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Could You Have Thought Differently? An Argument Against Free Will 你会有不同的想法吗?反对自由意志的论证
4区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.53765/20512201.30.5.009
Nicolas Alzetta
This paper develops a new argument against free will, understood as the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP). This principle has been central in debates around free will and moral responsibility; however, it is almost always stated in terms of bodily rather than mental action, and it is therefore mainly understood as the possibility to physically act differently, rather than to think differently. The argument presented here is aimed at the latter, which is termed the possibility of alternative thought (PAT). It argues on psychological grounds that it is impossible for a subject to think differently than it does in a given situation. First, I make the possibility of alternative thought explicit, explain what it means for a self to entertain a thought (or conscious content), and I define a notion of conscious control that is required for the argument. I then offer a taxonomy of content types, based on how they are being controlled. In the third section, I analyse the scenarios of content generation for each type of content, to determine whether they can satisfy the PAT. It will be shown that this cannot be the case.
本文提出了一个新的反对自由意志的论点,被理解为替代可能性原理(PAP)。这一原则一直是围绕自由意志和道德责任的辩论的核心;然而,它几乎总是以身体而不是精神的行为来表述,因此它主要被理解为身体上不同行为的可能性,而不是不同思考的可能性。这里提出的论点是针对后者的,这被称为替代思想的可能性(PAT)。它从心理学的角度认为,一个主体不可能在特定的情况下有不同的想法。首先,我明确了替代思想的可能性,解释了自我接受思想(或有意识的内容)意味着什么,并定义了论证所需的有意识控制的概念。然后,我将根据内容类型的控制方式对其进行分类。在第三部分中,我分析了每种类型内容的内容生成场景,以确定它们是否能够满足PAT。将会证明这是不可能的。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond Mind– Body Dualism: Pluralistic Concepts of the Soul in Mongolian Shamanistic Traditions 超越身心二元论:蒙古萨满教传统中灵魂的多元概念
IF 0.7 4区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.53765/20512201.30.5.177
E. Frecska, Ágnes Birtalan, M. Winkelman
Soul belief is a universal of human culture and belief in multiple souls is common, especially in pre-modern traditions. This essay illustrates how a three-folded structure appears in the soul concepts of Mongolian shamanistic traditions. The reported accounts of the three souls among various Mongolian ethnic groups are somewhat divergent — especially in their consciousness-related attributes — which may reflect the cultural bias of data collectors, inconsistencies between data providers, and the evolution of these concepts due to historical events, socio-economic changes, and external cultural influences. Despite these confounding effects, the soul concept of Mongolian shamanism is similar in its pluralism to the beliefs of many other cultures. Mongolian Indigenous concepts and their descriptions reveal key elements of consciousness. Although these soul concepts evoke spiritual interpretations, they nevertheless reflect aspects of an innately-disposed mindset which extends conceptualizations of consciousness beyond mind-body dualism.
灵魂信仰是人类文化的普遍现象,对多重灵魂的信仰是普遍的,尤其是在前现代传统中。本文阐述了三重结构是如何在蒙古萨满教传统的灵魂观念中出现的。据报道,蒙古各民族对这三个灵魂的描述有些不同,尤其是在它们的意识相关属性方面,这可能反映了数据采集者的文化偏见、数据提供者之间的不一致,以及这些概念由于历史事件、社会经济变化和外部文化影响而发生的演变。尽管有这些混杂的影响,蒙古萨满教的灵魂概念在其多元化方面与许多其他文化的信仰相似。蒙古土著概念及其描述揭示了意识的关键要素。尽管这些灵魂概念唤起了精神上的解释,但它们仍然反映了一种天生心态的各个方面,这种心态将意识的概念扩展到了身心二元论之外。
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引用次数: 0
Igbo Consciousness of Healing: Studying Daa Ada Ocha, a Local Healer in Mbaise 伊博人的治愈意识:研究姆拜塞当地的治疗师Daa Ada Ocha
IF 0.7 4区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.53765/20512201.30.5.191
K. C. Nweke
<伊博人的西化破坏了他们社会文化现实各个领域的贫困稳定。在某些领域,贫困似乎已经不可逆转地消失了,而在其他领域,贫困又重新出现了。治疗是伊博人保持意识的领域之一,使土著治疗实践得以更新。他们相信一个人既属于物质领域,也属于精神领域。因此,在一个人身上,身体和精神是相互联系的,在生命的所有方面,包括健康。本文运用理论分析的方法,以叙事的方式探索传统治疗师的神秘世界,旨在与伊博人一起阐释疗愈及其背后的意识。
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引用次数: 0
Introspection, Transparency, and Desire 内省、透明和欲望
IF 0.7 4区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.53765/20512201.30.3.132
Michael Roche
The transparency approach to introspection has received much attention over the last few decades. It is inspired by some wellknown remarks from Gareth Evans (1982). Although this approach can seem quite plausible as applied to belief (and perhaps perception), philosophers tend to be sceptical that it can succeed for other mental kinds. This paper focuses on desire. It lays out in detail a transparency theory of desire introspection and addresses various concerns and objections to such a theory. The paper takes as its launching point Alex Byrne's (2018) influential work on transparency.
