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Non-canonical patterns of definiteness agreement in Hebrew

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103884

Ruth Stern

This study examines a non-canonical construction in Hebrew: a definite NP consisting of a head noun and an attributive adjective, where the head is not marked with a definite article but the adjective is. This construction deviates from the standard rules of Hebrew grammar, which require agreement in definiteness marking between the noun and its adjective. The analysis is based on a corpus of twelve Hebrew works from the Interim Period and addresses the construction in both Classical Hebrew and the Hebrew of the late Interim Period. The findings reveal that the transition from the former period, when Hebrew was a spoken language, to the latter, when it became predominantly a written language, influenced the distribution and underlying factors of this construction. Furthermore, the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era, two distinct periods within the Interim Period, significantly impacted the Hebrew language, fostering linguistic development and change, even before Hebrew regained its status as a spoken language. The study demonstrates how a single linguistic phenomenon can arise from diverse factors, reflecting the historical and cultural transformations that shaped Hebrew and its speakers over the centuries.

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引用次数: 0

L1 transfer and input demand in contact-driven syntactic change

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103896

Devyani Sharma

Studies of New Englishes often examine contact-based change by comparing the two language systems involved, to see if feature x from the substrate language appears in the contact variety. In this article I show that this approach is incomplete. Looking across a bilingual cline of Indian English speakers, I show that only some substrate features have stabilized across the whole population, and that a different subset of the same features has stabilized in Singapore English. L1 transfer alone cannot account for this difference; it over-predicts change. I focus on a different hallmark of postcolonial Englishes—diminishing input from the original colonial English variety—and show the need for a further factor, input demand: the amount of input needed to acquire an L2 syntactic form given a specific L1. The relative strength of the two factors is then assessed in a four-way typology of syntactic changes. Both are instrumental in long-term stable outcomes, but substrate type appears to sometimes place hard limits on aspects of learnability regardless of input. The study demonstrates the importance of key constructs in Second Language Acquisition theory for the study of long-term contact-driven language change.

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引用次数: 0

Four types of passives in Japanese and their cross-linguistic implications

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2024.103873

Hidehito Hoshi

This paper examines how the variety of so-called “passive constructions” can be viewed in terms of subject demotion and object promotion. I propose that four types of passives may logically exist due to possible combinations of the two independent operations: (i) both subject demotion and object promotion occur; (ii) only subject demotion occurs; (iii) only object promotion occurs; and (iv) neither subject demotion nor object promotion occurs but passive morphology is involved, demonstrating that they are all attested in Japanese. I argue that free Merge allows the Japanese passive morpheme (r)are to be externally merged with main V, little v, or [V-v] that is also created by External Merge, yielding V-(r)are, v-(r)are, and [V-v]-(r)are, respectively, with the result that the external θ-role is absorbed in V-(r)are, accusative Case is absorbed in v-(r)are, and both of them are absorbed in [V-v]-(r)are. I also show that (r)are can occur as a main verb, inducing neither subject demotion nor object promotion, but the passive sense may be expressed via assignment of an affectee θ-role to the surface subject. The analysis proposed here opens up new possibilities for unifying ways of generating the so-called non-canonical passives observed in various languages.

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引用次数: 0

Linguistic factors that condition the velarization of word final /n/ in Puerto Rican Spanish

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103876

Norberto Jr. Cardenales Cardona, Rebecca Rico

The Caribbean has long been the subject of study for various dialect features. Many of these phenomena have been documented in Puerto Rico, including aspiration or deletion of /s/ velarization of /r/ postposition of the verb and velarization of word-final /n/. Although widely noted to be a feature of Puerto Rican Spanish, no recent quantitative study has been completed on the latter phenomenon. The current study measures the linguistic constraints that favor velarization of word-final /n/ in Puerto Rican Spanish. It empirically studies word-final /n/ velarization in this dialect with a Usage-Based Approach (UBA). A multivariate statistical analysis of linguistic factors is done using Rbrul on 988 tokens. The tokens were taken from a corpus of a recorded Puerto Rican radio program and analyzed in PRAAT. The study measures and weighs factors that favor word-final /n/ velarization, analyzing language-internal factors and no social factors. The results show the context that favors word-final /n/ velarization is the following segment and word stress. This result is situated using the framework of the exemplar model of language representation.

