varieties can be effective in controlling insects during storage.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"363 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140472180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22305
M. D. Yenpreddiwar, B. C. Nandeshwar, P. V. Mahatale, A. G. Gathe, M. M. Raut
The current study was carried out at the Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth. Akola, Cotton Research Center in Maharashtra, India, for the kharif season to assess the effectiveness of various weed management strategies in high density planting system (HDPS) cotton and also to assess the energy studies of different weed control methods used with HDPS cotton for two consecutive years (2015–16 and 2016–17). The results showed that among the other treatments, application of Pendimethalin 38.7 CS PE @ 1.25 kg a.i./ ha fbhoeing at 30 DAS and one hand weeding at 45 DAS significantly improved the energy output (84627 and 123742Mj ha-1), energy balance (73492 and 120656Mj ha-1), energy balance per unit input (6.6 and 10.8Mj ha-1) and energy output per unit input ratio (7.60 and 11), with weedy check (control), however, lower values were seen. As a result, cotton production with various weed control techniques under high density planting technique significantly improved energy output, energy balance per unit input, and energy output per unit input ratio realized that, efficient enough in terms of energy consumption as appropriate energy management (avoid excess energy input consumption) favors to maximize energy output, energy balance with higher cotton production in rainfed areas under high density planting system.
本研究是在印度马哈拉施特拉邦阿科拉的棉花研究中心 Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth 博士的指导下进行的。印度马哈拉施特拉邦阿科拉（Akola）棉花研究中心进行，目的是评估各种杂草管理策略在高密度种植系统（HDPS）棉花中的效果，同时评估连续两年（2015-16 年和 2016-17 年）在高密度种植系统棉花中使用不同杂草控制方法的能量研究。结果表明，在其他处理中，在30 DAS时施用嘧菌酯38.7 CS PE @ 1.25 kg a.i./ ha锄草和在45 DAS时单手除草显著提高了能量产出（84627和123742百万焦耳/公顷-1）、能量平衡（73492和120656百万焦耳/公顷-1）、单位投入的能量平衡（6.6和10.8百万焦耳/公顷-1）和单位投入的能量产出比（7.60和11），但杂草对照（对照）的数值较低。因此，在高密度种植技术下，采用各种杂草控制技术的棉花生产显著提高了能量产出、单位投入的能量平衡和单位投入的能量产出比，这表明在高密度种植系统下，适当的能源管理（避免过多的能源投入消耗）有利于最大限度地提高能量产出和能量平衡，从而提高雨浇地区的棉花产量。
{"title":"Energy Evaluations of Several Weed Control Techniques that Undermine Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Planted in High Density","authors":"M. D. Yenpreddiwar, B. C. Nandeshwar, P. V. Mahatale, A. G. Gathe, M. M. Raut","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22305","url":null,"abstract":"The current study was carried out at the Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth. Akola, Cotton Research Center in Maharashtra, India, for the kharif season to assess the effectiveness of various weed management strategies in high density planting system (HDPS) cotton and also to assess the energy studies of different weed control methods used with HDPS cotton for two consecutive years (2015–16 and 2016–17). The results showed that among the other treatments, application of Pendimethalin 38.7 CS PE @ 1.25 kg a.i./ ha fbhoeing at 30 DAS and one hand weeding at 45 DAS significantly improved the energy output (84627 and 123742Mj ha-1), energy balance (73492 and 120656Mj ha-1), energy balance per unit input (6.6 and 10.8Mj ha-1) and energy output per unit input ratio (7.60 and 11), with weedy check (control), however, lower values were seen. As a result, cotton production with various weed control techniques under high density planting technique significantly improved energy output, energy balance per unit input, and energy output per unit input ratio realized that, efficient enough in terms of energy consumption as appropriate energy management (avoid excess energy input consumption) favors to maximize energy output, energy balance with higher cotton production in rainfed areas under high density planting system.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"12 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140474199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22306
Mummineni Sunitha, P. K. Jha
Cauliflower is widely grown throughout the world. Alternaria leaf spot of Cauliflower caused by Alternaria brassicae is the most destructive disease at the curd stage and seed setting stage, attributed to causing 30-50% losses and in severe cases reaching up to 98% in seed crop. In the present investigation, the pathogen Alternaria brassicae was found to produce typical symptoms of the disease as small, irregular brown spots with concentric rings, also surrounded by a yellow chlorotic halo. Later on, lesions were found to coalesce forming irregular, brown to dark brown patches with concentric rings. The disease is difficult to manage alone with fungicides or bio agents or botanicals. Hence the present study was undertaken to manage the disease effectively by application of fungicides, bio agents, botanicals and their combinations. During the investigation on integrated management under sick pot conditions, the combination of T. viride + Neem + Azoxystrobin (10.81% Percent Disease Index) was found most effective with inhibition of disease by 79.02%. This was followed by T. viride + Azoxystrobin (11.63% Percent Disease Index) with inhibition of the disease by 77.40% compared to the control 51.52% Percent Disease Index.