在过去几十年中,反省的透明方法受到了广泛关注。它的灵感来源于加雷斯·埃文斯(Gareth Evans,1982)的一些著名言论。尽管这种方法在应用于信仰(也许还有感知)时似乎很合理,但哲学家们往往怀疑它是否能在其他精神类型中成功。本文关注的是欲望。它详细阐述了欲望内省的透明度理论,并解决了对这一理论的各种关注和反对。该论文以Alex Byrne(2018)关于透明度的有影响力的工作为出发点。
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引用次数: 0
Specious Present, Phenomenal Extension, and Mereological Inversion: A Problem for Physicalism about the Mind 具体的现在、现象的延伸和纯粹的倒置:关于心灵的物理主义问题
IF 0.7 4区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.53765/20512201.30.3.155
Lyu Zhou
The specious present (James, 1890/1950) is the phenomenal temporal structure of the representational content of my present experience. This article is a study of the mereological structure of the specious present and what it reveals about the nature of the mind. I argue that the specious present has certain features that cannot be easily explained within the framework of physicalism about the mind — the view that consciousness is nothing over and above what is physical. In particular, the specious present is a phenomenally extended (i.e.non-instantaneous) whole whose parts are conceptual abstractions and are therefore dependent on this whole. However, unlike the specious present, what is physical does not have this special property of the parts being dependent on the whole. Therefore, it is unclear how the specious present can be explained in physicalistic terms.
似是而非的现在(James, 1890/1950)是我现在经验的表征性内容的现象时间结构。这篇文章是对似是而非的现在的流变结构的研究,以及它揭示了心灵的本质。我认为,似是而非的现在具有某些特征,这些特征无法在关于心灵的物理主义框架内轻易解释——物理主义认为,意识并不是超越物质的东西。特别地,似是而非的现在是一个现象上延伸的(即非瞬时的)整体,其部分是概念抽象,因此依赖于这个整体。然而,与似是而非的现在不同,物理的东西并不具有部分依赖于整体的这种特殊性质。因此,尚不清楚如何用物理主义的术语来解释似是而非的现在。
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引用次数: 0
Unconscious Intelligence in the Skilled Control of Expert Action 熟练控制专家动作中的无意识智能
IF 0.7 4区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.53765/20512201.30.3.059
Spencer Ivy
What occurs in the mind of an expert who is performing at their very best? In this paper, I survey the history of debate concerning this question. I suggest that expertise is neither solely a mastery of the automatic nor solely a mastery of intelligence in skilled action control. Experts are also capable of performing automatic actions intelligently. Following this, I argue that unconscious-thought theory (UTT) is a powerful tool in coming to understand the role of executive, intelligent action control in the fluidly automatic performance of expertise. Relying on a body of empirical evidence concerning the cognitive structures and perceptual strategies employed by experts, I show that the realm of skilled action is an ideal environment within which the powers of unconscious cognitive processing can have positive effects on action. I conclude that experts rely upon unconscious thinking in the production of intelligently automatic skilled actions.
一个表现最佳的专家会想到什么?在这篇论文中,我回顾了关于这个问题的辩论历史。我认为,在熟练的动作控制中,专业知识既不仅仅是对自动的掌握,也不仅仅是对智能的掌握。专家还能够智能地执行自动操作。在此之后,我认为无意识思维理论(UTT)是一个强大的工具,可以理解执行性、智能的行动控制在专业知识的流动自动表现中的作用。基于大量关于专家所采用的认知结构和感知策略的经验证据,我表明,熟练动作领域是一个理想的环境,在这个环境中,无意识认知加工的力量可以对动作产生积极影响。我的结论是,专家们依靠无意识的思维来产生智能自动的熟练动作。
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引用次数: 0
What is an Identity Crisis? 什么是身份危机?
IF 0.7 4区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.53765/20512201.30.3.034
N. Gligorov
The use of brain technology that contributes to psychological changes has spurred a debate about personal identity. Some argue that neurotechnology does not undermine personal continuity (Levy, 2011) while others argue that it does (Kreitmair, 2019; Schechtman, 2010). To make these assessments, commentators fail to identify psychological changes that cause personal discontinuity. In this paper, I present a view that identifies personal continuity with the maintenance of a self-concept. I argue that a concept of self requires the ability to self-ascribe physical and psychological features and that the diachronic self emerges with self-ascriptions of features that require endurance over time. I maintain that an adequate concept of self does not depend on the maintenance of any particular combination of self-ascriptions and that it can be maintained despite even significant changes in psychological or physical traits. Finally, I apply the self-concept view to identify changes that can result in discontinuity of self.
