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Dynamic determinants of optimal global climate policy 最佳全球气候政策的动态决定因素
IF 5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.07.005
Michael Grubb , Rutger-Jan Lange , Nicolas Cerkez , Ida Sognnaes , Claudia Wieners , Pablo Salas

We explore the impact of dynamic characteristics of greenhouse-gas emitting systems, such as inertia, induced innovation, and path-dependency, on optimal responses to climate change. Our compact and analytically tractable model, applied with stylized damage assumptions to derive optimal pathways, highlights how simple dynamic parameters affect responses including the optimal current effort and the cost of delay. The conventional cost-benefit result (i.e., an optimal policy with rising marginal costs that reflects discounted climate damages) arises only as a special case in which the dynamic characteristics of emitting systems are assumed to be insignificant. Our analysis highlights and distinguishes from the (often implicit) assumption in many cost-benefit models, which neglect inertia and assume exogenous technology progress. This tends to defer action. More generally, our model yields useful policy insights for the transition to deep decarbonization, showing that enhanced early action may greatly reduce both damages and abatement costs in the long run.

我们探讨了温室气体排放系统的动态特征(如惯性、诱导创新和路径依赖)对气候变化最佳响应的影响。我们的模型结构紧凑、分析简便,采用风格化的损害假设来推导最优路径,突出了简单的动态参数如何影响应对措施,包括当前的最优努力和延迟成本。传统的成本效益结果(即反映贴现气候损害的边际成本上升的最优政策)只是在假设排放系统的动态特征不显著的特殊情况下出现的。我们的分析强调并区别于许多成本效益模型中的假设(通常是隐含的),这些模型忽略了惯性,并假定技术进步是外生的。这往往会推迟行动。更广泛地说,我们的模型为向深度脱碳过渡提供了有用的政策启示,表明加强早期行动可大大降低长期损害和减排成本。
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引用次数: 0
Energy-related uncertainty shocks and inflation dynamics in the U.S: A multivariate quantile-on-quantile regression approach 美国与能源相关的不确定性冲击和通胀动态:一种多元量值回归方法
IF 5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.07.012
Ojonugwa Usman , Oktay Ozkan , Ayben Koy , Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo

Existing literature suggests that uncertainty shocks can propagate like aggregate demand shocks or aggregate supply shocks. By way of extension, this study investigates the effect of energy-related uncertainty shocks on U.S. inflation while incorporating the effect of industrial production and interest rate uncertainty shocks. Using a multivariate quantile-on-quantile regression for the period 2000:M6 to 2019:M7, the findings reveal that energy-related uncertainty shocks amplify inflation by manifesting as cost-push shocks with a stronger connection emerging in quantiles slightly above the median quantile distribution of energy-related uncertainty. Although industrial production positively drives inflation, its effect is observed less around median quantiles of inflation than in the lower and upper quantiles. Furthermore, the effect of interest rate uncertainty is negative and stronger in quantiles around the median of inflation, suggesting that interest rate uncertainty behaves like aggregate demand shocks. Based on these findings, policy implications are offered.

现有文献表明,不确定性冲击可以像总需求冲击或总供给冲击一样传播。作为延伸,本研究调查了与能源相关的不确定性冲击对美国通货膨胀的影响,同时纳入了工业生产和利率不确定性冲击的影响。通过对 2000:M6 至 2019:M7 期间的多元量纲-量纲回归,研究结果表明,能源相关不确定性冲击以成本推动冲击的形式放大了通货膨胀,在略高于能源相关不确定性量纲分布中位数的量纲中出现了更强的联系。虽然工业生产对通胀有积极的推动作用,但在通胀的中位数量级附近观察到的影响要小于在较低和较高量级观察到的影响。此外,利率不确定性的影响是负的,并且在通胀率中位数附近的量值中影响更大,这表明利率不确定性的表现与总需求冲击类似。根据这些研究结果,提出了政策影响。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of innovation and markups on employment and labour share in OECD industries 创新和加价对经合组织产业就业和劳动份额的影响
IF 5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.07.011
Mehmet Ugur

This paper takes issue with what I describe as a single focus on either innovation or market power as potential determinants of employment or labour share. Drawing on a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function and EU- KLEMS data on OECD industries, I demonstrate that the unifocal approach is not justified theoretically or empirically. I report that: (i) employment and labour share depends on both innovation and market power; (ii) market power's direct effects on both outcomes are always negative and large; (iii) innovation's direct effects are small and depend on the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour; and (iv) innovation and market power have substitute interactive effects that exacerbate the fall in employment or labour share. I conclude that the main driver of the decline in labour share and/or employment is not technological innovation as such but the level of rents that innovating firms are able to extract.