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引用次数: 0

Effects of frame-semantically (in)congruent food labels on taste in non-native English speakers

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2024.103875

Tamara Marie Johnson

Many studies have examined the non-native processing of formulaic versus non-formulaic language; however, this is the first study to investigate a related phenomenon: the non-native processing of frame-semantically congruent versus incongruent combinations of near-synonymic food labels and foods. Specifically, 254 European consumers participated in taste tests of store-bought potato chips and apples presented as novel products with fictitious, frame-semantically (in)congruent brand names containing the near-synonyms crispy and crunchy. Linear regression analyses revealed that the valence of consumers’ thoughts about foods remained unaffected by frame-semantic (in)congruence. In contrast, perceived taste was mediated by English dominance, producing a positive correlation in the frame-semantically congruent condition and a negative correlation in the frame-semantically incongruent condition. These results contrast with previous research on native speakers of English, suggesting that awareness of the distinct semantic frames of near-synonyms develops with increasing English dominance. Furthermore, they have real-world implications because English is often used to advertise food products, regardless of the dominant language(s) in a particular market.

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引用次数: 0

Utilizing AI to manage rapport: ERNIE Bot’s interpersonal strategies to respond to negative hotel reviews

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2024.103874

Dongheng Yang , Ping Liu

Large language models have exhibited satisfactory performance in linguistic tasks pertaining to lexicon, grammar, and syntax. However, their pragmatic competence in user interactions remains underexplored. To address this research gap, the current study delves into the interpersonal dimension of pragmatic competence, specifically focusing on ERNIE Bot’s potential to manage rapport with reviewers in response to negative hotel reviews on TripAdvisor. A comparative approach is employed to analyze the rapport-managing moves in responses generated by ERNIE Bot versus those authored by human hotel managers. Our findings indicate that ERNIE Bot frequently employs rapport-enhancing moves to foster relationships. Specifically, we identify three key interpersonal strategies used by ERNIE Bot: specifying concerns, supporting emotions, and undertaking responsibility. The results suggest that ERNIE Bot demonstrates its pragmatic competence to promote positive rapport with reviewers. However, further training is necessary to align its responses more closely with hotels’ transactional objectives. Overall, this study provides insights into large language models’ linguistic potential in interpersonal contexts and offers practical recommendations for professionals considering the integration of AI-generated content into their operations.

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引用次数: 0

Dashing is faster than lumbering by sound: Speed sound symbolism in English motion verbs

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103888

Haotong Zhao, Zhaohong Wu

Psychological experiments have established sound symbolic associations between fast/slow speed and various phonemes or phonetic features in our perception. These associations were also occasionally attested cross-linguistically in words for “fast” and “slow”. This study aims to determine whether speed sound symbolism resides extensively in English motion verbs (e.g., dash, lumber), words presumed to be more likely to exhibit speed sound symbolism. A rating questionnaire was used to obtain each verb’s implied speed. An extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model revealed that phoneme frequency alone can account for 14.36% of semantic variation along the speed dimension, which is a modest but genuine effect. Phonemes /m/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/ and /ɑ/ emerged as important predictors of speed ratings, with /m/ and /ɑ/ associated with slowness while /ʃ/ and /t͡ʃ/ with fastness. Our findings provided further evidence for the existence of sound symbolism in natural languages. Moreover, the sound-and-meaning matching patterns in English generally agree with patterns identified by previous behavioral tasks, suggesting that the way our language is constructed is affected by, or at least coincides with, speakers’ perception of speech sounds. The possible mechanisms underlying speed sound symbolism and its implications on language evolution and the concept of phonestheme are also discussed.