大脑技术的使用有助于心理变化,这引发了一场关于个人身份的辩论。一些人认为神经技术不会破坏个人的连续性(Levy,2011),而另一些人则认为它会破坏(Kreitmair,2019;Schechtman,2010)。为了做出这些评估,评论者没有发现导致个人不连续的心理变化。在这篇论文中,我提出了一种观点,将个人连续性与自我概念的维持联系起来。我认为,自我的概念需要自我归因于身体和心理特征的能力,而历时性的自我是随着时间的推移而产生的,需要对特征的自我归因。我坚持认为,一个适当的自我概念并不取决于维持任何特定的自我归属组合,即使心理或身体特征发生了重大变化,它也可以维持。最后,我运用自我概念的观点来识别可能导致自我不连续的变化。
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引用次数: 0
The Phenomenal Hyperspace: A Study of the Dimensional and Spatio-temporal Structures of Phenomenal Space and Binding 现象超空间:现象空间的时空结构与约束研究
IF 0.7 4区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.53765/20512201.30.3.106
Pekka Rechardt
The dimensional structure of phenomenal space and its relation to the brain have not been widely focused on in brain and consciousness studies. This paper postulates that focusing on the dimensional structures displayed in the relation between phenomenal space and the brain is necessary for understanding the integration of distributed brain events in binding. A related issue is why items and events of phenomenal space and consciousness as they appear in experience seem to be beyond the reach of natural scientific empirical observation. The proposed solution to these issues is postulated to require a fourth spatial dimension. A transcendence principle of detection (TPD) is introduced, which states that transcendent degrees of freedom of an n+1 dimension are a necessary condition for experiencing or detecting an n-dimensionally extended physical structure as an n-dimensionally extended phenomenal structure. It is postulated that the phenomenal outcome of binding, i.e. the threedimensionally distributed and extended phenomenal structure of human experience, is the expected first-person outcome of threedimensionally distributed neurophysical structures being monitored at the domain of a fourth spatial dimension.
现象空间的维度结构及其与大脑的关系在大脑和意识研究中尚未得到广泛关注。本文假设,关注现象空间和大脑之间关系中显示的维度结构对于理解分布式大脑事件在结合中的整合是必要的。一个相关的问题是,为什么在经验中出现的现象空间和意识的项目和事件似乎超出了自然科学经验观察的范围。这些问题的拟议解决方案被假定需要第四个空间维度。介绍了检测的超越原理(TPD),指出n+1维的超越自由度是将n维扩展的物理结构体验或检测为n维扩展现象结构的必要条件。据推测,结合的现象结果,即人类经验的三维分布和扩展的现象结构,是在第四空间维度领域监测的三维分布神经物理结构的预期第一人称结果。
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引用次数: 0
Précis of Thinking and Perceiving 思考和感知的过程
IF 0.7 4区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.53765/20512201.30.3.181
D. Stokes
Thinking and Perceiving defends the claim that thought not only affects perceiving, thought improves perceiving. It thus defends a malleable architecture of the mind, opposite strong modularist views that claim that perception is informationally encapsulated and thus cognitively impenetrable. The argument for this view centers around cases of perceptual expertise. Experts in a wide variety of domains—radiology, birdwatching, elite athletics, fingerprint examination—have been empirically studied using behavioral, neural-physiological, and computational methods. This convergence of evidence is best explained in terms of cognitively sensitive perceptual improvements. And these improvements amount to epistemic virtue, where the virtue is partly resident in perception and credited to the perceiving agent. The view has far-reaching implications for a wide range of issues, including the epistemology of perception, the contents of perception, theory-ladenness in science and social perception, understanding and self-understanding, and aesthetic taste.
《思考与感知》捍卫了思想不仅影响感知,还能改善感知的观点。因此,它捍卫了一种可塑的思维结构,与强烈的模块化观点相反,后者声称感知是信息封装的,因此认知是不可渗透的。支持这一观点的论据围绕着感性经验的案例展开。各种领域的专家——放射学、观鸟、精英运动员、指纹检查——已经使用行为学、神经生理学和计算方法进行了实证研究。这种证据的趋同最好用认知敏感的知觉改善来解释。这些改进构成了认知上的美德,而这种美德部分地存在于感知中并归功于感知主体。这一观点对感知的认识论、感知的内容、科学与社会感知的理论负荷、理解与自我理解、审美趣味等诸多问题都具有深远的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Functional Visual Perception Requires Cognitive Representations: Commentary on Dustin Stokes' Thinking and Perceiving 功能性视觉知觉需要认知表征——评斯托克斯的思维与感知
IF 0.7 4区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.53765/20512201.30.3.212
P. Vetter
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Consciousness Studies
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