本文对我所说的将创新或市场力量作为就业或劳动份额的潜在决定因素的单一观点提出了质疑。利用恒定替代弹性(CES)生产函数和经合组织产业的欧盟 KLEMS 数据,我证明了单一聚焦的方法在理论上和经验上都是站不住脚的。我的报告指出(i) 就业和劳动份额取决于创新和市场力量;(ii) 市场力量对这两种结果的直接影响始终是负面的,且影响较大;(iii) 创新的直接影响较小,且取决于资本和劳动力之间的替代弹性;(iv) 创新和市场力量具有替代性互动效应,会加剧就业或劳动份额的下降。我的结论是,劳动力份额和/或就业率下降的主要驱动因素不是技术创新本身,而是创新企业能够攫取的租金水平。
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引用次数: 0
Expatriate jobs and productivity: Evidence from two GCC economies 外派工作与生产力:来自两个海湾合作委员会经济体的证据
IF 5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.07.007
Abdul.A. Erumban , Abbas Al-Mejren

The oil-rich GCC economies are increasingly adopting job nationalization policies to create employment for natives. The higher wage rate of natives compared to migrants makes this challenging for private sector firms. This paper analyzes productivity differences between migrants and nationals using detailed industry-level data from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Employing an extended Cobb-Douglas production function, we find that migrant workers have a productivity advantage over nationals. Combined with their lower wages, this results in a lower unit labor cost, making it challenging for private enterprises to shift away from relying on expatriate workers. Long-term, GCC economies need to invest in upskilling natives and fostering a competitive labor market to create productive jobs for natives.

石油资源丰富的海湾合作委员会经济体越来越多地采取就业国有化政策,为本地人创造就业机会。与移民相比,本地人的工资率更高,这对私营企业来说具有挑战性。本文利用科威特和沙特阿拉伯的详细行业数据,分析了移民和本地人之间的生产率差异。利用扩展的柯布-道格拉斯生产函数,我们发现移民工人的生产率比本国工人更具优势。再加上他们的工资较低,这导致单位劳动力成本较低,使私营企业摆脱对外籍工人的依赖面临挑战。从长远来看,海湾合作委员会经济体需要投资于提高本地人的技能,培育有竞争力的劳动力市场,从而为本地人创造生产性就业机会。
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引用次数: 0
Does the digital economy improve female autonomy? 数字经济是否提高了女性的自主性?
IF 5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.07.008
Qihang Xue , Huimin Wang , Jian Wei , Caiquan Bai

Based on China's long-term implementation of gender equality, the rapid development of the digital economy has provided new opportunities for improving female autonomy and releasing the “gender dividend”. This study explores the impact of the digital economy on female autonomy, using digital economy index we constructed and the 2014-2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data. We find that the development of the digital economy can significantly improve female autonomy, both economically and spiritually. Meanwhile, the digital economy can also alleviate the “marriage penalty” and “motherhood penalty”. Furthermore, we find that digital economy's career guarantee effect and capital consolidation effect are important mechanisms, which can promote women's participation in employment, as well as enable them to have higher human capital and social capital.

基于中国性别平等的长期实施,数字经济的快速发展为提高女性自主性、释放 "性别红利 "提供了新机遇。本研究利用我们构建的数字经济指数和 2014-2020 年中国家庭面板研究(CFPS)数据,探讨数字经济对女性自主性的影响。我们发现,数字经济的发展能显著提高女性的经济和精神自主性。同时,数字经济还能缓解 "婚姻惩罚 "和 "母亲惩罚"。此外,我们还发现数字经济的职业保障效应和资本整合效应是重要的机制,可以促进女性参与就业,并使她们拥有更高的人力资本和社会资本。
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引用次数: 0
Patterns of environmental regulation and green innovation in China 中国的环境监管和绿色创新模式
IF 5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.07.006
Wenfei Song , Xianfeng Han , Qiange Liu