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引用次数: 0

How labial and alveolar consonants evoke the images of softness and cuteness?: Experiments with Korean speakers

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2024.103868

Hayeun Jang

The purpose of this study is to report on an experiment that examined how labial and alveolar consonants evoke images of softness and cuteness depending on their laryngeal features in Korean, and to discuss cross-linguistic similarities and differences in sound-symbolic associations. The main findings of the study were: 1) compared to alveolar consonants, labial consonants were more associated with images of softness and cuteness in Korean, as well as in Japanese and Chinese; 2) among both labial and alveolar consonants, lenis consonants were the most strongly associated with images of softness; 3) aspirated and tensed bilabial consonants evoked images of cuteness; and 4) among alveolar consonants, tensed alveolars are the most likely to evoke images of cuteness, while aspirated alveolars are the least likely to do so. The results suggest that 1) sound-symbolic associations of soft images are not always linked to those of cute images; and 2) the strength of sound-symbolic associations of consonants with the same place of articulation can differ depending on their laryngeal features. This study highlights the role of laryngeal features in sound symbolism and emphasizes the importance of cross-linguistic research in understanding both universal and language-specific aspects of sound symbolism.

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引用次数: 0

The conceptual building blocks of kinship terminologies

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2024.103841

Cliff Goddard

Kinship terminology was once a major focus of structural linguistics, yet the arcane symbols and notations of structural linguistics cannot plausibly represent the cognitive realities of speakers, and therefore hold little appeal for today’s cognitive linguists. This study seeks to put kinship semantics back on the cognitive linguistics agenda. It demonstrates that the emic-conceptual meanings of kinship terms can be successfully modelled using ordinary language words which make sense to the people concerned; and, furthermore, that this approach supports systematic cross-linguistic comparison. The study represents a re-boot of Wierzbicka’s “ordinary-language model” of kinship terminologies, retaining birth and conception as prototypes while shifting the model into the realm of the social. Revised explications of ‘mother’ and ‘father’ take account of adoption and similar practices. Original explications are proposed for ‘wife’ and ‘husband’. While acknowledging cultural elaborations, it is argued that these four concepts (‘mother’, ‘father’, ‘husband’, ‘wife’) may be substantially shared among the world’s linguacultures. With these basic conceptual building blocks in hand, it is demonstrated, using examples from English, Chinese, and Pitjantjatjara, that diverse language-specific kinship concepts can be built up in a systematic fashion. The study overviews a distinctive cognitive linguistic approach to the conceptual semantics of kin terms.

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引用次数: 0

Nonverbal predication and SELF-assertive truth-conditionality in American Sign Language

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2024.103852

Tory Sampson , Rachel I. Mayberry

Our understanding of nonverbal predication wherein canonically non-verbal phrases such as nouns and adjectives are predicated in American Sign Language (ASL) is fragmentary. ASL has been reported to make extensive use of the null copula in nominal predication, but this claim was countered by recent evidence of an overt copula in the form of the sign SELF. There is also scant description and evidence regarding the structure of adjectival predication in ASL. Thus, we undertake two Likert-scale experiments investigating the relationship between several signs serving as potential copulas (SELF, IX, and null) and a variety of non-verbal predicates including nouns and adjectives in ASL. We find that SELF appears to be the primary means of expressing nominal predication as a copula in contrast to IX and null. As for adjectival predication, there is a preference to use the copular SELF with adjectives exhibiting more permanent properties such as DEAF and TALL. Paired with the finding that all adjectives in ASL appear to be predicative, we propose that the copular SELF carries an additional semantic contribution of grammatical modality. Signers appear to use it to assert truth and certainty, which is a novel finding in sign languages. We conclude that this grammaticalization process in sign languages parallels the account that lexical information historically expressed using non-manual markers eventually takes on a manual form.

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