{"title":"Integrated Management of Alternaria Leaf Spot of Cauliflower under Pot Conditions","authors":"Mummineni Sunitha, P. K. Jha","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22306","url":null,"abstract":"Cauliflower is widely grown throughout the world. Alternaria leaf spot of Cauliflower caused by Alternaria brassicae is the most destructive disease at the curd stage and seed setting stage, attributed to causing 30-50% losses and in severe cases reaching up to 98% in seed crop. In the present investigation, the pathogen Alternaria brassicae was found to produce typical symptoms of the disease as small, irregular brown spots with concentric rings, also surrounded by a yellow chlorotic halo. Later on, lesions were found to coalesce forming irregular, brown to dark brown patches with concentric rings. The disease is difficult to manage alone with fungicides or bio agents or botanicals. Hence the present study was undertaken to manage the disease effectively by application of fungicides, bio agents, botanicals and their combinations. During the investigation on integrated management under sick pot conditions, the combination of T. viride + Neem + Azoxystrobin (10.81% Percent Disease Index) was found most effective with inhibition of disease by 79.02%. This was followed by T. viride + Azoxystrobin (11.63% Percent Disease Index) with inhibition of the disease by 77.40% compared to the control 51.52% Percent Disease Index. ","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"696 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140474619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22303
Manjunath Madhukar Mopagar, Venkatesha, M. M., Shivanand Goudra, Kiran Emmiganur, Kavyashee, C.
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of varied levels of nitrogen on the quality of multicut fodder sorghum genotypes at the ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Vijayapur, during the Kharif 2019–20 under irrigated conditions. The soil, characterized by a clay texture, exhibited a medium level of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium availability. The experiment involved two fodder sorghum genotypes (CoFS-29 & CoFS-31) and five nitrogen levels (100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg N ha-1), arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The genotype CoFS-29 and CoFS-31 are multicut fodder sorghum varieties, one can harvest 5-6 cuts in one year at 60 days interval. The crop has highly succulent leaves and stem, the green fodder is highly relished by cattle. It contains high protein and less crude fibre and hence higher digestibility. The study aimed to assess the nutritional quality and yield of multicut fodder sorghum comprising genotypes and nitrogen levels. Results indicated that the CoFS-31 genotype outperformed CoFS-29, demonstrating higher yields in terms of crude protein (438 kg ha-1), crude fiber (1237 kg ha-1), green fodder (130.49 t ha-1), and dry matter (29.67 t ha-1). Furthermore, in comparison to lower nitrogen levels across all cuttings, the application of 200 kg N ha-1 significantly increased yields in crude protein (554 kg ha-1), crude fiber (1495 kg ha-1), green fodder (154.32 t ha-1), and dry matter (34.97 t ha-1). The study concludes that the application of 200 kg N ha-1 enhances the yield of green forage and improves the quality of fodder produced by multicut fodder sorghum genotypes.