Green technology innovation is an important means to achieve sustainable development. The study is an exploration of the bilateral perspective on the relationship between different types of environmental regulations and green innovation. Based on the data set of 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2018, the two-sided effects of command-and-control environmental regulation and market-based environmental regulation on green innovation are analysed and the net effects are calculated by using the two-tier stochastic frontier models. First, empirical research shows that the effects of command-and-control environmental regulation and market-based environmental regulation on green innovation are both highlighted by negative characteristics. Command-and-control environmental regulation has a smaller effect on green innovation, with an average positive effect of 0.00005, which is smaller than the average negative effect of 0.0008. Meanwhile, the positive effect of market-based environmental regulation on green innovation is 0.00291, smaller than the negative effect of 0.00461. Second, the negative impact of command-and-control environmental regulation on green innovation underwent a "back-to-N" change process in 2006–2018, while the negative effect of market-based environmental regulation on green innovation did not decline until after 2011. Third, the provinces where command-and-control environmental regulation policies have a greater negative effect are concentrated in the energy-intensive regions of central and western China, while the provinces where market-based environmental regulation policies can promote green innovation are from the energy-intensive or developed eastern regions of China. Based on the research conclusions, to better promote green innovation, there is a need to implement environmental regulatory policies that address regional differences and to establish a national system of green innovation markets.

绿色技术创新是实现可持续发展的重要手段。本研究从双边视角探讨不同类型环境规制与绿色创新之间的关系。基于2006-2018年中国30个省份的数据集,分析了命令控制型环境规制和市场化环境规制对绿色创新的双侧效应,并利用双层随机前沿模型计算了净效应。首先,实证研究表明,命令控制型环境规制和市场型环境规制对绿色创新的影响都突出表现出负面特征。命令控制型环境规制对绿色创新的影响较小,平均正效应为 0.00005,小于平均负效应 0.0008。同时,市场型环境规制对绿色创新的正效应为 0.00291,小于负效应 0.00461。其次,2006-2018 年,命令控制型环境规制对绿色创新的负面影响经历了一个 "回-N "的变化过程,而市场型环境规制对绿色创新的负面影响直到 2011 年以后才开始下降。第三,命令控制型环境规制政策负效应较大的省份主要集中在中西部高耗能地区,而市场化环境规制政策能够促进绿色创新的省份主要来自高耗能地区或东部发达地区。根据研究结论,为了更好地促进绿色创新,需要针对地区差异实施环境规制政策,并建立全国性的绿色创新市场体系。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial differentiation and driving factors of scientific and technological innovation efficiency under the background of the digital economy 数字经济背景下科技创新效率的空间分化与驱动因素
IF 5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.07.009
Yang Liu , Qi Qian , Yue Wang , Honghao Zhang

Scientific and technological innovation (STI) activities are facilitated under the influence of the digital economy and depend on digital elements to support innovation activities. This study measures digital element inputs and outputs using data related to the digital economy and estimates STI efficiency in 29 provincial regions in mainland China from 2010 to 2021 employing the global super-efficiency slacks-based measure (SBM) model. Then, spatial characteristics and driving forces of STI efficiency are quantified using spatial autocorrelation and geographic detectors. The results reveal that STI efficiency exhibits a fluctuating, W-shaped pattern, and the spatial correlation effect shows a gradually declining trend from 2010 to 2021. The findings reveal that the core drivers of STI efficiency are digital financial development, e-commerce development, digital access level, and related factors. Therefore, strengthening inter-regional innovation links, promoting the construction of 5 G mobile internet and accelerating the integration of digital industries into traditional industries are recommended.

在数字经济的影响下,科技创新(STI)活动得到促进,创新活动依赖于数字要素的支持。本研究利用数字经济相关数据测算数字要素的投入与产出,并采用全球超效率松弛度量(SBM)模型估算中国大陆29个省级区域2010-2021年的科技创新效率。然后,利用空间自相关和地理探测器量化了科技创新效率的空间特征和驱动力。结果表明,科技创新效率呈现出波动的 W 型模式,空间相关效应从 2010 年到 2021 年呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。研究结果表明,科技创新效率的核心驱动因素是数字金融发展、电子商务发展、数字接入水平及相关因素。因此,建议加强区域间创新联系,推进 5 G 移动互联网建设,加快数字产业与传统产业的融合。
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引用次数: 0
Within – Country diversity and economic output: The role of financial development 内部 - 国家多样性与经济产出:金融发展的作用
IF 5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.07.004
Augustine Tarkom , Patrick Glavee , Nana Twum Owusu-Peprah , Ned Kock

This study investigates the relationship between within-country diversity, financial development, and economic output with a particular focus on the moderating role of financial development. Analyzing data from a diverse set of countries, we find that both religious and language diversity exhibit negative associations with economic performance. However, in emerging economies, a positive interaction between linguistic and religious diversity emerges. Notably, robust financial development positively moderates the relationship between diversity and economic output, with identified thresholds indicating a critical level necessary to mitigate the adverse consequences of cultural diversity. Our findings highlight the essential role of financial systems in fostering trust and promoting economic growth, particularly in high-diversity contexts. Our findings are robust to a battery of alternative tests. By emphasizing the importance of financial development in navigating within-country heterogeneities, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers seeking to foster inclusive and sustainable development strategies.

本研究探讨了国家内部多样性、金融发展和经济产出之间的关系,尤其关注金融发展的调节作用。通过分析来自不同国家的数据,我们发现宗教和语言多样性都与经济表现呈负相关。然而,在新兴经济体中,语言多样性和宗教多样性之间出现了正向互动。值得注意的是,稳健的金融发展能积极调节多样性与经济产出之间的关系,已确定的阈值表明了减轻文化多样性不利影响所需的临界水平。我们的研究结果凸显了金融体系在培养信任和促进经济增长方面的重要作用,尤其是在高度多元化的背景下。我们的研究结果在一系列替代性测试中都很稳健。通过强调金融发展在驾驭国内异质性方面的重要性,本研究为寻求促进包容性和可持续发展战略的政策制定者提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Are SME exporters dirtier? A novel input-output analysis distinguishing firm size heterogeneity 中小企业出口商更脏吗?区分企业规模异质性的新型投入产出分析
IF 5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.07.003
Junrong Zhang , Kailan Tian , Lingxiu Zhu , Cuihong Yang

The thriving development of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and their growing engagement in global markets have exerted significant environmental transformations. This study assesses the environmental effects of China's exports from small, medium, and large enterprises by constructing novel input-output tables that distinguish firm size heterogeneity for 2007, 2012, and 2017. We find that SMEs are responsible for over 60 % of the CO2 emissions embodied in China's industrial exports. Notably, the emission intensities for exports (EIEs) by large enterprises are on average 8.4 % and 20.8 % lower than those by medium and small enterprises, respectively. The results of structural decomposition analysis highlight several major determinants including a cleaner export structure and a higher proportion of imported intermediate inputs. Our study provides a novel input-output framework applicable to analyzing SME-related issues for more countries and underscores some strategies to enhance the cleaner export performance of SMEs.

中小型企业(SMEs)的蓬勃发展及其在全球市场中的参与度不断提高,带来了重大的环境变化。本研究通过构建区分 2007 年、2012 年和 2017 年企业规模异质性的新型投入产出表,评估了中国大中小型企业出口对环境的影响。我们发现,在中国工业出口所体现的二氧化碳排放量中,中小企业占 60% 以上。值得注意的是,大型企业的出口排放强度(EIEs)平均分别比中小型企业低 8.4% 和 20.8%。结构分解分析的结果凸显了几个主要决定因素,包括更清洁的出口结构和更高比例的进口中间投入。我们的研究提供了一个新颖的投入产出框架,适用于分析更多国家与中小企业相关的问题,并强调了一些提高中小企业清洁出口绩效的战略。
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引用次数: 0
Excess capacity and hysteresis in EU Countries. A structural approach 欧盟国家的产能过剩和滞后问题。结构性方法
IF 5 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.07.002
Federico Bassi

We develop a structural method to estimate the rate of capacity utilization in 12 EU countries that consists of identifying the structural parameters of a Leontief production function, using a parsimonious theoretical specification. Parameters are correctly identified, stable and robust to alternative specifications. Our results provide evidence of persistent excess capacity and hysteresis in the rate of capacity utilization in many EU countries, especially after the 2008′s global financial crisis, thereby supporting the claim that larger fiscal deficits would have contributed to absorb excess capacity without producing persistent inflationary pressures or debt unsustainability. Despite the simplicity of our model, the method allows more complex macroeconomic specifications for country-specific applications.

我们开发了一种结构性方法来估算 12 个欧盟国家的产能利用率,该方法包括使用简明的理论规范来识别列昂惕夫生产函数的结构参数。参数识别正确、稳定,且对其他规格具有稳健性。我们的结果提供了许多欧盟国家产能持续过剩和产能利用率滞后的证据,尤其是在 2008 年全球金融危机之后,从而支持了这样一种说法,即更大的财政赤字有助于吸收过剩产能,而不会产生持续的通胀压力或债务不可持续性。尽管我们的模型很简单,但该方法允许针对具体国家应用更复杂的宏观经济规格。
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引用次数: 0
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Structural Change and Economic Dynamics
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