{"title":"Optimizing Fodder Sorghum Quality: Unveiling the Impact of Varied Nitrogen Levels in Multicut Genotypes","authors":"Manjunath Madhukar Mopagar, Venkatesha, M. M., Shivanand Goudra, Kiran Emmiganur, Kavyashee, C.","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22303","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted to study the effect of varied levels of nitrogen on the quality of multicut fodder sorghum genotypes at the ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Vijayapur, during the Kharif 2019–20 under irrigated conditions. The soil, characterized by a clay texture, exhibited a medium level of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium availability. The experiment involved two fodder sorghum genotypes (CoFS-29 & CoFS-31) and five nitrogen levels (100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg N ha-1), arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The genotype CoFS-29 and CoFS-31 are multicut fodder sorghum varieties, one can harvest 5-6 cuts in one year at 60 days interval. The crop has highly succulent leaves and stem, the green fodder is highly relished by cattle. It contains high protein and less crude fibre and hence higher digestibility. The study aimed to assess the nutritional quality and yield of multicut fodder sorghum comprising genotypes and nitrogen levels. Results indicated that the CoFS-31 genotype outperformed CoFS-29, demonstrating higher yields in terms of crude protein (438 kg ha-1), crude fiber (1237 kg ha-1), green fodder (130.49 t ha-1), and dry matter (29.67 t ha-1). Furthermore, in comparison to lower nitrogen levels across all cuttings, the application of 200 kg N ha-1 significantly increased yields in crude protein (554 kg ha-1), crude fiber (1495 kg ha-1), green fodder (154.32 t ha-1), and dry matter (34.97 t ha-1). The study concludes that the application of 200 kg N ha-1 enhances the yield of green forage and improves the quality of fodder produced by multicut fodder sorghum genotypes.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"113 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140481959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i12302
Mitali Sinha, S. Panigrahy
Aims: Growing agricultural production and its subsequent demand for fertiliser is a critical element for any country in its export and import ecosystem. In between this, a lucrative market has always been tried to identify many of the agripreneurs in India. Study Design: The complete research design work was based on secondary data in which relevant data were gathered from ITC HS Code (310210, 310221, 310230), research bulletins, world bank reports and other relevant websites. Place and Duration of Study: The study was taken as the mandatory summer training course programme of MBA (Agribusiness) which was guided and carry forward by International Agribusiness Management of Anand Agricultural University and XYZ Company Ltd of Ahmedabad jointly, at the workstation of the later institutes at Ahmedabad itself. Methodology: South America, North America and Central America are three corner stone of this research work where probable market identification, understanding its agricultural situation and ministry handling its registration process for export of nano urea were done through a conceptualised secondary data collection and analysis process. A total of 22 export market was identified in this study for probable nano urea market for India. Results: In South America, Uruguay takes the lead with 80.4 percent of its land designated as agriculture while Argentina tops the chart in arable land with 11.9 percent. North America, Mexico stands out with the largest share of agricultural land, comprising 50 percent of its total land area. Venezuela, Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina, impose a 6 percent import tariff, while Brazil (4.8%) opts for a slightly lower than the former. Interestingly, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Paraguay have imposed 0% import tariff, indicating a more open approach to urea imports. Conclusions: Twelve recommended countries include Peru, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, Suriname, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Canada, the USA, and Mexico for the export of Nano urea from India.
{"title":"Unveiling the Urea Market of the American Continent","authors":"Mitali Sinha, S. Panigrahy","doi":"10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i12302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i12302","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Growing agricultural production and its subsequent demand for fertiliser is a critical element for any country in its export and import ecosystem. In between this, a lucrative market has always been tried to identify many of the agripreneurs in India. \u0000Study Design: The complete research design work was based on secondary data in which relevant data were gathered from ITC HS Code (310210, 310221, 310230), research bulletins, world bank reports and other relevant websites. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The study was taken as the mandatory summer training course programme of MBA (Agribusiness) which was guided and carry forward by International Agribusiness Management of Anand Agricultural University and XYZ Company Ltd of Ahmedabad jointly, at the workstation of the later institutes at Ahmedabad itself. \u0000Methodology: South America, North America and Central America are three corner stone of this research work where probable market identification, understanding its agricultural situation and ministry handling its registration process for export of nano urea were done through a conceptualised secondary data collection and analysis process. A total of 22 export market was identified in this study for probable nano urea market for India. \u0000Results: In South America, Uruguay takes the lead with 80.4 percent of its land designated as agriculture while Argentina tops the chart in arable land with 11.9 percent. North America, Mexico stands out with the largest share of agricultural land, comprising 50 percent of its total land area. Venezuela, Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina, impose a 6 percent import tariff, while Brazil (4.8%) opts for a slightly lower than the former. Interestingly, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Paraguay have imposed 0% import tariff, indicating a more open approach to urea imports. \u0000Conclusions: Twelve recommended countries include Peru, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, Suriname, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Canada, the USA, and Mexico for the export of Nano urea from India.","PeriodicalId":477440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental agriculture international","volume":"70 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140486323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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